Word

Front 1

Pullheaded

Back 1

عنيد

Hint 1

He is pullheaded

Front 2

Stone faced

Back 2

Like stone never show any emotions

Hint 2

جامد الوجه

Front 3

Made up

Back 3

Happy

Hint 3

I made up when i saw you

Front 4

Chaos

Back 4

Without new jobs the country would quickly disintegrate into chaos.

Front 5

Disintegrate

Back 5

تحطم

Front 6

Wither

Back 6

His country, he notes, has already suffered the humiliation of watching its global preeminence wither.

Hint 6

يذبل

Front 7

Drizzle

Back 7

It's drizzling

Hint 7

مطر خفيف

Front 8

Extract

Back 8

We extract oil from olive

Hint 8

نستخرج

Front 9

embarrassed

Back 9

If you are some times embarrassed by your ringtone .it is almost certainly the wrong one

Hint 9

محرج

Front 10

Intimate

Back 10

Intimate conversations

Hint 10

عاطفي

Front 11

Appropriate

Back 11

Suitable

Hint 11

مناسب

Front 12

Apologize in advance

Back 12

يعتذر مقدما

Front 13

Insulting

Back 13

I'm not trying to be insulting.

Hint 13

إهانة

Front 14

Embarrassing

Back 14

An embarrassing photo

Hint 14

محرج

Front 15

Bragging

Back 15

Bragging about their relationship

Hint 15

يثرثر

Front 16

Hang out

Back 16

يتسكع

Front 17

Admit

Back 17

يعترف

Front 18

Break up

Back 18

ينفصل

Front 19

Halt

Back 19

He had halted the performance

Hint 19

توقف

Front 20

Furious

Back 20

They were so furious

Hint 20

غاضب

Front 21

Stake

Back 21

عمود

Front 22

Baton

Back 22

عصا المايسترو

Front 23

Applaud

Back 23

يصفق

Front 24

Resurrect

Back 24

بعث

Front 25

Resort

Back 25

He resorted to cheat توجه

Front 26

Suspicious مشتبه به

Back 26

This made some of the other players suspicious

Front 27

Opponent

Back 27

No, you have to humiliate your opponent.

Front 28

Discretely خلسة

Back 28

James discretely bought the present when his wife wasn't looking

Front 29

Accuse يتهم

Back 29

Accuse the boy of cheating

Front 30

Banned

Back 30

Banned him from playing in the competition again

Front 31

Set off يسافر

Back 31

We are going to set off early because we want to get to the hotel before it gets dark .

Front 32

Pedestrian

Back 32

المار

Front 33

acknowledged معترف ب

Back 33

acknowledged the cheers

Front 34

superstitions خرافات

Back 34

Chinese culture is filled with superstitions

Front 35

Bounce

Back 35

Bounce the ball

Front 36

Laces

Back 36

I didn't tie my laces right

Front 37

Rituals شعائر

Back 37

N-VAR A ritual is a religious service or other ceremony which involves a series of actions performed in a fixed order

Front 38

Confined= limit

Back 38

ritual is not confined to the court

Front 39

Convinced

Back 39

Was convinced that if he won a match , He had to repeat everything he did the previous day.

Front 40

Ridicule يسخر

Back 40

The woman who was ridiculed for the email she sent Heidi

Front 41

Celebrity مشهور

Back 41

This is a well-known tactic for celebrities

Front 42

Metropolis

Back 42

The giant metropolis is full of secret alleys .

Front 43

Gangsters. أفراد عصابات

Back 43

It is not inhabited by gangsters

Front 44

Demolition. تدمير

Back 44

The castle was scheduled for demolition .

Front 45

Sequel سلسلة

Back 45

A movie that continues the story of an earlier movie.

Front 46

Regular fare. الأجرة العادية

Back 46

Student with an international student card get 15% off the regular fare.

Front 47

Costumes. زى تنكري

Back 47

The costumes are being made by hand.

Front 48

Entrepreneur. صاحب أعمال

Back 48

He is a British entrepreneur from London.

Front 49

Descent. أصول

Back 49

She is an American actress of Italian descent .

Front 50

Convicted. مدان

Back 50

She was convicted in 2008 of murdering two homeless men.

Front 51

Split up . Divorce . Break up . separate .

Back 51

Did you know that Andy's parents have split up ?

Front 52

Commute. يتردد على

Back 52

He commutes every day by train .

Front 53

Mean . بخيل

Back 53

She thought l was being very mean and unfriendly.

Front 54

Blend . يختلط

Back 54

Mismatched clothing helps them blend in with the crowd better so they can go quietly about their business.

Front 55

Viral . مشهور

Back 55

Her performance went viral.

Went viral was sent all over the Internet.

Front 56

Stereotype. قولبة

Back 56

It is wrong to stereotype people into categories.

Front 57

Dominant. مسيطر

Back 57

Stay away from people who looked aggressive and dominant.

Front 58

Enthusiasm. حماسة

Back 58

People's enthusiasm for Susan .

Front 59

Underdogs . خاسر

Back 59

People who are not expected to succeed.

Front 60

Obsessed . مهووس

Back 60

They were absolutely obsessed with beauty .

Front 61

Altering .

Back 61

We're altering our vacation plans so that we arrive on Thursday instead of Saturday.

Front 62

Visual projection . العرض البصري

Back 62

The profile pictures are the visual projection to friends and family of who you are and what you are like .

Front 63

Significant. له معنى

Back 63

Profile pictures are smaller and prehaps more significant.

Front 64

Nostalgic . يحنن إلى الماضى

Back 64

You are nostalgic for your childhood .

Front 65

stately homes. قصور

Back 65

You can visit stately homes in the UK to see how very rich families lived in the past .

Front 66

Appealed. مغري

Back 66

The Gothic architecture of the house appealed to American movie director Tim when he saw it .

Front 67

Facade. واجهة

Back 67

The facade of the building .

Front 68

Ballroom.قاعة الاحتفالات

Back 68

Palaces often have a ballroom where people come formal dance or party .

Front 69

Speech impediment. إعاقة في النطق

Back 69

A person with a speech impediment can find it very hard to speak on public .

Front 70

Promenade . منتزه

Back 70

We'll pass by the promenade .

Front 71

Fountain. نافورة

Back 71

Omr fountain where movies such as The Avengers .

Front 72

Dedicated. يخصص

Back 72

They dedicated their lives to save ours

Front 73

Eject. يطرد

Back 73

The captain hadn't scored any goals when the referee ejected him .

Front 74

Suspended. يوقف

Back 74

The referee suspended the game because it was raining too hard to play .

Front 75

Appointment . موعد

Back 75

You won't be able to talk to the principal unless you make an appointment .

Front 76

Vigorous . Hard

Back 76

It's important to warm up before you do any vigorous exercise .

Front 77

Buddies = friends

Back 77

I went out last night with some buddies .

Front 78

I am really into .

Back 78

I am really into a girl I met in class last week .

Front 79

Dumped .

Back 79

Jane dumped her boyfriend last night (told him that their relationship was over )

Front 80

Has a crush on .

Back 80

My younger sister has a crush on Justin Bieber! . be madly in love with when you are young

Front 81

Broke up . split up . separate

Back 81

My sister and her boyfriend broke up . split up last month .(ended their relationship)

Front 82

The movie is set in Mississippi in the US during the 1960s .

Back 82

It was situated in that place at that time .

Front 83

It was dubbed into other languages.

Back 83

The voices of foreign actors were used .

Front 84

It is based on the novel of the same name by Kathryn.

Back 84

It was an adaptation of the book .

Front 85

Rake يكنس

Back 85

My dad whistled a tune as he raked the leaves.

Front 86

Priest . Nun

Back 86

قسيس . راهبة

Front 87

I've dietary restrictions

Back 87

قيود غذائية

Front 88

Bankrupt . مفلس

Back 88

They hadn't owned the company for long before they went bankrupt

Front 89

Plot . حبكة درامية . مؤامرة

Back 89

There is a plot to kill the Chinese Premier.

The story of a movie.

Front 90

Dubbed. دبلج

Back 90

It was dubbed into other language

Front 91

Situated . وقعت

Back 91

It was situated in that place at that time .

Front 92

Adaptation. اقتباس

Back 92

It was an adaptation of the book.

Front 93

Coincidence. مصادفة

Back 93

It was a complete coincidence.

Front 94

Stunned مندهش

Back 94

I was so stunned.

Front 95

Tripped يتعثر

Back 95

I tripped walking down some stairs .

Front 96

Ruthless قاسي

Back 96

Ruthless man

Front 97

Hothead متهور

Back 97

Tamer is a hothead

Front 98

Torrential rains

Back 98

أمطار غزيرة

Front 99

Pose يحدث

Back 99

Terrible flooding continue to pose a grave danger to life and to property.

Front 100

Shepherd out . يسوق

Back 100

Shepherd people out of harm's way .

Front 101

Devotion إخلاص

Back 101

Their courage and devotion has saved countless lives .

Front 102

Vigilant يقظ.

Back 102

We must be vigilant .

Front 103

Coordinate ينسق

Unprecedented لا مثيل له .

Back 103

We could coordinate the very big and unprecedented federal response .

Front 104

Endure يصمد .

Overcome يسيطر .

Back 104

We will endure and overcome .

Front 105

Affected . تأثر

Back 105

To those affected by this storm , we are praying for you and we are here with you every single step of the way .

Front 106

Grieve. يحزن

Back 106

To those Americans who have lost loved ones , all of America is grieving with you .

Front 107

Acquaintances أصدقاء غير مقربين

Trivial تافه

Back 107

Conversations you strike up with traveling acquaintances usually tend to be trivial .

Front 108

Illegible. غير مقروء

Back 108

His hand writing is illegible .

Front 109

Colonize .

Back 109

The area was colonized by the Vikings.

Front 110

Consume يستهلك . يدمر

Back 110

Before he died he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol.

The hotel was quickly consumed by fire .

Front 111

Distinctive . مميز

Back 111

His speech was careful and distinctive but his words seemed to make no sense .

Front 112

Orphaned. محبوب

Back 112

The park has agreed to take care of an orphaned baby chimpanzee.

Front 113

Distract .يشتت

Back 113

You are distracting me from my work.

Front 114

Resilience . قدرة على الصمود

Back 114

I have seen the resilience of the American spirit first hand , all over this country .

Front 115

Restore . يصلح . يعيد التوازن

Back 115

I intend to restore balance to our world .

We will be with you every single day after to restore , recover , and rebuild.

Front 116

Reducing the crushing tax burden on our workers . تقليل العبء الضريبي الطاحنة عن عمالنا

Back 116

Reducing the crushing tax burden on our workers.

Front 117

Bad mood = bad attitude .

Back 117

I am cranky .

Forgive me .all these noise make me grumpy .

I get irritable when I don't sleep well.

I am moody .it must That weather I hate the heat .

Front 118

Devour يلتهم

Back 118

The female mantis devours the male with in minutes after mating .

Front 119

Crack down on

Back 119

Violent clashes in Hong Kong as police crack down on street vendors.

The authorities are try in to crack down on drunk driving during the holidays .

Hint 119

منع بصرامة

Front 120

Riot شغب

Back 120

Hong Kong riot police fire warning shots in bloody street clashes

Hong Kong riot police clash with protesters in crack down on illegal street food stall at Chinese New Years .

Front 121

Thoroughly

Back 121

Do not eat fish or meat unless it has been thoroughly cooked.

Front 122

He's off to Boston

Back 122

He's leaving to Boston

Hint 122

سيرحل إلى بوسطن

Front 123

This is a place full of marvelous deals .

Back 123

مدهش

Front 124

I found things that indicated he was cheating .

Back 124

Indicated يدل على

Front 125

Annabel didn't want to sit around crying and eating ice cream .

Back 125

She wanted to do something positive.

Front 126

I'm not going to make it for dinner

Back 126

لن أذهب للعشاء

Front 127

I mean , it's not that I don't like Paul

Back 127

I wanted to have a word with him before the meeting .

Front 128

Selling matching veil and other exras .

Back 128

Veil

Hint 128

طرحة

Front 129

Bargain

Back 129

In the market dealers we're bargaining with growers over the price of coffee .

I picked up a few good bargains in the sale

Front 130

Refund

Back 130

A sum of money that is paid back to you .

Front 131

Gripe = complain

Back 131

يشكو complainالاسم complaint الشكوي

Front 132

Compensation . Compensate

Back 132

Something especially money that some body gives you because they have hurt you or damage something that you own .

Hint 132

تعويض

Front 133

Turn up .

Back 133

My friend said she would meet me outside the movie theater , but she didn't turn up .

Front 134

Humorous .

Back 134

He wrote a letter to the managing director to complain,in a humorous way , about the fumes coming through the train window.

Hint 134

فكاهي

Front 135

Moldy . Courier service . Chief executive .

Back 135

Clive was served moldy strawberries on a British airways flight,he used a courier service to send the fruit to the airline's chief executive.

Hint 135

فاسد . خدمة توصيل . الرئيس التنفيذي

Front 136

Inspect . catering facilities

Back 136

To compensate , BA invited his daughters, Nina and zoë , to Heathrow to personally inspect the airline's catering facilities .

Hint 136

يفحص. خدمة الطعام

Front 137

Cope

Back 137

How do Bettina,his wife cope with living with one of the world's biggest complainer ?

Hint 137

يتعامل

Front 138

Puddle

Back 138

She slipped in a puddle of water in their vacation apartment in Spain .

