World Civ. Ch 16

Front 1

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Back 1

(1545-1563) An internal reform of the Catholic church in the 16th century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability

Front 2

Condorcet and the idea of progress

Back 2

The Marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason

Front 3

Nicolaus Copernicus

Back 3

Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. (1473-1543)

Front 4

Council of Trent

Back 4

The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation , at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.

Front 5

Charles Darwin

Back 5

Highly influential English biologist whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth (1809-1882)

Front 6

deism

Back 6

Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs

Front 7

Edict of Nantes

Back 7

1598 edict issed by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.

Front 8

European Enlightenment

Back 8

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

Front 9

Sigmund Freud

Back 9

Austrian doctor and father of modern psychoanalysis; his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today (1856- 1939)

Front 10

Galileo Galilei

Back 10

Italian astronomer who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually surpassed by the Catholic Church. (1564-1642)

Front 11

huacas

Back 11

local gods of the Andes

Front 12

Huguenots

Back 12

The Protestant minority in France

Front 13

Martin Luther

Back 13

German priest and theologian who inaugurates and the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe (1483-1546)

Front 14

Karl Marx

Back 14

German philosopher whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism (1818-1883)

Front 15

Isaac Newton

Back 15

English natural scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution (1643-1727)

Front 16

Ninety-five Thesis

Back 16

List of ninety five, debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to seperate from Catholic Christianity

Front 17

Protestant Reformation

Back 17

Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther, while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative init challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"

Front 18

Scientific Revolution

Back 18

Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principle of the scientific method.

Front 19

Taki Onqoy

Back 19

Literally "dancing sickness" ; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age

Front 20

Thirty Year's War

Back 20

Highly destructive war that eventually included most of Europe ; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace for Westphalia. (1618- 1648)

Front 21

Voltaire

Back 21

Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet, whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning if traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion. (1694-1778)

Front 22

Wahhabi Islam

Back 22

Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (islamic law) (1703-1792)