World Civ.

Front 1

How long did it last

Back 1

300 years

Front 2

Why Italy

Back 2

Because England and France were waged in an 100 year war

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What does it mean

Back 3

Re-birth

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Secular

Back 4

Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now

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Humanism

Back 5

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

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Printing Press

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Johan Gutenberg made block printing faster by technology. He engraved letters into a wooden block then put ink on the block, then stamped it onto paper to make books faster and more easier.

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Patrons of the Arts

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Church leaders during the renaissance that beautified Rome and other cities by spending a lot of money on art

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Renaissance Man Characteristic

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Charming, witty, educated, dance, sing, play music, poetry, rider, wrestler, swordsman and self control

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Perspective

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Three dimensions on a flat surface

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Leonardo Da Vinci

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Painted common subjects, portraits, madonna, biblical scenes, plants, animals, fossils, humans, accurate anatomy

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Michelangelo

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Gloomy and restless, ceiling of the sistine chapel in Rome, inspiration= old testament, wanted to be known as a sculptor, biblical david with slingshot, monumental images

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Donatello

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Sculpted David in bronze, first sculpture of a nude man

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Raphael

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From urbino, subjects are young, attractive, women/children

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Van Eyck

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Used oil to create layering with subtle colors, realistic detail with personality

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Bruegel

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Used rich colors and vivid details to portray large numbers of people in everyday actions such as weddings, dances, and harvests. Illustrated proverbs and morals of peasant life, painted Peasant Wedding

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Shakespeare

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Wrote Hamlet, A Midnight Summers Dream, Romeo and Juliet, tragedies and comedies about human emotion

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Dante

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Wrote novels called the Inferno and Divine Comedy in the vernacular his native language of Italian

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More, Utopia

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Described and imaginary land filled with peace-loving people. Expressed the ideal nature of human potential

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Machiavelli

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Wrote the Prince, a political guidebook that said in the real world of power and politics, leaders must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents

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Reformation

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Movement for religious reform. lead to founding of christian churches that did not accept the popes authority.

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Martin Luther

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Wrote an angry letter saying pope shouldn’t be apart of the church and the pope threatened excommunication and luther didn’t take anything back so he was excommunicated

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Pope Leo X

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Found luther a threat, issued excommunication to luther because he didn’t take back his statements.

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Charles V

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Didn’t like Luther, summoned him to the town of worms and put him on trial. Issued an imperial order saying no one can give Luther food or shelter

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Peace of Augsburg

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Ordered all princes to gather together and decide if they were catholic or protestant

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Henry 7

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Catholic, hated Luther, “Defender of faith”, needed male heir but only had a daughter, wanted to divorce wife (Catherine) but church didn’t let him divorce her, wanted an annul (Set aside of marriage) pope didn’t want to offend catherine's nephew charles V, made a law that he could divorce his wife and then he married Anne Boyle and they had a daughter so he charged her for treason and burned her at the stake, then he married another woman Jane Seymour, they had a son named Edward and Jane died during childbirth, married 3 more times

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Act of Supremacy

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Called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church

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Queen Elizabeth

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Setup anglican church, a mix between protestant and catholic, allowed priests to marry, had money money problems, catholics wanted to overthrow

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Anglican Church

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The church of england that had Elizabeth as it’s head

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John Calvin

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Wrote “Institute of the christian religion”-------> ideas about faith: men and women sinful by nature, god chooses who he’ll save- elect, many protestant churches were traced back to him and followers were huguenots

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Predestination

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List with the names of elected people

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Theocracy

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Controlled by religious leaders, strict leaders, no bright clothing, no card games, imprisoned or excommunicated if you broke the rules

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John Knox

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Put calvin's ideas to work, governed by elders/ presbyters

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Anabaptists

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Only baptized men/women who were old enough to decide that they were christian church separate from state, refused to fight, shared possessions, catholics and protestants persecuted them, amish

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Ignatius

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Founded new religions and 2 popes, injured in war, daily devotion to cleanse the soul, wrote “Spiritual exercises” a day by day plan to study, pray and meditate

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Jesuits

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Religious order: 1.) Founded schools with good teachers 2.) Convert non-christians to become catholic and sent out missionaries 3.) Stop spread of protestantism

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Pope Paul 3

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Directed council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the church, approved jesuit, used inquisition to seek out hershey in papal territory

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Council of Trent

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1.) Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final any christian who interpreted their own understanding of the bible was considered a heretic 2.) Christians needed faith and good works for salvation, not saved by faith alone 3.) Bible and Church authority were equal in the christian faith 4.) Indulgences were valid in faith false selling was banned

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Pope Paul 6

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Had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the christian faith and called the the index of forbidden books and had them burned

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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Other planets revolve around the sun-------> heliocentric theory-----> would be rejected because it went against the church's teachings----> On the revolution of the heavenly bodies

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Geocentric

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Believed the earth was immobile in center of the universe

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Heliocentric

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Other planets revolve around the sun

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Tycho Brahe

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Studied locations of everything----> a lot of information

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Johannes Kepler

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Built his own telescope, “Starry Messenger”

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Galileo Galilei

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Built his own telescope, “Starry Messenger”, Jupiter has 4 moons, the moons surface is rough not smooth, sun has dark spots, Laws of motion,frightened leaders b/c he went against the churches teachings and authority, “Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems”, summoned to trial in rome, house arrest for whole life

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Scientific Method

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1.) Problem or question from observation 2.) Hypothesis 3.) Hypothesis tested in experiment 4.) Analyze data 5.) Conclude

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Isaac Newton

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Studied math and physics at cambridge university, laws of motion, “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy”

Front 47

Rene Descartes

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Developed geometry,math and logic, everything should be doubted unless proved to be true

Front 48

Francis Bacon

Back 48

English statesman and writer, scientists generate knowledge to improve lives, attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on Aristotle, experiments----> empiricism