Hint 138

بركة ماء

Front 139

Initiative.

Back 139

We also thank others who supported the initiative.

Hint 139

المبادرة

Front 140

Flattery . Saying good things about somebody that you may not mean

Back 140

Use flattery

Hint 140

مدح

Front 141

Departure . Demonstrate

Back 141

I can only imagine this is an unusual departure from your usual high standards " and " I would love to shop with you again if you can demonstrate to me that you are still as good as I know you used to be . "

Hint 141

مغادرة . يظهر

Front 142

Resolve. عزيمة

Back 142

In difficult time such as these we see the true character of the American people : their strength , their love , and thier resolve .

Front 143

Ridiculous

Back 143

Hotels used to make a lot of money from customers by charging a ridiculous amount for phone calls.

Some hotels now charge a ridiculous amount for Wi-Fi .

I noticed that payment had been charged on my credit card.

Hint 143

سخيف

Front 144

Villain

Back 144

The villian of the story stole a painting from the old woman.

Hint 144

شرير

Front 145

Choose choice

Back 145

Respond response

Lose loss

Sell sale

Succeed success

Front 146

In stock

Back 146

I read the conditions carefully, and the item was in stock .

Your website says that items in stock are delivered in 48 hours .

Hint 146

معروض للبيع

Front 147

Satisfactory way

Back 147

I am sure you will be able to resolve the situation in a satisfactory way .

Hint 147

طريقة مرضية

Front 148

Set up = start

Back 148

She decided to set up an online business selling birthday cakes

Hint 148

بدأت

Front 149

Fired = dismissed

Back 149

They had an argument, and Clare was fired.

Hint 149

يقال . يطرد

Front 150

Applied for .. resumes

Back 150

She applied for a lot of jobs, and sent in resumes.

She replied to an advertisement and sent in her resume .

Hint 150

قدمت .

Front 151

Got promoted

Back 151

He got promoted last week .

Hint 151

حصل على ترقية

Front 152

Work shifts

Back 152

Most nurses have to work shifts .

Front 153

Fired

Back 153

A man in our department was fired yesterday .

Hint 153

أقيل رفد

Front 154

Was downsized

Back 154

Colin was downsized last month

Hint 154

خفض العمالة

Front 155

Resign = quit

Back 155

The politician is going to resign.

He has decided to leave his job .

Hint 155

يستقيل

Front 156

Retire

Back 156

Lilian is going to retire next month

She's 65 and she's going to stop working .

Hint 156

يتقاعد

Front 157

Temporary opposite permanent

Back 157

It's a temporary job .

With only a short contract, e.g.,for twelve months .

Front 158

In charge of

Back 158

I am in charge of the marketing department .

Hint 158

مسؤل

Front 159

Responsible for

Back 159

I'm responsible for customer loans .

Front 160

Recruiting

Back 160

I'm in charge of recruiting new staff.

Hint 160

استقدام

Front 161

It's more important that you are happy to do what you are passionate about everyday and get paid less for it, than to dread getting up in the morning because you dislike what you do .

Back 161

Turning point

Front 162

The sharks have agreed to invest over $6.2 million

Back 162

Agreed وافق

Front 163

Contestant

Back 163

Contestants have about ten minutes to present their business ideas to five very successful businesspeople .

Hint 163

المتسابق

Front 164

Intimidating

Back 164

The intimidating room where they meet the contestants is the Tank

Hint 164

مرعب

Front 165

Entrepreneur

Back 165

The contestants are usually entrepreneurs, product designers.

Hint 165

صاحب مشروع

Front 166

Dreaded

Back 166

If they are not convinced by the presentation, they say the dreaded words "I'm out."

Hint 166

مفزعة

Front 167

Impressive . Profitable .

Back 167

Travis is now running an impressive and profitable company

Hint 167

رائعة . مربحة

Front 168

Ingredients

Back 168

These cakes are made from all natural ingredients .

Hint 168

مكونات

Front 169

Compliment

Back 169

They really loved her cakes and complimented her on their fresh and delicious taste.

Hint 169

يمدح

Front 170

Potential

Back 170

They were concerned that her company had reached it's potential in the last three months.

Front 171

Shuffle in

Back 171

Shortly after noon recently at the University of Miami, students shuffle into a classroom.

Walks without lifting their feet off the ground.

Hint 171

يدخل

Front 172

Devastated

Back 172

He was devastated at the loss of the singing partner he regarded as a sister .

Hint 172

مصدوم

Front 173

Encounter

Back 173

We encounter terms like pronation, stability and foot-strike.

Lucky encounters

Hint 173

لقاء يواجه

Front 174

Inspector

Back 174

The ticket inspector = one who is in charge of a train and travels with it, but does not drive it .

Hint 174

مفتش

Front 175

Desperate . Hitchhike

Back 175

I was so desperate to get home that I thought maybe I could hitchhike from Cairo .

Hint 175

Hopeless.

Front 176

Ferry

Back 176

I booked a ferry to Fukuoka in Japan.

Hint 176

عبارة

Front 177

Run out of gas.

Back 177

We had run out of gas .

Hint 177

انتهى البنزين

Front 178

Shivering

Back 178

When she returned 10 minutes later she found her son shaking and shivering on the floor.

Hint 178

يرتعش

Front 179

Trunk

Back 179

The driver got out, opened the trunk of his car, and took out a can of gas .

Hint 179

صندوق السيارة

Front 180

This is the logo that was designed as a tribute to Steve jobs when he died

Back 180

The design, which used jobs's silhouette incorporated into the bite of a white Apple logo, became a worldwide internet sensation.

Hint 180

تكريم

Front 181

Commitment

Back 181

Their commitment to their families

Hint 181

التزام

Front 182

Abolish

Back 182

This novel was written, in the late 1930s, when the death penalty for murder still existed . It was abolished in 1965.

Hint 182

يلغي

Front 183

Deliberately

Back 183

He has been deliberately ignoring her all day .

Hint 183

عمدا

Front 184

Unfortunate

Back 184

I was unfortunate to be a teacher.

Hint 184

Unlucky

Front 185

Bruise

Back 185

She was treated for bruises and minor cuts .

Hint 185

كدمة

Front 186

Claim

Back 186

I don't claim to be an expert.

Hint 186

يدعي

Front 187

Conduct

Back 187

The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner

Hint 187

ينظم

Front 188

I hardly ever play basketball.

Back 188

There's hardly any water in this cup.

Front 189

Fascinated = interested

Back 189

The children watched , fascinated , as the picture began to appear .

Front 190

Prosecution

Back 190

The lawyers who try to prove that a person on trial is guilty are called the prosecution

Hint 190

المدعى العام

Front 191

Drowning

Back 191

Well, we're just not drowning so fast.

Hint 191

غرق

Front 192

Dazed

Back 192

Dazed residents hauled their pets and wheelbarrows of belongings out of the devastated areas.

Hint 192

مذهول يخرج

Front 193

Implying

Back 193

Day trend indicators are pointing south again, implying that investors should expect further sterling weakness.

Front 194

Suspicious

Back 194

Has mail to the White House been temporarily halted for now because of this suspicious letter?

Hint 194

مريب

Front 195

Plead

Back 195

You're not the first to plead on his behalf.

Hint 195

يترافع

Front 196

Strive . Ideal

Back 196

I strive harder to live up to that ideal.

Hint 196

يكافح . مثالي

Front 197

Malice

Back 197

That they should deliberately, with malice aforethought, flout the laws of a country in which they operate. That doesnot sound like a great way to prepare the ground for an expansion of your business really.

He bears you no malice

Hint 197

حقد. احتقار

Front 198

Feature

Back 198

Women also feature prominently in literary and other art forms.

Hint 198

تظهر . شكل

Front 199

Dock

Back 199

He's been in the dock several time already .

Hint 199

قفص الاتهام

Front 200

Diminutive. Ancestor . Mighty

Back 200

She was a diminutive figure beside her husband.

Diminutive ancestor of the mighty tyrannosaurus Rex .

Hint 200

صغير . سلف . قوى

Front 201

Palaeontologist

Back 201

Simon Conway-Morris, a palaeontologist at Cambridge University, in England .

Hint 201

عالم الحفريات

Front 202

Evolved

Back 202

It's important to remember that we evolved.

Hint 202

تطورنا

Front 203

Fearsome

Back 203

He has a fearsome reputation as a fighter.

Hint 203

مخيف

Front 204

Imposing

Back 204

Professional body builders are imposing figures .

The bank was an imposing building . It seemed to dare thieves to try robbing it .

Hint 204

Appearing large and impressive

Front 205

Trod lightly

Back 205

He trod lightly as he arrived . He didn't want his wife to know he'd come home late.

The boss is in a terrible mood today, so tread lightly ! No bad news !

Hint 205

Spoke or acted carefully to avoid making a mistake .

Tread trod trodden

Front 206

Fossil

Back 206

The famed fossil was discovered in 1861 in Germany and quickly became an evolutionary icon.

Hint 206

أحفورة . حفريات

Front 207

Stepping Stone

Back 207

Study hard, class, Each level of education is a stepping stone to your final career .

Each failed design was a stepping stone in the invention of light bulb.

Hint 207

Action or event that helps someone

advance towards some thing

Front 208

Relief

Back 208

We all breathed a sigh of relief when he left .

Hint 208

The feeling of happiness that you have when some thing unpleased stops or does not happen .

Front 209

Brain fade

Back 209

I saw an old colleague on the street last week . Completely forgot her name . A serious case of brain fade . Really embarrassing .

Front 210

Think on your feet

Back 210

When you’re called on in class, you have to be able to think on your feet.

Hint 210

Give an answer quickly

Front 211

Real estate agent

Back 211

A person whose job is to sell houses for people .

Front 212

Mystified

Back 212

He was as mystified as us about the noise .

Hint 212

مرتبك

Front 213

Vividly

Back 213

I can still remember it vividly

Front 214

Dome

Back 214

A circular thing

Front 215

Binoculars

Back 215

An instrument that makes far away objects seem nearer.

Front 216

In Spite of

Back 216

It wasn't moving in spite of the wind

Front 217

Gliding

Back 217

It might be gliding a few inches above the grass

Front 218

Hallucinating

Back 218

He convinced that l was hallucinating

Hint 218

Seeing things that are not really there

Front 219

Clairvoyant

Back 219

I don't really believe in clairvoyants and fortune-telling .

Front 220

Shiver . Spine

Back 220

I felt a shiver run down my spine .

Hint 220

رعشة . عمود فقري

Front 221

Gutsy

Back 221

showing courage and determinationa gutsy fighter/win

Her gutsy performance in the game impressed everyone, even her teammates.

having strong and unusual qualities

a gutsy red wine

a gutsy song

Hint 221

جريء شجاع قوي

Front 222

Embalm

Back 222

embalm something to prevent a dead bodyfrom decaying by treating it with specialsubstances to preserve it

Hint 222

يحنط

Front 223

Trailblazing

Back 223

Trailblazing women

Trailblazing scientific research

Hint 223

رائد

Front 224

Accused . Evade

Back 224

The accused must not be allowed to evade justice.

Hint 224

المتهم. يتهرب

Front 225

exhaustive

Back 225

including everything possible; very thorough or complete

exhaustive research / tests.

This list is not intended to be exhaustive.

Hint 225

مفصل

Front 226

longhand

Back 226

ordinary writing, not typed or written in shorthand

Iprefer to write my work down in longhand first .

Hint 226

كتابة باليد

Front 227

biography

Back 227

the story of a person's life written by somebodyelse; this type of writing Boswell's biography of Johnson

Hint 227

سيرة ذاتية

Front 228

elaborate

Back 228

very complicated and detailed;carefully prepared and organizedelaborate designsShe had prepared a very elaborate meal.an elaborate computer system

Hint 228

معقد . مفصل

Front 229

Gist

Back 229

the main or general meaning of a piece of writing, a speech to get understand.

the gist of an argument.

I missed the beginning of the lecture or a conversation .

can you give me the gist of what he said?

I'm afraid I don't quite follow your gist , what you really mean?

Students are taught the skills of reading andlistening for gist.

Hint 229

ملخص

Front 230

Luddite

Back 230

(disapproving) a person who is opposed to new technology or working methods .

Named after Ned Lud, one of the workers who destroyed machinery in factories in the early 19th century, because they believed it would take away their jobs.

Hint 230

معترض على الأفكار أو التكنولوجيا

Front 231

aspiring

Back 231

wanting to start the career or activity that is mentioned.

Aspiring musicians need hours of practice every day.

wanting to be successful in life .

He came from an aspiring work-class background.

Hint 231

مبتدئ

Front 232

Flee

Back 232

Verb Forms to leave a person or place very quickly,especially because you are afraid of possible danger.

She burst into tears and fled.

flee from somebody/something a camp for refugees .

fleeing from the war.

flee to.../into... He fled to London after an argument with his family.

flee something He was caught trying to flee the country.

The driver had already fled the scene of the accident.

Hint 232

يهرب

Front 233

Predominantly

Back 233

mostly; mainlyShe works in a predominantly maleenvironment.

Hint 233

غالبا

Front 234

Insular

Back 234

insularity in-su-lar adjectiveBrE/Insjala(r)/NAME/Insalar/1 (disapproving) only interested in your own country, ideas, etc. and not in those from outsideThe British are often accused of being insular.

(specialist) connected with an island orislandsthe coastal and insular areas

Hint 234

منغلق حول نفسه

Front 235

Tolerant

Back 235

tolerant (of/towards somebody/something)

able to accept what other people say or do even if you do not agree with it .

