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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is work? |
#1-earning a living -a paid action that takes place in a formal economy #2-any activity that has economic value: this recognises all work carried out by women e.g raising children, cooking cleaning, that would be paid for if women didn't do it. All voluntary work is recognized under this definition e.g shopping for an elderly neighbor. |
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What is wrong with the definition of work? (#1) |
It ignore preparation for work i.e the ironing of uniform, shining of shoes etc that is essential for doing a paid job in some companies. It also leaves out jobs like selling stolen goods which brings in income for some people, |
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What is wrong with both definitions? (#1,#2) |
It is very difficult to define what is work because some people may enjoy what they do e.g cooking, and not even classify it as work even though it has economic value. |
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What is the public sector? |
Usually involves work carried out on behalf of the government and is paid for by taxation e.g NHS, teachers etc. |
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What is the Private sector? |
Privately owned companies such as TESCO, BT and Costa aim to make a profit. They pay workers from the money they make trading. Profits go to share holders who own the companies |
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What is Globalization? |
Many people now work for multi-national companies. They travel abroad to set up new branches and regularly speak to people all over the world during their daily work |
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What is the primary sector? |
Gathers or produces raw materials e.g farming, mining, and fishing |
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What is the secondary sector? |
Manufacturing industries which make products for people to buy. |
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What is the tertiary sector? |
Service industries such as retail, banking, healthcare, and education. |
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What are the effects of work? H |
Health: Working conditions have generally improved in the UK over the years. However some jobs are still associated with health risks eg. DRIVING=INACTIVITY CHEMICALS=ILLNESS HIGH PRESSURE=STRESS SECURITY/CRIME PREVENTION= ASSAULT The most unhealthy jobs are often found abroad in countries such as China were laws around health and safety are not as strict. |
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What are the effects of work? I |
Income: Pay often linked to the most valued jobs in society e.g surgeons, MP's etc. However this is not always the case e.g Premiership footballer. Income is linked to standard of living. Standard of living is affected by the following: weekly/monthly wage, commission, job security, chance of promotion,pensions,daily expenses.Educational qualification affect the level of income. People with degrees earn most. |
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What are the effects of work? FL |
-Long hours effect leisure time -Some jobs separate family members (army) -When both partners work household tasks are affected -Work affects the families status in the community -Work affects how people spend leisure time, eg spend time with colleagues or compress time to do hobbies into short time after work. |
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How does work affect our behavior? |
-Follow rules at work -respect authority/superiors -Take on new roles in society -skills such as teamwork and communication -dictates how we use our leisure time -income dictates our standard of living -where we live and how we live -exposes us to new norms and values like teachers behaving responsibly while at work |
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How do we learn about work? F |
-Family members influence our ideas about work .Young people see how work affect their parent/carers status income, health, happiness etc. |
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How do we learn about work? E |
- Education teaches about work through the 'hidden curriculum'. The social norms and values of schools usually mirror those of work e.g punctuality, following rules, respecting authority etc. |
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How do we learn about work? I+M |
-Interacting with people who are at work e.g bus drivers, teacher, dinner lady, shop assistant. -The mass media teaches young people at lot about the world of work through documentaries, comedies, websites, and magazines. |
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How does the workplace affect our socialization and identity? |
-INDUCTION -UNIFORM -HELP AND ADVICE FROM EXPERIENCED PEERS -ROLE IN THE WORKPLACE AFFECT ON IDENTITY -UNEMPLOYMENT AND REDUNDANCY -RETIREMENT AND STATUS Puirru |
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What does Mechanization mean? |
workers on assembly lines find work noisy, exhausting and repetitive and isolating. |
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What does Automation mean? |
Fewer workers are required because robots can do the work. Employees are needed to supervise the machines. |
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What does Computerization mean? |
IT developments have affected almost all jobs. People can now communicate freely and work from home. |
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What are the advantage of technology for employers? |
-ONLINE SHOPS -LOWER STAFF COSTS, MACHINES CAN REPLACE WORKERS, BETTE JOB, NO STRIKES/REQUESTS -CCTV, HOW MUCH WORK, AND HOW MUCH WORKERS DO -RESPOND TO SALES TRENDS |
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What are the disadvantage of technology for employers? |
-EXPENSIVE,WILL BREAK DOWN -DATA CAN BE LOST OR LEAKED, MONEY INFORMATION STOLEN ONLINE -CUSTOMERS REJECT INTERNET SERVICES IN FAVOR OF REAL PEOPLE -CAUSE ALIENATION |
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What is Alienation? |
New technology can bring about feelings of powerlessness, work is meaningless, people become isolate, people are not involved or dissatisfied with work. |
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How do workers gain rights? |
Workers have a right to a : -Contract -Right to join Union -Safe working environment -Protection from unfair dismissal -Protection from whistle blowing -Trade Unions aid in negotiation, support workers who are treated unfairly, provide training and legal advice and pressure the government to improve conditions for workers. |
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What is intrinsic satisfaction? |
Comes from the enjoyment of the actual job. These are usually jobs that require skills. |
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What is social relationships? |
Good relationship with the boss and colleagues can increase work satisfaction. Isolation lowers work satisfaction. |
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What is social status in accordance to work? |
People who have a job that gives them status and respect report high levels of work satisfaction. |
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What is extrinsic satisfaction? |
This comes from outside the job e.g money, perks. They do not gain satisfaction from the job itself but from what the job brings. |
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What are the causes of unemployment? |
- ECONOMY GROWTH-EXPANSION-LESS PROFIT-OUT OF BUSINESS-UNEMPLOYMENT -TECHNOLOGY TAKES OVER FUNCTION IN A COMPANY -INDUSTRIAL DECLINE -LABOR FORCE GROWTH -PEOPLE WHO ARE BETWEEN JOBS -JOBS OPERATE ONLY PARTS OF THE YEAR |
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What causes the distribution of unemployment? |
Social class: The working class are more likely to be unemployed, middle-class professionals are less likely to lose their jobs. Workers in low paid jobs are the first victim of cuts when profits fall Gender: Males are more likely to experience unemployment, this is often caused by the loss of a full time job. Women are less likely to due to the increase in the service industry where women occupy many of the jobs. When women do experience unemployment it is often after leaving work to care for family. Ethnicity: Non-white ethnic groups are more likely to experience unemployment. This may link to their experiences in education. Religion: The workers in the north experience high levels of unemployment along with people living in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Age: Older people and young people have the highest rates of unemployment. |
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How is gender equality in work? |
Rise in work women- increase service sector -more part time work -fewer births -attitudes to women work has changed -women still earn less due to part-time work, dual burden, horizontal segregation, vertical segregation. |
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What is horizontal segregation? |
Women do different jobs |
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What is vertical segregation? |
Women do not have the same promotional opportunities. |
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What is the glass ceiling? |
A glass ceiling is a political term used to describe the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. |
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How is ethnic equality in work? |
Ethnic groups face poor conditions, low pay etc.Gangmasters, ethnic groups are still more likely to be unemployed , link to education, racism is major factor despite the 1964 race relations act, |