He has a very tolerant attitude towards other religions.

tolerant (of something) (of plants, animals or machines) able to survive or operate in difficult conditions.

The plants are tolerant of frost.

OPPOSITE intolerant

Hint 235

متسامح

Front 236

Deride

Back 236

deride somebody/something(as something) | +speech (formal) to treatsomebody/something as ridiculous and notworth considering seriouslySYNONYM mockHis views were derided as old-fashioned.The play was derided by the critics.

Hint 236

يسخر

Front 237

Marginalized

Back 237

marginalize somebody to make somebody feel as if they are not important and cannot influence decisions or events; to put somebody in a position in which they have no powerWordfinder

Hint 237

مهمش

Front 238

Trivialize

Back 238

trivialize something (usually disapproving) to make something seem less important, serious,difficult, etc. than it really

It is important not to trivialize children's worries.

The magazine has been accused of trivializing serious issues.

Hint 238

يسفه

Front 239

Tapped out

Back 239

I work until l'm tapped out.

Hint 239

يتعب tired . Exhausted

Front 240

Confrontation

Back 240

Another interesting confrontation.

Hint 240

مواجهة

Front 241

Despise

Back 241

despise somebody/something (not used inthe progressive tenses) to dislike and have norespect for somebody/somethingShe despised gossip in any form.He despised himself for being so cowardly.She thoroughly despised him for his weakness.Idon't know why they despise me so much.

Hint 241

يكره

Front 242

Indecisive

Back 242

1 (of a person) unable to make decisionsa weak and indecisive manSome blame indecisive leadership for theparty's failure at the polls.2 not providing a clear and definite answer orresultan indecisive battleOPPOSITE decisive

Hint 242

غير قادر على اتخاذ قرار

Front 243

Carjacking

Back 243

car jack-ing nounthe crime of forcing the driver of a car to takeyou somewhere or give you their car, usingthreats and violence

Hint 243

سرقة السيارات بالقوة

Front 244

Strand

Back 244

strand verbBrE/straænd/NAME/straænd/[usually passive]Verb Forms1 strand somebody to leave somebody in aplace from which they have no way ofleavingThe strike left hundreds of touristsstranded at the airport.2 strand something to make a boat, fish,whale, etc. be left on land and unable toreturn to the waterThe ship was stranded on a sandbank.

Hint 244

عالق

Front 245

Vacancy

Back 245

a job that is available for1somebody to do job vacanciesa temporary vacancy (for somebody/something)vacancies for bar staff to fill a vacancy

There's a vacancy in the accounts department.Synonyms2 [countable] a room that is available in ahotel, etc

I'm sorry we have no vacancies

Hint 245

شاغر

Front 246

Flustered

Back 246

flus tered adjectiveBrE/flAstad/NAME/flAstard/nervous and/or confused, especially becauseyou have a lot to do or are in a hurrySYNONYM flurriedShe arrived late, looking hot and flustered.

I was totally flustered .

Hint 246

مرتبك

Front 247

I turned it down

Back 247

When they offered me the job,I turned it down.

Hint 247

رفضته

Front 248

Reincarnate

Back 248

What animal would you like to be reincarnated as ?

Hint 248

يتقمص

Front 249

Sexist

Back 249

I still think that it was a very sexist question to ask.

Hint 249

متحيز جنسيا

Front 250

Sack . Accurate

Back 250

Sacks of money. This was very accurate .

Hint 250

شوال . دقيق

Front 251

Spot on = accurate

Back 251

It was spot on, too.

Hint 251

دقيق

Front 252

As far as

Back 252

As far as I know the people in my family are ok.

Hint 252

على حد علمي

Front 253

Laid-back

Back 253

Chris is a very Laid-back kind of person.

Hint 253

هادئ

Front 254

Relieved

Back 254

I can remember feeling relieved that I I had said no .

Hint 254

مستريح

Front 255

Spooky coincidence

Back 255

It just a Spooky coincidence

Hint 255

مصادفة مخيفة

Front 256

Skeptical

Back 256

I always used to be very skeptical about fortune-telling but now , well, I am not so sure.

Hint 256

مرتاب

Front 257

Initial

Back 257

This meeting will also refine the initial study.

Hint 257

أولية

Front 258

Prominent

Back 258

If your first name is bigger and more prominent in your signature this usually means that your private " self is more important to than your public .

Hint 258

بارز

Front 259

Insecure

Back 259

Insecure

Hint 259

متحفظ

Front 260

Assuming

Back 260

Assuming a candidate gets an interview, how do help them to prepare for it?

Hint 260

افتراض

Front 261

Carry -on luggage.

Back 261

Allegiant joins Spirit Airlines as the second U.S. carrier to implement fees for carry-on luggage.

Hint 261

الأمتعة المحمولة

Front 262

Compartment

Back 262

In the G-21A Grumman Goose floatplane, I have just learned, the passenger compartment is the pontoon.

Overhead compartments

Front 263

Turbulence

Back 263

Sometimes there is turbulence when the plane flies over the Andes.

Hint 263

إضطرابات جوية

Front 264

Long-haul flights. Jetlag

Back 264

Whenever I take Long-haul flights always suffer from jetlag because of the time difference .

Hint 264

طيران طويل . فارق التوقيت

Front 265

Tend to

Back 265

They tend to leave their doors unlocked.

This tends to happen during thunderstorms and hurricanes.

Hint 265

يميل إلى . يحتمل أن تحدث

Front 266

Critical . Accelerating. Abort

Back 266

Richard It can very bumpy and very uncomfortable,but it isn't dangerous. Even strong turbulence won't damage the plane. Pilots always try to avoid turbulence, but it can sometimes occur without any warning, which is why we always advise passengers to wear their seat belt all the time during the flight.Interviewer Which is more dangerous, take-off orlanding?Richard Both take-off and landing can be dangerous.They're the most dangerous moments of a flight.Pilots talk about the critical eight minutes"-thethree minutes after take-off and the five minutesbefore landing. Most accidents happen in this period.But I would say that take-off is probably slightly more dangerous than landing. There is a critical moment just before take-off when the plane is accelerating.but it hasn't yet reached the speed to be able to fly. If the pilot has a problem with the plane at this point, he or she has very little be only a second- to abort the take-off.Interviewer Are some airpors more dangerous thanothers?Richard Yes, some are - particularly airports with highmountains around them and airports in countrieswith older or more basic navigation equipment. Forsome difficult airports like, let's say Kathmandu, theyonly allow very experienced pilots to land there. Andfor some of these airports, pilots have to practice ona simulator first before they are given permission toland a plane there.Interviewer Thanks, Richard. Over to you, Brynn.What personal qualities do you think you need to bean air traffic controller?Brynn Um, I think confidence is number one. You need to be confident

Front 267

Vital

Back 267

It's vital for pilots and air traffic controllers to speak really good , clear English.

Hint 267

أساسي

Front 268

Male-dominated

Back 268

My most enduring relationship has been with my career, which is in a male-dominated field.

Hint 268

ذكوري

Front 269

Sped up

Back 269

The court heard that riders and passengers sped up to upmarket shops including Michael Kors and Loewe.

Front 270

Panting

Back 270

She ran up one flight of stairs and then stopped panting

Hint 270

يلهث

Front 271

Elegant

Back 271

"You can't really serve fondue in an elegant restaurant" because of the smell, he says.

Hint 271

أنيق

Front 272

Turn inside out

Back 272

She had turned them all inside out

Hint 272

يقلب رأسا على عقب

Front 273

embarrassment

Back 273

Her cheeks burned with embarrassment

Hint 273

احراج

Front 274

Shabby

Back 274

The shabby little couch

Hint 274

الرث . القديم

Front 275

Expenses

Back 275

we'll share the expenses.

Expenses had been more than she caculated

Hint 275

تكاليف

Front 276

Curling irons

Back 276

she got out her curling irons

Hint 276

مكواة الشعر

Front 277

Sentiments

Back 277

Our customers are incredibly loyal and we have amazing metrics around brand sentiments and repeat rates.

Hint 277

إحساس

Front 278

peculiar expression

Back 278

peculiar expression

Hint 278

إحساس غريب

Front 279

Weather

Back 279

Weather1 WHAT'S THE WEATHER LIKE?a Put the words or phrases in the right place in the chart.below zero brloo zirou bailing balin breeze briz chilly tili cool kul damp /demp drizzling drzlinfreezing Trizi humid hyumad mild maild pouring parin (rain) showers fauorz warm wrmpue wem) sa 8S It's (pleasantand not cold)(duep9 It's dam (a little bit wetbut not raining)(a little13 There's a(a light winc(pjos(unpleasantly cold)6 It's arn(a pleasantlyhigh temperature)its windyIf's cold.It's raining/wetIt's hot.3 It's feez (very cald) 7 It'sbaIt's scorching.(unpleasently hot)11 There are Showefrainingintermittently)raining a lot)OT-)b Complete the sentences with fog, mist, and smog.When the weather's foggy or misty, or there is smog, it is difficult to see.o isn't usually very thick, and often occurs in the mountains or near the ocean.is thicker, and can be found in towns and in the country.is caused by pollution and usually occurs in big cities.C 231 Listen and check a and b.3 ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBEWEATHER2 EXTREME WEATHERa Match the words and definitions.a Complete the weather forecast with these adjectblizzard birzard draught draot flood fldhail /heil heat wave hit werw hurricane horakernightning laitnn monsoon man'sun thunder Andabright brait changeable tfemdgabl clear kirheavy hevi icy si settled sctid Enot likely to cStrong stran sunny sAni thick k1heat waven a period of unusually hot weather2 aut a long, usually hot, dry period whenthere is little or no rainIn the western part of New York it will be very coldwinds and 2 av rain. There will als3faiey fog in the hills and valleys, though it shouclear by midday. Driving will be dangerous because-roads will be 4 Cthe tri-n and v small balls of ice that fall like rainhrn a flash of very bright light in the skycaused by electricity5 Th n and v the loud noise that you hear duringHowever, the Hudson Vallsstate area will have 5 eat skies and it w6 bgand sunny, though the temperature willbe low. Over the next few days the weather will bea storm6 2a a snow storm with very strong winds7 Flaac vand n when everything becomes covercd kongealplewith some showers, but occasional 8periods. It should become more 9SC over theweekend.with water8 aviolent storm with very strong winds(also cyclone, tornado)b 233 Listen and check.9 YAOnSo n the season when it rains a lot insouthern AsiaКр.36b 232 Listen and check.

Front 280

Drought . Hail. Blizzard. Monsoon

Back 280

جفاف . كرات من الثلج . عاصفة ثلجية . أمطار موسمية .

Front 281

Chilly . Damp

Back 281

برد مع قشعرة . رطوبة بدون مطر

Front 282

Mist . Fog .smog

Back 282

Thick .

Front 283

Lethal

Back 283

causing or able to cause death SYNONYM deadly, fatal

• a lethal dose of poison

• a lethal weapon

• (figurative) The closure of the factory dealta lethal blow to the town. )

• The snake's venom is rarely lethal tohumans.

(informal) causing or able to cause a lot of

harm or damage

• You and that car-it's a lethalcombination! ) )

Hint 283

قاتل مقتول

Front 284

Species

Back 284

a group into which animals, plants, etc.That are able to breed with each other and producehealthy young are divided, smaller than agenus and identified by a Latin name• a rare species of beetleThere are many species of dog(s).• a conservation area for endangered species.

Hint 284

أنواع

Front 285

Remote

Back 285

remoteremortgagenounremote adjective(re moter, re-mot-est)place farfrom places where other peopleawaylive→ SYNONYM isolated• a remote beach• one of the remotest areas of the world• remote from something The farmhouseis remote from any other buildings. ) )time [only before noun] far away in time→ SYNONYM distant• in the remote past/future

remoteremortgagenounremote adjective(re moter, re-mot-est)place farfrom places where other peopleawaylive→ SYNONYM isolated• a remote beach• one of the remotest areas of the world• remote from something The farmhouseis remote from any other buildings. ) )time [only before noun] far away in time→ SYNONYM distant• in the remote past/future

Hint 285

بعيد

Front 286

Persuade

Back 286

to make somebody do something bygiving them good reasons for doing it .• persuade somebody to do somethingTry to persuade him to come. • persuade somebody Please try andpersuade her. • She's always easily persuaded. • I'm sure he'll come with a bit ofpersuading. • persuade somebody into something/into doing something / allowed myselfto be persuaded into entering thecompetition. to make somebody believe thatsomething is true→ SYNONYM convince• persuade somebody/yourself that... Itwill be difficult to persuade them thatthere's no other choice. • She had persuaded herself that life wasnot worth living.

Hint 286

يقنع

Front 287

Abandon

Back 287

to leave somebody, especially somebody you are responsible for, with no intention of returning

• abandon somebody

The baby had beenabandoned by its mother.

• People often simply abandon their pets when they go abroad.

• abandon somebody to something The study showed a deep fear the among elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers.

to leave a thing or place, especially because it is impossible or dangerous to stay

→ SYNONYM leave

• abandon something

Snow forced many drivers to abandon their vehicles.

the order to abandon ship (= to. Не gave leave the ship because it was sinking

• abandon something to somebody/something They had to abandon their land to invading forces

Hint 287

يترك

Front 288

Trembling

Back 288

Yossi was trembling with fear

Hint 288

يرتعد

Front 289

Insect repellent

Back 289

Health experts say prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellent and getting rid of insect breeding sites.

Hint 289

طارد الحشرات

Front 290

Trial

Back 290

He saw a footprint on the trail.

Hint 290

طريق

Front 291

Rapid

Back 291

Yossi was swept away by the rapids

Hint 291

منحدر النهر

Front 292

Drown

Back 292

Yossi didn't drown

Hint 292

يغرق

Front 293

Canyon

Back 293

The two friends were now separated by a canyon and three miles of jungle

Hint 293

واد

Front 294

Dense

Back 294

The forest was too dense .

Hint 294

كثيف

Front 295

Pay

Back 295

Kevin's last hope was to pay a local man with a boat to take him up the river to look for his friend .

Hint 295

يستأجر

Front 296

Hold . Float down

Back 296

He had just enough strength left to hold onto a log and let himself float down the river .

Front 297

Infuriate

Back 297

It really infuriates me when people drive close behind me .

Hint 297

يغضب

Front 298

Frustrate

Back 298

I get very frustrated when something goes wrong with my Internet connection and I don't know how to fix it .

Hint 298

يحبط

Front 299

Offended

Back 299

I was really offended by what you said .

What you said was really offensive

Hint 299

محبط

Front 300

It worries that computer illiteracy may create new forms of inequality and lack of opportunity.

Back 300

ومن دواعي القلق أن الأمية الحاسوبية قد تخلق أشكالا جديدة من عدم المساواة وانعدام الفرص.

Front 301

Unbearable

Back 301

Your mom can be pretty unbearable .

Hint 301

لا يحتمل

Front 302

Make up

Back 302

I can't make up my mind wether to have icecream or cake

Hint 302

يقرر

Front 303

Perspective

Back 303

I have a different perspective .

Hint 303

وجهة نظر

Front 304

Grateful

Back 304

I'm grateful for her help .

Hint 304

ممتن

Front 305

Acquit

Back 305

All of these just because he wanted his cronies to become the government a pass a law to acquit him of all crimes he committed.

Hint 305

يبرئ

Front 306

Scour

Back 306

Scour something

to search a place or thingthoroughly in order to find somebody/something

→ SYNONYM comb•

We scoured the area for somewhere to pitch our tent.

• He had been scouring the papers for weeks, looking for a job.

scour something (out) to clean something by rubbing its surface hard with rough material•

I had to scour out the pans.

scour something (away/out)

| scour something (from/out of something) to make a passage, hole, or mark in theground, rocks, etc. as the result of movement, especially over a long period• The water had raced down the slope and scoured out the bed of a stream.

• We could see where the cart wheels hadscoured the ground.

Front 307

Buff

Back 307

buff something (up) to polish something with a soft cloth• She buffed up the brass with a cloth.Phrasal Verbs buff 'up | buff yourself 'up(slang) to make yourself more attractive,especially by exercising in order to make your muscles bigger.• He buffed up to take the role of the commando captain. ) )buff somebody/something 'up(informal) to work on somebody/something to make them/it seem more attractive or impressive• The team will have to buff up their tarnished image. ) )

Front 308

Quillotine

Back 308

For cutting people's heads

Hint 308

مقصلة

Front 309

Boredom

Back 309

Very boring . Dull

Drab tenement houses

Hint 309

ملل جدا. بناء سكني للفقراء

Front 310

Grim

Back 310

Grim factories

Grim-faced

Hint 310

جاد

Front 311

Sting

Back 311

Stinging his cheeks

Hint 311

يلمس خدوده بقوة

Front 312

Suffocatingly

Back 312

The afternoon heat was suffocating.

Hint 312

باختناق

Front 313

Suspicious

Back 313

Those guys were suspicious of strangers

Front 314

Asset

Back 314

1 a person or thing that is valuable or useful to somebody/​something

In his job, patience is an invaluable asset.

Being able to speak a foreign language is a major asset.

Iʼm not sure if his forcefulness is an asset or a liability.

asset to somebody/​something

Sheʼll be an asset to the team. 2 [usually plural]

a thing of value, especially property, that a person or company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debtsthe net asset value of the company

Her assets include shares in the company and a house in France.

asset sales/​management

income from fixed asset investmentsfinancial/​capital assets

to freeze a countryʼs assets

Front 315

Procrastination

Back 315

the act of delaying something that you should do, usually because you do not want to do it

After weeks of procrastination, the president finally resigned.

Front 316

Jettison

Back 316

jettison something to throw something out of a moving plane or ship to make it lighter

to jettison fuel

jettison something/​somebody to get rid of something/​somebody that you no longer need or want ➔ SYNONYM  ​discard

He was jettisoned as team coach after the defeat.

jettison something to reject an idea, a belief, a plan, etc. that you no longer think is useful or likely to be successful ➔ SYNONYM  ​abandon

Front 317

Persistently

Back 317

1 in a way that shows that you are determined to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable

They have persistently denied claims of illegal dealing.

a prison for juveniles who persistently reoffend

2 in a way that continues for a long period of time without interruption, or that is repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped ➔ SYNONYM  ​unrelentingly

persistently high interest rates

Front 318

Devote

Back 318

deˈvote yourself to somebody/​somethingto give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to somebody/​somethingShe devoted herself to her career. deˈvote something to somethingto give an amount of time, attention, etc. to somethingI could only devote two hours a day to the work.

Front 319

Delegate

Back 319

1 a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for themCongress delegates rejected the proposals.2 a person who attends a conferenceThe conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries.

Front 320

Delegate

Back 320

1 to give part of your work, power or authority to somebody in a lower position than youSome managers find it difficult to delegate. delegate (something) (to somebody) The job had to be delegated to an assistant. 2 delegate somebody to do something [usually passive] to choose somebody to do somethingIʼve been delegated to organize the Christmas party.

Front 321

Distracted

Back 321

distracted (by somebody/​something) unable to pay attention to somebody/​something because you are worried or thinking about something else

Luke looked momentarily distracted.

She seemed slightly distracted, as if something was worrying her.

Front 322

Residue

Back 322

a small amount of something that remains at the end of a processpesticide residues in fruit and vegetables (law) the part of the money, property, etc. of a person who has died that remains after all the debts, gifts, etc. have been paidThe residue of the estate was divided equally among his children. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The meat contained residues of antibiotics.The sauce left a greasy residue on the pan.sawdust and other residues from the timber industryThe chemical process leaves a greasy residue.There will be a residue of fine powder if it is not rinsed thoroughly.

Front 323

Courteously

Back 323

cour·te·ous·ly  ​adverb in a polite way, especially in a way that shows respect ➔ SYNONYM  ​politely‘I donʼt think we have met,ʼ said the chairman courteously.➔ OPPOSITE  ​impolitely

Front 324

Eloquent

Back 324

1 able to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you are speaking in publican eloquent speech/​speaker2 (of a look or movement) able to express a feelingHis eyes were eloquent. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examplesHe grew very eloquent on the subject.He waxed eloquent about her talents as an actress.a very eloquent speakerIt was an eloquent and well-informed speech.She was an eloquent speaker, with a beautiful voice   

Front 325

Inevitable

Back 325

1 that you cannot avoid or prevent ➔ SYNONYM  ​unavoidableIt was an inevitable consequence of the decision. It was inevitable that there would be job losses. A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. 2 [only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect itthe English and their inevitable cups of tea3 the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happenYou have to accept the inevitable. The inevitable happened—I forgot my passport. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        She bowed to the inevitable= accepted a situation in which she had no choice and resigned.The scandal made her resignation inevitable.They came to see defeat as inevitable.A rise in interest rates seems inevitable.It was inevitable that there would be job losses.

Front 326

Sentence

Back 326

sentencenoun sentence adverb sen·tence  ​verb ▶ Verb Forms[often passive] sentence somebody (to something) | sentence somebody to do something to say officially in court that somebody is to receive a particular punishmentto be sentenced to death/​life imprisonment/​three years in prison▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was sentenced to two years in prison.The judge sentenced her to life imprisonment.They had been sentenced for murder.to be sentenced to death/​​life imprisonment/​​three years in prison

Front 327

Redundancy

Back 327

1 [uncountable, countable, usually plural] (British English) the situation when somebody has to leave their job because there is no more work available for themThousands of factory workers are facing redundancy. to accept/​take voluntary redundancy (= to offer to leave your job)the threat of compulsory redundanciesredundancy payments200 workers have been issued with redundancy notices.▶ Collocations➔ SEE ALSO  ​lay-off2 [uncountable] (formal or specialist) the state of not being necessary or usefulNatural language is characterized by redundancy (= words are used that are not really necessary for somebody to understand the meaning). ▼ Extra examples        Most of the companiesʼ losses stemmed from redundancy costs.Redundancy notices have been sent to 200 workers.Sixty workers at a clothing factory face redundancy because the firm is relocating.Sixty workers at the factory face redundancy.The bank will be making 3 500 redundancies over the next five years.The closure of the mine led to large-scale redundancies.Those choosing to take redundancy will receive the companyʼs standard redundancy terms.a fresh wave of redundanciesAll members of staff are entitled to redundancy payments.She decided to take voluntary redundancy.The threat of compulsory redundancies still hangs over the firm.Thousands of factory workers are facing redundancy in the New Year.

Front 328

Hatred

Back 328

a very strong feeling of dislike for somebody/​somethingHe looked at me with intense hatred. There was fear and hatred in his voice. hatred (for/​of somebody/​something) She felt nothing but hatred for her attacker. a profound hatred of warhatred (towards somebody) feelings of hatred towards the bombersracial hatred (= between people from different races)The debate simply revived old hatreds.

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Hollow

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1 an area that is lower than the surface around it, especially on the groundmuddy hollowsThe wheelbarrow got stuck in a hollow.The village lay secluded in a hollow of the hills (= a small valley). She noticed the slight hollows under his cheekbones. 2 a hole or a confined space in somethingThe squirrel disappeared into a hollow at the base of the tree.

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Hollow

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hol·low  ​adjective 1 having a hole or empty space insidea hollow ball/​centre/​tubeThe tree trunk was hollow inside. Her stomach felt hollow with fear. 2 (of parts of the face) sinking deeply into the facehollow eyes/​cheekshollow-eyed from lack of sleep3 [usually before noun] (of sounds) making a low sound like that made by an empty object when it is hita hollow groan4 [usually before noun] not sincerehollow promises/​threatsa hollow laughTheir appeals for an end to the violence had a hollow ring. 5 [usually before noun] without real valueto win a hollow victory▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsring ˈtrue/​ˈhollow/​ˈfalseto give the impression of being sincere/​true or not sincere/​trueIt may seem a strange story but it rings true to me.

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Infuse

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infuse A into B | infuse B with A (formal) to make somebody/​something have a particular quality

Her novels are infused with sadness.

infuse something (formal) to have an effect on all parts of something

Politics infuses all aspects of our lives.

infuse (something) if you infuse herbs, etc. or they infuse, you put them in hot water until the flavour has passed into the water

infuse something (into something) (medical) to slowly put a drug or other substance into a personʼs vein

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Intimacy

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1 [uncountable] the state of having a close personal relationship with somebody

The old intimacy between them had gone for ever

.2 [countable, usually plural] a thing that a person says or does to somebody that they know very well

3 [uncountable] (formal or law) sexual activity, especially an act of sexual intercourse

▼ Extra examples      Gradually, a deep emotional intimacy developed between them.

He enjoys an intimacy with the president.

He was prevented from declaring his love by his fear of intimacy.

I sensed a close intimacy between them.

She isnʼt capable of real intimacy.

The noise destroyed the intimacy of their conversation.

The old intimacy between them had gone forever.

The room had a peaceful sense of intimacy about it.the artistʼs ability to achieve intimacy with his subjects

the intimacy created between student and teacher

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Hilarious

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extremely funnya hilarious joke/​storyLynn found the whole situation hilarious. Do you know Pete? Heʼs hilarious.

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Banter

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[uncountable] friendly remarks and jokesHe enjoyed exchanging banter with the customers.

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Wear down

Wear off

Back 335

ˌwear ˈdown

ˌwear something ˈdown to become, or make something become, gradually smaller or smoother by continuously using or rubbing it

Notice how the tread on this tyre has worn down.

ˌwear somebody/​something ˈdown to make somebody/​something weaker or less determined, especially by continuously attacking or putting pressure on them or it over a period of time

Her persistence paid off and she eventually wore me down.

This relentless pressure began to wear down their resistance.

ˌwear ˈoff to gradually disappear or stop

The effects of the drug will soon wear off.

The novelty of married life was beginning to wear off.

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Rogue

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a person who behaves badly, but in a harmless way ➔ SYNONYM  ​scoundrel

Heʼs a bit of a rogue, but very charming.

2 (old-fashioned) a man who is dishonest and immoral ➔ SYNONYM  ​rascal

a roguesʼ gallery (= a collection of pictures of criminals)

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Rogue

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rogue  ​adjective [only before noun]

(of an animal) living apart from the main group, and possibly dangerous

behaving in a different way from other similar people or things, often causing damage

a rogue gene

a rogue police officer    Rogue cells may survive in the body to form a tumour.

The bus shelter was demolished by a rogue driver.

There is a need to protect patients from rogue doctors.

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Unify

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unify something to join people, things, parts of a country, etc. together so that they form a single unitThe new leader hopes to unify the country. the task of unifying Europea unified transport system▶

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Oblivious

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not aware of somethingoblivious (of something) He drove off, oblivious of the damage he had caused. oblivious (to something) You eventually become oblivious to the noise. The couple seemed oblivious to what was going on around them

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Obedient

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doing what you are told to do; willing to obeyan obedient childobedient to somebody/​something He was always obedient to his fatherʼs wishes. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​disobedient

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Retaliation

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retaliation (against somebody/​something) (for something) action that a person takes against somebody who has harmed them in some way ➔ SYNONYM  ​reprisalretaliation against UN workersThe shooting may have been in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorist suspects.

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Recruit

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recruit (somebody) (to something) | recruit somebody to do something to find new people to join a company, an organization, the armed forces, etc.

The police are trying to recruit more officers from ethnic minorities.

They recruited several new members to the club.

Heʼs responsible for recruiting at all levels.

recruit somebody to do something to persuade somebody to do something, especially to help you

We were recruited to help peel the vegetables.

recruit something to form a new army, team, etc. by persuading new people to join it

to recruit a task force

- He was recruited by the Illuminati back in the sixties when he was a student

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Scheme

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a plan or system for doing or organizing something

a training scheme

scheme (for doing something)

a local scheme for recycling newspapers

scheme (to do something) to introduce/​operate a scheme to improve links between schools and industry

Under the new scheme only successful schools will be given extra funding.

➔ SEE ALSO 

 colour scheme, pension scheme2

a plan for getting money or some other advantage for yourself, especially one that involves cheating other people

an elaborate scheme to avoid taxe

Idioms

the/​somebodyʼs ˈscheme of things the way things seem to be organized; the way somebody wants everything to be organized

My personal problems are not really important in the overall scheme of things.

I donʼt think marriage figures in his scheme of things.

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campus

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the buildings of a university or college and the land around them

She lives on campus (= within the main university area).

campus life

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Extinguish

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extinguish something to make a fire stop burning or a light stop shining

➔ SYNONYM  ​put out

Firefighters tried to extinguish the flames.

All lights had been extinguished.

- extinguish something to destroy something

News of the bombing extinguished all hope of peace.

He realized that he had to extinguish his sacred contract .

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Implement

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BrE /ˈɪmplɪment/ NAmE /ˈɪmplɪment/ implement something (formal) to make something that has been officially decided start to happen or be used ➔ SYNONYM  ​carry something outto implement changes/​decisions/​policies/​reformsA new work programme for young people will be implemented.

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Diabolical

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extremely bad or annoying ➔ SYNONYM  ​terribleThe traffic was diabolical. It was a diabolical performance and we felt something had to be done before the next match.2 (less frequent dia·bol·ic BrE /ˌdaɪəˈbɒlɪk/ ; NAmE /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪk/ ) morally bad and evil; like a devil

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Masquerade

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masquerade as something to pretend to be something that you are not

commercial advertisers masquerading as private individuals

The local paper is full of gossip masquerading as news.

Sometimes these leaders are masquerading as legitimate politicians .

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Legitimate

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for which there is a fair and acceptable reason ➔ SYNONYM  ​valid, justifiable

a legitimate grievance

It seemed a perfectly legitimate question.

Politicians are legitimate targets for satire.

2 allowed and acceptable according to the law ➔ SYNONYM  ​legal

the legitimate government of the country

Is his business strictly legitimate?

➔ OPPOSITE  ​illegitimate

3 (of a child) born when its parents are legally married to each other ➔ OPPOSITE  ​illegitimate

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Troublesome

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causing trouble, pain, etc.

over a long period of time

➔ SYNONYM  ​annoying, irritating

a troublesome cough/​child/​problem

▼ Extra examples   

Blackfly is proving troublesome on some crops.

It was a time-consuming and rather troublesome business.

Some of the fans started to get a bit troublesome.

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Notoriously

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notorious the University of Notre Dame no·tori·ous·ly  ​adverb in a way that is well known for being badMountain weather is notoriously difficult to predict. She is notoriously bad at writing letters.The local bus service is notoriously unreliable.

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Hub

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1 [usually singular] hub (of something) the central and most important part of a particular place or activitythe commercial hub of the cityThe kitchen was the hub of family life.to be at the hub of things (= where things happen and important decisions are made)a hub airport (= a large important one where people often change from one plane to another)2 the central part of a wheel

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Sarcasm

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Saratoga Springs sarcastic sar·casm  ​noun BrE /ˈsɑːkæzəm/ NAmE /ˈsɑːrkæzəm/ [uncountable]a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them‘That will be useful,ʼ she snapped with heavy sarcasm (= she really thought it would not be useful at all). a hint/​touch/​trace of sarcasm in his voice▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    ‘Your skills amaze me,ʼ she said, with heavy sarcasm.He made the remark without a hint of sarcasm.His voice dripped (with) sarcasm.I detected a touch of sarcasm in his remarks.I love him for his cutting wit and dry sarcasm.James caught the sarcasm in her voice.There was an edge of sarcasm in her voice.‘Iʼm impressed,ʼ Graham said with thinly-veiled sarcasm.Her voice was heavy with sarcasm.

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Tycoon

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ty·coon  ​noun BrE /taɪˈkuːn/ NAmE /taɪˈkuːn/ a person who is successful in business or industry and has become rich and powerfula business/​property/​media tycoonTapie, business tycoon and football club owner, was appointed Minister for Cities.the disgraced/​fallen/​discredited media tycoon

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Ultimate

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[only before noun]1 happening at the end of a long process ➔ SYNONYM  ​finalour ultimate goal/​aim/​objective/​targetWe will accept ultimate responsibility for whatever happens. The ultimate decision lies with the parents. 2 most extreme; best, worst, greatest, most important, etc.This race will be the ultimate test of your skill. Silk sheets are the ultimate luxury. Nuclear weapons are the ultimate deterrent.3 from which something originally comes ➔ SYNONYM  ​basic, fundamentalthe ultimate truths of philosophy and scienceWe could not trace the ultimate source of the rumours.▼ Extra examples    The ultimate fate of the captured troops is unknown.War is the ultimate failure of public communication.our ultimate goal/​​aim/​​objective/​​target

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Destabilize

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destabilize something to make a system, country, government, etc. become less firmly established or successfulTerrorist attacks were threatening to destabilize the government. The news had a destabilizing effect on the stock market. ➔ COMPARE  ​stabilize

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Divert

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di·vert  ​verb BrE /daɪˈvɜːt/ NAmE /daɪˈvɜːrt/ divert somebody/​something (from something) (to something)▶ Verb Forms1 to make somebody/​something change directionNorthbound traffic will have to be diverted onto minor roads. The course of the stream has now been diverted.2 divert something to use money, materials, etc. for a different purpose from their original purpose3 divert something to take somebodyʼs thoughts or attention away from something ➔ SYNONYM  ​distractThe war diverted peopleʼs attention away from the economic situation. 4 divert somebody (formal) to entertain peopleChildren are easily diverted.

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Devious

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1 behaving in a dishonest or indirect way, or tricking people, in order to get something ➔ SYNONYM  ​deceitful, underhanda devious politicianHe got rich by devious means. 2 devious route/​path a route or path that is not straight but has many changes in direction; not directa devious route from the airport▶ Extra examples

  Heʼs as devious as a politician needs to be.They got rich by devious means.You have a devious mind, Mr Angel. Ever thought of a career in the police?

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Capitalism

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an economic system in which a countryʼs businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government

the growth of industrial capitalism in the West➔ COMPARE  ​socialism▶ Wordfinder▼ Extra examples    He predicted the fall of world capitalism.

He was one of the leading advocates of laissez-faire capitalism.

She deplored unbridled capitalism as much as communism.

a protest against global capitalism

a study of the development of agriculture under capitalism

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Trace

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1 trace somebody/​something (to something) to find or discover somebody/​something by looking carefully for them/​it ➔ SYNONYM  ​track somebody/​something downWe finally traced him to an address in Chicago. I have been unable to trace the letter you mentioned. 2 trace something (back) (to something) to find the origin or cause of somethingShe could trace her family tree back to the 16th century. The leak was eventually traced to a broken seal. The police traced the call (= used special electronic equipment to find out who made the telephone call) to her ex-husbandʼs number. 3 trace something (from something) (to something) to describe a process or the development of somethingHer book traces the townʼs history from Saxon times to the present day. 4 trace something (out) to draw a line or lines on a surfaceShe traced a line in the sand. 5 trace something to follow the shape or outline of somethingHe traced the route on the map. A tear traced a path down her cheek. 6 trace something to copy a map, drawing, etc. by drawing on transparent paper (= tracing paper) placed over it

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Sleeve

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1 a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm

a dress with short/​long sleeves

Dan rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​shirtsleeve2 -sleeved (in adjectives) having sleeves of the type mentioned

a short-sleeved shirt3 (also jacket especially in North American English) a stiff paper or cardboard envelope for a record

a colourful sleeve design

4 a tube that covers a part of a machine to protect it.

Extra examplesIdioms

an ace up your ˈsleeve(British English)(North American English an ace in the ˈhole)(informal) a secret advantage, for example a piece of information or a skill, that you are ready to use if you need tohave a card up your ˈsleeve to have an idea, a plan, etc. that will give you an advantage in a particular situation and that you keep secret until it is needed have a ˈtrick, some more ˈtricks, etc. up your sleeve to have an idea, some plans, etc. that you keep ready to use if it becomes necessaryhave/​keep something up your ˈsleeveto keep a plan or an idea secret until you need to use itActually I do have a few ideas up my sleeve. laugh up your ˈsleeve (at somebody/​something)(informal) to be secretly amused about somethingroll up your ˈsleeves to prepare to work or fight wear your ˌheart on your ˈsleeve to allow your feelings to be seen by other people

Heʼs not one to wear his heart on his sleeve.

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Combust

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combust (something) to start to burn; to start to burn something.

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Lair

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1 a place where a wild animal sleeps or hides2 a place where somebody goes to hide or to be alone ➔ SYNONYM  ​den, hideoutGrandad retreated to his lair in the basement.

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Invade

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▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of itTroops invaded on August 9th that year. invade something When did the Romans invade Britain? ▶ Wordfinder2 [transitive] invade something to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes damage or confusionDemonstrators invaded the government buildings. As the final whistle blew, fans began invading the field. The cancer cells may invade other parts of the body. 3 [transitive] invade something to affect something in an unpleasant or annoying wayDo the press have the right to invade her privacy in this way? You feel tense with worrying thoughts constantly invading your sleep.➔ SEE ALSO  ​invasion, invasive

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Infamous

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well known for being bad or evil ➔ SYNONYM  ​notoriousa general who was infamous for his brutalitythe most infamous concentration camp(humorous) the infamous British sandwich➔ COMPARE  ​famous▼ More Like This    Words that look like opposites, but arenʼtdifferent/​​indifferent interested/​​disinterested famous/​​infamous flammable/​​inflammable savoury/​​unsavoury sensible/​​insensible valuable/​​invaluable ▶ Word Origin

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Fortress

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a building or place that has been made stronger and protected against attacka fortress town enclosed by four miles of rampartsFear of terrorist attack has turned the conference centre into a fortress. ▶ Word Origin

    The fortress fell after a nine-day siege.They took refuge in the fortress.The medieval fortress town is enclosed by four miles of ramparts

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Stockpile

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a large supply of something that is kept to be used in the future if necessarythe worldʼs stockpile of nuclear weapons

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Crematorium

Back 368

a building in which the bodies of dead people are burned

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Efficiently

Back 369

n a good and thorough way, with no waste of time, money or energya very efficiently organized eventResources must be used efficiently to avoid waste.If markets fail or do not work efficiently, government has a role to play.

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Dispose

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dispose something/​somebody + adv./​prep. to arrange things or people in a particular way or position

The visitors disposed themselves in a circle round the statue.

2 dispose somebody to/​toward(s) something | dispose somebody to do something to make somebody behave in a particular way

a drug that disposes the patient towards sleep

Phrasal Verbs

diˈspose of somebody/​something

1 to get rid of somebody/​something that you do not want or cannot keep

the difficulties of disposing of nuclear waste

to dispose of stolen property

Radioactive waste must be disposed of safely.

2 to deal with a problem, question or threat successfully

That seems to have disposed of most of their arguments.

3 to defeat or kill somebody

It took her a mere 20 minutes to dispose of her opponent.

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Illicit

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1 not allowed by the law ➔ SYNONYM  ​illegal

illicit drugs

2 not approved of by the normal rules of society

an illicit love affair

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Fund

Back 372

fund something to provide money for something, usually something officiala dance festival funded by the Arts Council

The museum is privately funded.

a government-funded programme

Infrastructure projects are centrally funded.

The GDPC is not directly funded by the taxpayer.The museum is funded solely from voluntary contributions.

The school opted out of local authority control and is funded directly by the government.

The venture is funded entirely by its board of directors.

This money will help to fund administration costs.

a new, fully funded training scheme

a plan jointly funded by central and local government

fully funded day care for our children

Drug companies and the government will jointly fund the necessary medical research.

Itʼs a government-funded programme for young offenders.

She used the stolen money to fund her extravagant lifestyle.

There is an annual dance festival funded by the Arts Council.

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Cartel

Back 373

a group of separate companies that agree to increase profits by fixing prices and not competing with each other

to operate an illegal cartel

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Hemisphere

Back 374

one half of the earth, especially the half above or below the equator

the northern/​southern hemisphere

In the northern hemisphere, December is a winter month.2 either half of the brain

the left/​right cerebral hemisphere

the left hemisphere of the brain3 one half of a sphere (= a round solid object)

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Enlightenment

Back 375

knowledge about and understanding of something; the process of understanding something or making somebody understand it

The newspapers provided little enlightenment about the cause of the accident. spiritual enlightenment▶ Collocations

2 the Enlightenment [singular] the period in the 18th century when many writers and scientists began to argue that science and reason were more important than religion and tradition▶ Extra examples

Seeking enlightenment, I asked one of my professors about the matter.

The newspapers provided very little enlightenment about the cause of the accident.

This is something about which we would welcome further enlightenment.

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Rational

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1 (of behaviour, ideas, etc.) based on reason rather than emotions

a rational argument/​choice/​decision

rational analysis/​thought

There is no rational explanation for his actions. 2 (of a person) able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions ➔ SYNONYM  ​reasonableNo rational person would ever behave like that. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​irrational

Humans are essentially rational beings.

It all seemed quite rational to me.

Try to be rational about it.With children working from the age of ten, large families were economically rational.

In some ways their behaviour is perfectly rational.

She said that she had not been fully rational when she signed the form.

She seems incapable of making a rational decision.

Thereʼs no rational explanation for his actions.

We need to present them with a rational argument.

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Spur

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1 to encourage somebody to do something or to encourage them to try harder to achieve something

spur somebody/​something (on) to something/​to do something Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.

My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.

spur somebody/​something into something I was spurred into action by the letter. spur somebody/​something (on) The band has been spurred on by the success of their last single. 2 spur something to make something happen faster or sooner

The agreement is essential to spurring economic growth around the world.

The fire, spurred by high temperatures and strong winds, had burnt more than 140 acres.3 spur something to encourage a horse to go faster, especially by pushing the spurs on your boots into its side

As he shouted his order he spurred the horse forward suddenly.

1 to encourage somebody to do something or to encourage them to try harder to achieve something

spur somebody/​something (on) to something/​to do something Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.

My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.

spur somebody/​something into something I was spurred into action by the letter. spur somebody/​something (on) The band has been spurred on by the success of their last single. 2 spur something to make something happen faster or sooner

The agreement is essential to spurring economic growth around the world.

The fire, spurred by high temperatures and strong winds, had burnt more than 140 acres.3 spur something to encourage a horse to go faster, especially by pushing the spurs on your boots into its side

As he shouted his order he spurred the horse forward suddenly. 

An increase in the countryʼs arsenal could spur an arms race in the region.

My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of six kilometres an hour.

The agreement is essential to spurring economic growth.

The band has been spurred on by the success of their last single

The fire, spurred by high temperatures and strong winds, spread quickly.

  An increase in the countryʼs arsenal could spur an arms race in the region.

My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of six kilometres an hour.

The agreement is essential to spurring economic growth.

The band has been spurred on by the success of their last single

The fire, spurred by high temperatures and strong winds, spread quickly.

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Disband

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disband (somebody/​something) to stop somebody/​something from operating as a group; to separate or no longer operate as a group

They set about disbanding the terrorist groups.

The committee formally disbanded in August.

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Comprehensive

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1 including all, or almost all, the items, details, facts, information, etc., that may be concerned ➔ SYNONYM  ​complete, full

a comprehensive list of addresses

a comprehensive study

comprehensive insurance (= covering all risks)

2 (British English) (of education) designed for students of all abilities in the same school

Extra examples   

The list is fairly comprehensive.

fully comprehensive insurance

You are advised to take out comprehensive insurance.

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Contaminate

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contaminant contamination con·tam·in·ate  ​verb BrE /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ NAmE /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 contaminate something (with something) to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease ➔ SYNONYM  ​adulterateThe drinking water has become contaminated with lead. contaminated blood/​food/​soila river contaminated by pollution2 contaminate something (formal) to influence peopleʼs ideas or attitudes in a bad wayThey were accused of contaminating the minds of our young people. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​uncontaminated▶ Word Origin

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Contentious

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contention contentment con·ten·tious  ​adjective BrE /kənˈtenʃəs/ NAmE /kənˈtenʃəs/ (formal)1 likely to cause disagreement between peoplea contentious issue/​topic/​subjectBoth views are highly contentious. Try to avoid any contentious wording.The governmentʼs treatment of refugees remains a highly contentious issue.➔ OPPOSITE  ​uncontentious2 liking to argue; involving a lot of arguinga contentious meeting▶ Word Origin

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Debris

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debriefing Eugene V Debs deb·ris  ​noun BrE /ˈdebriː/ , /ˈdeɪbriː/ NAmE /dəˈbriː/ [uncountable]1 pieces of wood, metal, brick, etc. that are left after something has been destroyedEmergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash. Several people were injured by flying debris in the explosion.2 (formal) rubbish/​garbage or pieces of material that are left somewhere and are not wantedClear away leaves and other garden debris from the pond. the debris of their lunch▶ Extra examples

  Debris from the explosion was flying all over the place.Debris rained down around them.Police have spent the day sifting through the debris for clues.Remember to clear the drain of debris regularly.She found a pair of childrenʼs shoes among the debris.She was hit on the head by flying debris.Teams of people are working to clear the debris.The tank exploded, scattering debris all over the field.These worms feed on plant debris.A man of 76 was fatally injured by flying debris.Brush off loose debris with a clean dry cloth.

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Advocate

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advocacy group advocatenoun ad·vo·cate  ​verb ▶ Verb FormsBrE /ˈædvəkeɪt/ NAmE /ˈædvəkeɪt/ (formal) to support something publiclyadvocate something The group does not advocate the use of violence. Heart specialists strongly advocate low-cholesterol diets.These policies have been widely advocated.advocate (somebody) doing something Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour. advocate that… The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. (British English also) The report advocated that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors. ▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin

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Descend

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descant recorder descendant des·cend  ​verb BrE /dɪˈsend/ NAmE /dɪˈsend/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to come or go down from a higher to a lower levelThe plane began to descend. The results, ranked in descending order (= from the highest to the lowest) are as follows…descend something She descended the stairs slowly. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​ascend2 [intransitive] (formal) (of a hill, etc.) to slope downwardsAt this point the path descends steeply. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​ascend3 [intransitive] (literary) (of night, darkness, a mood, etc.) to arrive and begin to affect somebody/​something ➔ SYNONYM  ​fallNight descends quickly in the tropics. descend on/​upon somebody/​something Calm descended on the crowd. ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsbe desˈcended from somebodyto be related to somebody who lived a long time agoHe claims to be descended from a Spanish prince. The breed is almost directly descended from the Eurasian wild boar.desˈcend into something[no passive] (formal) to gradually get into a bad stateThe country was descending into chaos. desˈcend on/​upon somebody/​somethingto visit somebody/​something in large numbers, sometimes unexpectedlyHundreds of football fans descended on the city. desˈcend to something[no passive] to do something that makes people stop respecting youThey descended to the level of personal insults.

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Significant

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significance significant figure sig·nifi·cant  ​adjective BrE /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ NAmE /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ 1 large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticeda highly significant discoveryThe results of the experiment are not statistically significant. There are no significant differences between the two groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. These views are held by a significant proportion of the population.It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys. The drug has had no significant effect on stopping the spread of the disease.➔ COMPARE  ​insignificant2 having a particular meaningIt is significant that he changed his will only days before his death. 3 [usually before noun] having a special or secret meaning that is not understood by everyone ➔ SYNONYM  ​meaningfula significant look/​smile▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    These differences are not statistically significant.This development proved highly significant for the whole town.What makes this discovery significant is that it goes against our theory.rituals which are deeply significant to ChristiansIt is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys.The results of the experiment are not statistically significant.This is a highly significant discovery.

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Indict

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indict somebody (for something) | indict somebody (on charges/​on a charge of something) (especially North American English, law) to officially charge somebody with a crimeThe senator was indicted for murder. She was indicted on charges of corruption.

They were indicted on a number of corruption charges.

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Legislator

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legislativelegislature le·gis·la·tor  ​noun BrE /ˈledʒɪsleɪtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈledʒɪsleɪtər/ (formal)a member of a group of people that has the power to make lawsSeven of the stateʼs 90 legislators have been indicted.When it came to the vote, Democrat legislators split 115:150 against the motion.

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Abysmal

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extremely bad or of a very low standard ➔ SYNONYM  ​terribleHis manners are abysmal.The council has an abysmal record on education.▼ Word Origin    mid 17th cent. (used literally as in ʼvery deepʼ): from abysm, from Old French abisme, medieval Latin abysmus, alteration of late Latin abyssus ‘bottomless pitʼ. The figurative meaning dates from the early 19th cent.

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Assembly

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Assemblies of Godassembly language as·sem·bly  ​noun BrE /əˈsembli/ NAmE /əˈsembli/ (pl. as·sem·blies)1 (also Assembly) [countable] a group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or countrystate/​legislative/​federal/​local assembliesPower has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies. The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget. the California Assemblythe UN General Assemblyassembly electionsan elected assembly2 [uncountable, countable] the meeting together of a group of people for a particular purpose; a group of people who meet together for a particular purposeThey were fighting for freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. He was to address a public assembly on the issue. an assembly point (= a place where people have been asked to meet)3 [countable, uncountable] a meeting of the teachers and students in a school, usually at the start of the day, to give information, discuss school events or say prayers togetherThe deputy headmaster was taking (= leading) school assembly that day.4 [uncountable] the process of putting together the parts of something such as a vehicle or piece of furniturePutting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job. a car assembly plantthe correct assembly of the parts▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

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Legislation

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1 a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament

an important piece of legislation

New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.

a call for legislation to ban smoking in public places.

2 the process of making and passing laws

Legislation will be difficult and will take time.

Extra examples    Companies have until December 31 to comply with the new legislation.

Congress approved legislation which outlawed the sale of the drug.

Governor Bradbery signed legislation for $20 million in municipal relief.

Legislation on this issue is urgently needed.

Member states may not adopt legislation contrary to EU law.

New legislation on adoption comes into effect at the end of the year.

Religious interests may try to block this legislation.

The government is pushing through legislation to ban smoking in all public places.

The police think that such legislation would be unworkable.

The reform will make it more difficult for MPs to block legislation.

The terrorist attack prompted knee-jerk legislation.

There is no requirement to register a claim under the new legislation.

They are calling for tough legislation to tackle this problem.

They are planning the introduction of legislation against sex discrimination.

This will be a criminal offence under the new legislation.

a major piece of legislation

The civil rights campaign resulted in legislation against segregation.

The government is trying to push through a controversial piece of legislation.

There were calls for legislation to ban smoking in public places.

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Controversial

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causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement

a highly controversial topic

one of the most controversial of Londonʼs new office blocks

a controversial plan to build a new road

Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​non-controversial, uncontroversial▶

▼ Extra examples   

a highly controversial subject

A controversial plan to build a new road has met with protests.

Her controversial new play sparked a riot outside the theatre.

It is one of the most controversial of Londonʼs new office buildings.

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Precedent

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1 [countable, uncountable] an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later

The ruling set a precedent for future libel cases.

2 [countable, uncountable] a similar action or event that happened earlierhistorical precedents

There is no precedent for a disaster of this scale.

Such protests are without precedent in recent history. 3 [uncountable] the way that things have always been done ➔ SYNONYM  ​tradition

to break with precedent (= to do something in a different way)➔ SEE ALSO  ​unprecedented

Extra examples    Overturning a legal precedent is no easy matter.

The achievements of this period were without precedent in history.

The judge based his decision on precedents set during the Middle Ages.

The ruling does not set a binding precedent.

There are many literary precedents for this strategy.

There is a strong precedent for such a strategy.

There is ample precedent for this tactic.

There is no obvious precedent for this law.There was a federal court precedent for this.This case could could serve as a precedent for others against the tobacco companies.This lowering of standards sets a dangerous precedent for future developments.This would have set a dangerous new precedent.The decision of the local authority was based on historical precedent.

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Indefensible

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indefatigably indefinable in·defens·ible  ​adjective BrE /ˌɪndɪˈfensəbl/ NAmE /ˌɪndɪˈfensəbl/ 1 that cannot be defended or excused because it is morally unacceptableindefensible behaviourThe Prime Minister was accused of defending the indefensible. 2 (of a place or building) impossible to defend from military attack▼ Extra examples    I find such behaviour indefensible.It would be morally indefensible for her to desert her father now.The minister was accused of defending the indefensible.

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Destructive

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causing destruction or damage

the destructive power of modern weapons

the destructive effects of anxiety

Opencast coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive activities carried out in Wales.➔ COMPARE  ​constructive▼ Extra examples    It was a very short-sighted and ultimately destructive plan.These substances can be destructive to health.downright destructive behaviourenvironmentally destructive policiespotentially destructive emotionsPeople have to learn how to handle destructive emotions like anger.The war demonstrated the destructive power of modern weapons

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Implication

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implicate implicature im·pli·ca·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ 1 [countable, usually plural] implication (of something) (for something) a possible effect or result of an action or a decisionThey failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside. 2 [countable, uncountable] something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation. He criticized the Director and, by implication, the whole of the organization. 3 [uncountable] implication (of somebody) (in something) the fact of being involved, or of involving somebody, in something, especially a crime ➔ SYNONYM  ​involvementHe resigned after his implication in a sex scandal. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down.Her article attempts to draw out the implications of this argument.His remark seemed to have various possible implications.I resent the implication that I donʼt care about my father.In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.Now they realized the full implications of the new system.Several interesting implications arise from these developments.The broader implications of the plan were discussed.The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure.The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male.The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.Their work addresses the implications of new technology.These results have important practical implications.You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything.a society that fully accepts the implications of disabilitydisturbing implications about the companyʼs futurethe constitutional implications of a royal divorce

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Complacency

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a feeling of satisfaction with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not think any change is necessary; the state of being complacent

Despite signs of an improvement in the economy, there is no room for complacency.

His early success as a writer led to complacency and arrogance.

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Arrogance

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the behaviour of a person when they feel that they are more important than other people, so that they are rude to them or do not consider them

He has a reputation for rudeness and intellectual arrogance.

▼ Extra examples    Gallacher replied with typical arrogance.

It was the supreme arrogance of the killer which dismayed him.

The manʼs arrogance took her breath away.

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Dismay

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feeling shocked and disappointeddismayed (at/​by something) He was dismayed at the change in his old friend.

The suggestion was greeted by a dismayed silence. dismayed (to find, hear, see, etc…) They were dismayed to find that the ferry had already left.

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Perseverance

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per·se·ver·ance  ​noun BrE /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪərəns/ NAmE /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrəns/ [uncountable](approving)the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite difficultiesThey showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty. The only way to improve is through hard work and dogged perseverance. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Does she have the perseverance to finish the work?He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.Her perseverance was ultimately rewarded.His perseverance with the new technique paid off.It may take some perseverance to find the right people.his courage and perseverance in the face of serious illness

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Curb

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ccurb  noun

1 curb (on something) something that controls and puts limits on something

curbs on government spending

Many companies have imposed curbs on smoking in the workplace.

We are in favour of strict curbs on government spending.

2 . the edge of the raised path at the side of a road, usually made of long pieces of stone

The bus mounted the curb (= went onto the sidewalk /​ pavement) and hit a tree.

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Levy

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levy  ​verb

something (on somebody/​something) to use official authority to demand and collect a payment, tax, etc.

a tax levied by the government on excess company profits

A $30 million fine was levied against the company.

It was a local tax levied by the council on the occupiers of land and buildings.

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Complacent

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com·pla·cent  ​adjective BrE /kəmˈpleɪsnt/ NAmE /kəmˈpleɪsnt/ complacent (about somebody/​something) (usually disapproving) too satisfied with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not feel that any change is necessary; showing or feeling complacencya dangerously complacent attitude to the increase in unemploymentWe must not become complacent about progress. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Teachers are far from complacent about this problem.This view seems alarmingly complacent.Donʼt go getting too complacent before the exams.Nobody can afford to be complacent about security.The council was criticized for its complacent attitude to child protection.The government is in danger of becoming complacent now inflation has dropped.Then you realize you are tired and getting complacent.

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Complacent

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com·pla·cent  ​adjective complacent

(about somebody/​something) (usually disapproving) too satisfied with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not feel that any change is necessary; showing or feeling complacency

a dangerously complacent attitude to the increase in unemployment

We must not become complacent about progress. Extra examples   

Teachers are far from complacent about this problem.

This view seems alarmingly complacent.

Donʼt go getting too complacent before the exams.

Nobody can afford to be complacent about security.

The council was criticized for its complacent attitude to child protection.

The government is in danger of becoming complacent now inflation has dropped.

Then you realize you are tired and getting complacent.

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Reoffend

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Verb Formsto commit a crime again

Without help, many released prisoners will reoffend.

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Flout

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flout something to show that you have no respect for a law, etc. by openly not obeying it ➔ SYNONYM  ​defy

Motorists regularly flout the law.

to flout authority/​convention

She likes flouting convention and doing her own thing.

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Compliance

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[uncountable] compliance (with something) the practice of obeying rules or requests made by people in authority

procedures that must be followed to ensure full compliance with the law

Safety measures were carried out in compliance with paragraph 6 of the building regulations. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​non-compliance➔ SEE ALSO  ​comply

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Compulsory

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com·pul·sory  ​adjective BrE /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ NAmE /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ that must be done because of a law or a rule ➔ SYNONYM  ​mandatoryIt is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets. English is a compulsory subject at this level. compulsory education/​schoolingcompulsory redundancies➔ OPPOSITE  ​voluntary▼ Extra examplesIt is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.The strikers are protesting against the threat of compulsory redundancies.There is no compulsory education in this part of Africa.

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Patrol

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pa·trol  ​noun BrE /pəˈtrəʊl/ NAmE /pəˈtroʊl/ 1 [countable, uncountable] the act of going to different parts of a building, an area, etc. to make sure that there is no trouble or crimeSecurity guards make regular patrols at night. a police car on patrol2 [countable] a group of soldiers, vehicles, etc. that patrol an areaa naval/​police patrola patrol car/​boat3 [countable] a group of about six Boy Scouts or Girl Guides /​ Girl Scouts that forms part of a larger group▼ Extra examples Every police car and foot patrol in the area is on full alert.One soldier was killed when his patrol was ambushed.The Italians flew regular patrols over the desert.The highway patrol has sealed off the area.They maintain a continuous patrol of the oceans with three submarines.They sent out four-man patrols to scout the area.helicopters used for traffic patrolspolice officers on patrol

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Halt

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halt  ​verb BrE /hɔːlt/ , also /hɒlt/ NAmE /hɔːlt/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive, transitive] to stop; to make somebody/​something stopShe walked towards him and then halted. ‘Halt!ʼ the Major ordered (= used as a command to soldiers). halt somebody/​something The police were halting traffic on the parade route. The trial was halted after the first week. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A sudden shout made them halt in their tracks and look around.All these ideas for expansion were abruptly halted by the outbreak of war.The development programme has been halted in its tracks by this intervention.The strike effectively halted production at the factory.We are failing to halt the destruction of the rainforest.‘Halt!ʼ the Major ordered.She criticized his failure to halt the slide in the governmentʼs unpopularity. Idiomsstop/​halt somebody in their ˈtracks, stop/​halt/​freeze in your ˈtracksto suddenly make somebody stop by frightening or surprising them; to suddenly stop because something has frightened or surprised youThe question stopped Alice in her tracks.

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Undermine

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under·mine  ​verb 1 undermine something to make something, especially somebodyʼs confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effectiveOur confidence in the team has been seriously undermined by their recent defeats. This crisis has undermined his position. Recent changes have undermined teachersʼ morale.2 undermine something to make something weaker at the base, for example by digging under it▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      It ultimately undermined his ability to play.a terror attack intended to undermine the morale of citizensRecent changes have undermined teachersʼ morale.The director saw this move as an attempt to undermine his authority.This crisis threatens to undermine the very foundations of social life

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Encounter

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en·coun·ter  ​verb 1 encounter something to experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else ➔ SYNONYM  ​meet, run intoWe encountered a number of difficulties in the first week. I had never encountered such resistance before. 2 encounter somebody/​something (formal) to meet somebody, or discover or experience something, especially somebody/​something new, unusual or unexpected ➔ SYNONYM  ​come acrossShe was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered. ▶ Extra examples

  Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently.What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter?an idea I first encountered when I was in the army

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Unprecedented

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un·pre·ced·ent·ed  ​adjective that has never happened, been done or been known before

The situation is unprecedented in modern times.

There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the cityʼs main square.

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Outbreak

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out·break  ​noun BrE /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ NAmE /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ the sudden start of something unpleasant, especially violence or a diseasethe outbreak of waran outbreak of typhoidOutbreaks of rain are expected in the afternoon. the events that led to the outbreak of World War Ian outbreak of hostilities

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Consequential

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con·se·quen·tial  adjective BrE /ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/ NAmE /ˌkɑːnsəˈkwenʃl/ (formal)1 happening as a result or an effect of something ➔ SYNONYM  ​resultant

retirement and the consequential reduction in income

2 important; that will have important resultsThe report discusses a number of consequential matters that are yet to be decided. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​inconsequential

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Detain

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detailing detainee de·tain  ​verb BrE /dɪˈteɪn/ NAmE /dɪˈteɪn/ ▶ Verb Forms1 detain somebody to keep somebody in an official place, such as a police station, a prison or a hospital, and prevent them from leavingOne man has been detained for questioning. ▶ Wordfinder2 detain somebody (formal) to delay somebody or prevent them from going somewhereIʼm sorry—heʼll be late; heʼs been detained at a meeting. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​detention▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Iʼm sorry—heʼll be late; heʼs been detained at a meeting.The minister was unavoidably detained in Lisbon on affairs of state.He has been detained without trial for nearly two years now.He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.Over 60 people have been detained in connection with the coup attempt.Prisoners cannot be detained indefinitely without charge.She was arrested and detained for distributing pro-democracy leaflets.The law allows police to detain suspects for questioning for up to 48 hours.Two people were detained in hospital following the crash.Two men have been detained in custody.

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Eerily

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eer·ily  ​adverb in a strange, mysterious and frightening wayThe streets are eerily quiet here at night.

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Blistering

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blis·ter·ing  ​adjective [usually before noun]1 (describing actions in sport) done very fast or with great energyThe runners set off at a blistering pace. 2 extremely hot in a way that is uncomfortable ➔ SYNONYM  ​bakinga blistering July dayblistering heat3 very criticala blistering attack

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Congestion

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con·ges·tion  ​noun

1 the state of being crowded and full of traffic

traffic congestion and pollution

▶ Collocations2 (medical) the state of part of the body being blocked with blood or mucus

congestion of the lungs

medicine to relieve nasal congestion

Extra examples 

  Engineers are hoping network congestion will become a thing of the past.Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.a study of downtown traffic congestionmeasures to ease the increasing congestion in Hong Kongthe nationʼs dependence on cars and the resulting highway congestionBetter public transport would help ease traffic congestion.Expect severe congestion on the approach to the freeway this morning.Heavy congestion was reported on many motorways.

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Pace

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pace1  ​noun 1 [singular, uncountable] the speed at which somebody/​something walks, runs or movesto set off at a steady/​gentle/​leisurely paceCongestion frequently reduces traffic to walking pace. The ball gathered pace as it rolled down the hill. The runners have noticeably quickened their pace. 2 [singular, uncountable] pace (of something) the speed at which something happensIt is difficult to keep up with the rapid pace of change. We encourage all students to work at their own pace (= as fast or as slow as they can). I prefer the relaxed pace of life in the country. Rumours of corruption and scandal gathered pace (= increased in number). 3 [countable] an act of stepping once when walking or running; the distance travelled when doing this ➔ SYNONYM  ​stepShe took two paces forward. To be a really good runner he needs to lengthen his pace a little. Competitors must stand at a distance of 20 paces from each other.4 [uncountable] the fact of something happening, changing, etc. quicklyHe gave up his job in advertising because he couldnʼt stand the pace. The novel lacks pace (= it develops too slowly). a pace bowler (= in cricket, a person who bowls the ball fast)➔ SEE ALSO  ​pacy▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Heʼs a skilful player with a good turn of pace.I set off at a snailʼs pace to conserve my energy for later in the race.I stopped a few paces from the edge of the cliff.I try to get away at weekends for a change of pace.She kept up a pace of ten miles an hour.Step back three paces.Take two paces forward.The pace of change means that equipment has to be constantly replaced.The pace of life is much slower on the islands.The project had a slow start, but is now gathering pace.The students work at their own pace.The younger children struggled to keep pace with the older ones.They set off at a blistering pace.Thinking that she was being followed, she quickened her pace.Two bodyguards remained a couple of paces behind the president throughout the walkabout.You shouldnʼt have such a job if you canʼt stand the pace.the slow pace of economic reformCompetitors must stand at a distance of twenty paces from each other.He gave up his job in advertising because he couldnʼt stand the paceI prefer the more relaxed pace of life in the country.Jean followed a few paces behind.Rumours of corruption and scandal gathered pace.The novel lacks pace.Traffic was reduced to walking pace.We encourage all students to work at their own pace.You can get a device that counts how many paces you take in an average day. Idiomsat a ˈsnailʼs pacevery slowlyTraffic had slowed to a snailʼs pace.force the ˈpace(especially British English)1 to run very fast in a race in order to make the other people taking part run faster2 to make somebody do something faster than they want toThe demonstrations have succeeded in forcing the pace of change. go through your ˈpaces, show your ˈpacesto perform a particular activity in order to show other people what you are capable of doingWe watched the horses going through their paces.The British team showed its paces during a training session in the hotel pool.keep ˈpace (with somebody/​something)to move, increase, change, etc. at the same speed as somebody/​somethingShe found it hard to keep pace with him as he strode off. Until now, wage increases have always kept pace with inflation. The company is struggling to keep pace with changes in the market.off the ˈpace(in sport) behind the leader or the leading group in a race or a competitionTiger Woods is still three shots off the pace (= in golf). put somebody/​something through their/​its ˈpacesto give somebody/​something a number of tasks to perform in order to see what they are capable of doingYoungsters will be put through their paces by qualified instructors.We sent our reporter to put Fordʼs newest model through its paces.set the ˈpace1 to do something at a particular speed or to a particular standard so that other people are then forced to copy it if they want to be successfulThe company is no longer setting the pace in the home computer market. 2 (in a race) to run faster than the other people taking part, at a speed that they then try to copyWillis set the pace for the first mile.

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Reluctantly

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re·luc·tant·ly  ​adverb

in a way that involves hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do

We reluctantly agreed to go with her.

Reluctantly, he started the engine and drove off.➔ OPPOSITE  ​eagerly

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Admit

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admit  ​verb BrE /ədˈmɪt/ NAmE /ədˈmɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsaccept truth1 [intransitive, transitive] admit (to somebody) (that…) to agree, often unwillingly, that something is true ➔ SYNONYM  ​confessIt was a stupid thing to do, I admit. + speech ‘Iʼm very nervous,ʼ she admitted reluctantly. admit to something Donʼt be afraid to admit to your mistakes. admit to doing something She admits to being strict with her children. admit something He admitted all his mistakes. She stubbornly refuses to admit the truth. Why donʼt you just admit defeat (= recognize that you cannot do something) and let someone else try? Admit it! You were terrified! admit (that)… They freely admit (that) they still have a lot to learn.You must admit that it all sounds very strange. admit to somebody that… I couldnʼt admit to my parents that I was finding the course difficult. be admitted that… It was generally admitted that the government had acted too quickly. be admitted to be, have, etc. something The appointment is now generally admitted to have been a mistake. accept blame2 [intransitive, transitive] to say that you have done something wrong or illegal ➔ SYNONYM  ​confessadmit to something He refused to admit to the other charges. admit to doing something She admitted to having stolen the car. admit something She admitted theft. He refused to admit his guilt. admit doing something She admitted having driven the car without insurance. ▶ Synonymsallow to enter/​join3 [transitive] (formal) to allow somebody/​something to enter a placeadmit somebody/​something Each ticket admits one adult. admit somebody/​something to/​into something You will not be admitted to the theatre after the performance has started. The narrow windows admit little light into the room. 4 [transitive] (formal) to allow somebody to become a member of a club, a school or an organizationadmit somebody The society admits all US citizens over 21. admit somebody to/​into something Women were only admitted into the club last year. to hospital5 [transitive, often passive] admit somebody to/​into a hospital, an institution, etc. (formal) to take somebody to a hospital, or other institution where they can receive special careTwo crash victims were admitted to the local hospital. ▶ Wordfinder▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    You will not be admitted to the theatre after the performance has started.He admitted to feeling a bit tired.He freely admitted that he had taken bribes.He had caused her more pain than she cared to admit.He was honest enough to admit his mistake in the end.I hate to admit it, but I think he is right.I must admit that the results were disappointing.I was scared and I donʼt mind admitting it.In the end heʼd done a good job, Carol admitted grudgingly.She dared not admit her fear.She would be the first to admit that she is very difficult to work with.Some admit privately that unemployment could continue to rise.‘Iʼm very nervous,ʼ she admitted reluctantly.Donʼt be afraid to admit (to) your mistakes.I couldnʼt admit to my parents that I was finding the course difficult.It was generally admitted that the government had acted too quickly.She refused to admit to the other charges.The appointment is now generally admitted to have been a mistake.The hospital has admitted liability for the accident.Why donʼt you just admit defeat?You must admit that it all sounds very strange. Phrasal Verbsadˈmit of something(formal) to show that something is possible or probable as a solution, an explanation, etc.

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Pneumonia

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pneumatic drill PNG pneu·mo·nia  ​noun BrE /njuːˈməʊniə/ NAmE /nuːˈmoʊniə/ [uncountable]a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficultShe died from bronchial pneumonia.

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Prospect

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1 [uncountable, singular] the possibility that something will happen

prospect (of something/​of doing something) There is no immediate prospect of peace.

A place in the semi-finals is in prospect (= likely to happen).

prospect (that…) Thereʼs a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid.

2 [singular] an idea of what might or will happen in the future

an exciting prospect

Travelling alone around the world is a daunting prospect. prospect (of something/​of doing something) The prospect of becoming a father filled him with alarm. 3 prospects [plural] the chances of being successful

good job/​employment/​career prospects

At 25 he was an unemployed musician with no prospects.

prospect for something Long-term prospects for the economy have improved. prospect of something What are the prospects of promotion in this job?

4 [countable] prospect (for something) a person who is likely to be successful in a competition

She is one of Canadaʼs best prospects for a gold medal. 5 [countable] (formal) a wide view of an area of land, etc.

a delightful prospect of the lake

▼ Extra examples 

Getting the right qualifications will enhance your employment prospects.

I donʼt relish the prospect of having to share an office.

Major developments are in prospect for the company.

Their prospects of employment look better than last year.

There is little prospect of any improvement in the weather.

This position offers a good starting salary and excellent promotion prospects.

This position offers excellent promotion prospects.

a list of the hot new prospects on the literary scene

A place in the semi-finals is in prospect.

Thereʼs a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid.

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Ophthalmologist

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oph·thal·molo·gist  noun BrE /ˌɒfθælˈmɒlədʒɪst/ NAmE /ˌɑːfθælˈmɑːlədʒɪst/ a doctor who studies and treats the diseases of the eye.

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Respiratory

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re·spira·tory  adjective

/ˈrespərətɔːri/

connected with breathing

the respiratory system

respiratory diseasesthe respiratory rate

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Ravage

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rav·age  ​verb

/ˈrævɪdʒ/ [usually passive] ravage something to damage something badly ➔ SYNONYM  ​devastate

a country ravaged by civil war

a recession that has ravaged the textile industry

The countryside has been ravaged by pollution.

the flood-/​quake-/​tornado-/​war-ravaged country.

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Decimate

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deci·mate  ​verb

/ˈdesɪmeɪt/

1 [usually passive] decimate something to kill large numbers of animals, plants or people in a particular area

The rabbit population was decimated by the disease.

2 decimate something (informal) to severely damage something or make something weakerCheap imports decimated the British cycle industry.

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Brutish

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brute brutishness bru·tish  ​adjective BrE /ˈbruːtɪʃ/ NAmE /ˈbruːtɪʃ/ unkind and violent and not showing thought or intelligenceLife for our early ancestors was nasty, brutish and short, according to the evidence.

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Consensus

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NAmE /kənˈsensəs/

[singular, uncountable]an opinion that all members of a group agree with

consensus (about/​on something) She is skilled at achieving consensus on sensitive issues.

There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue.

an attempt to reach a consensus

There now exists a broad political consensus in favour of economic reform.

consensus politics (= which people in general agree with)

consensus (among somebody) (about/​on something) There is a general consensus among teachers about the need for greater security in schools. consensus (that…) There seems to be a consensus that the plan should be rejected.

Extra examples   

A general consensus on the problem is beginning to emerge.

Computer science has reached a rough consensus on this issue.

He was the first to break the consensus and criticize the proposal.

It is difficult to reach a consensus about electoral reform.

No clear consensus exists over the next stage of the plan.

Over time a consensus formed.

That seems to be the prevailing consensus.

The agency helped develop a consensus on conservation.

The general consensus of opinion is that a high-fat diet is bad for you.

The measures represented a consensus that people and the environment must be protected from the excesses of the market.

The scientific consensus is that failure to take action could lead to widespread droughts.The war broke the broad consensus of liberals.The worldʼs scientists have reached a nearly unanimous consensus that the surface of the Earth is warming as a result of human activities.There are guidelines in a 2007 consensus statement from the Institute.There are signs that the consensus is breaking down.There is a bipartisan consensus against the legalization of drugs.There is no scholarly consensus on how these terms are defined.These standards represent expert consensus on generally accepted social scientific standards for research on child development.They have always governed by consensus.This is not consensus opinion yet.a magazine attempting to build a consensus about sustainable science

a universal consensus about the problems of the exchange rate systemcitizens who work together to forge consensus regarding important public safety issuesno consensus among the membersthe current consensus about AIDS in Africathe general consensus within the criminal justice systemthe liberal consensus represented by President Johnsonʼs landslide victory in 1964

I am a great believer in consensus politics.

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Optimum

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op·ti·mum  adjective

/ˈɑːptɪməm/

[only before noun]

(also op·ti·mal)

the best possible; producing the best possible results

optimum growththe optimum use of resources

the optimum conditions for effective learning

We aim for optimum efficiency in all our operations.

What are the optimum conditions for economic growth?

the optimum noun [singular] the best possible result, set of conditions, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​ideal

For efficient fuel consumption a speed of 60 mph is about the optimum.

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Endorse

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/ɪnˈdɔːrs/

1 endorse something to say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action

I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks.

Members of all parties endorsed a ban on land mines.

2 endorse something to say in an advertisement that you use and like a particular product so that other people will want to buy it

I wonder how many celebrities actually use the products they endorse.3 endorse something to write your name on the back of a cheque so that it can be paid into a bank account4 [usually passive] endorse something (British English) to record details of a driving offence on somebodyʼs driving licenceYou risk having your licence endorsed.

▼ Extra example

The government has broadly endorsed the research paper.

The newspaper has formally endorsed the Democratic candidate.

The plan does not explicitly endorse the private ownership of land.

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Instalment

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in·stal·ment   ​noun NAmE /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ 1 one of a number of payments that are made regularly over a period of time until something has been paid forWe paid for the car by/​in instalments.The final instalment on the loan is due next week. The loan can be repaid in 24 monthly instalments.They were unable to keep up (= continue to pay regularly) the instalments. ▶ Synonyms▶ Collocations2 one of the parts of a story that appears regularly over a period of time in a newspaper, on television, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​episode▼ Extra examples        She sold the car before she had paid the instalments.The ‘Screwtape Lettersʼ were published in instalments from May to November 1941.The amounts are repayable by instalment.The next instalment is not due until July.The tenants agreed to pay off the arrears in instalments.You can pay it in instalments.a loan repaid in equal annual instalmentsrepayment is by fixed monthly instalmentsthe final instalment in the trilogyDickens completed the last instalment of Martin Chuzzlewit in June of that year.Now for the second instalment of our exclusive three-part series.We paid for the car by/​​in instalments

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Initial

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iniquity initialnoun ini·tial  ​adjective BrE /ɪˈnɪʃl/ NAmE /ɪˈnɪʃl/ [only before noun] happening at the beginning; firstan initial payment of £60 and ten instalments of £25in the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaignMy initial reaction was to decline the offer. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    After some initial hesitation, teachers seem to have accepted the new system.After the initial surprise I got to like the place.By 1960 the initial optimism had evaporated.His initial surge of euphoria was quickly followed by dismay.Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success.It is the initial preparation that takes the time.My initial response was one of anger.My initial scepticism was replaced with respectful admiration.There is an initial payment of £60 followed by ten instalments of £25.When the initial shock had worn off, I got used to the situation.in the initial stages of the campaignsomebodyʼs initial response/​​impression/​​instinct/​​shock/​​surprise/​​enthusiasm/​​euphoria/​​excitement/​​scepticism/​​reluctancethe initial investment/​​payment/​​outlaythe initial stage/​​phase/​​step/​​planning/​​preparation

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Prolonged

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pro·longed  ​adjective NAmE /prəˈlɔːŋd/ , /prəˈlɑːŋd/ continuing for a long timea prolonged illness

a prolonged period of dry weather

the effects of prolonged exposure to the sun

In many parts of the country, frosts were severe and prolonged.

▼ Extra examples   

Prolonged repetitive movements can cause inflammation of the joint.

The drug becomes less effective after prolonged use.

There were prolonged spells of dry weather.

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Habitat

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 noun

/ˈhæbɪtæt/ [countable, uncountable]the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

The pandaʼs natural habitat is the bamboo forest.

The marshes provide a rich habitat for water plants.the destruction of wildlife habitat▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Many species are threatened in the wild due to habitat destruction by man.One of our objectives is to restore habitats for native species.Peat bogs are one of Europeʼs most threatened habitats.The birdʼs preferred habitat is grassy prairie.The forest provides a habitat for hundreds of species of plants and animals.The greatest danger to tigers now is through loss of habitat.The many different habitats support a wide variety of birds.The moorland is an important habitat for many rare bird species.Their preferred habitat is disappearing rapidly.These animals will lose their habitats by the flooding of the area.a decline in the amount of suitable habitatan agreement that preserved 2 500 acres of prime bear habitatbird species that occupy forest habitatsher observations of wild chimps in their natural habitatnew measures to protect wildlife habitatsthe animals and plants in this woodland habitatPopulation growth is causing destruction of wildlife habitat throughout the world.The pandaʼs natural habitat is the bamboo forest.

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Secluded

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seclude seclusion se·cluded  ​adjective BrE /sɪˈkluːdɪd/ NAmE /sɪˈkluːdɪd/ 1 (of a place) quiet and private; not used or disturbed by other peoplea secluded garden/​beach/​spot, etc.We managed to find a fairly secluded spot for our picnic.2 without much contact with other people ➔ SYNONYM  ​solitaryto lead a secluded life

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Densely

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dense density dense·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈdensli/ NAmE /ˈdensli/ 1 in a way that contains a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between thema densely populated areadensely covered/​packed2 in a way that is difficult to understand because it contains a lot of informationa densely written volume

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Thesis

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NAmE /ˈθiːsiːz/ )1 thesis (on something) a long piece of writing completed by a student as part of a university degree, based on their own researchStudents must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years.2 a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is trueThese latest findings support the thesis that sexuality is determined by nature rather than choice. ▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He presented this thesis for his PhD.He wrote a doctoral thesis on set theory.Heʼs doing a doctoral thesis on the early works of Shostakovich.Many departments require their students to do a thesis defense.She completed an MSc by thesis.The results of the experiment support his central thesis.Three Caltech professors served on my thesis committee.a thesis about the effects of new technology on skillsher thesis adviser at MITher thesis work on skin cancersresearch presented in a thesisMost people rejected this thesis at the time because it presumed evolution rather than creation.Research supports the thesis that sexuality is determined by nature and not by choice.The basic thesis of the book is fairly simple.a doctoral/​​PhD thesisa thesis for a masterʼs degree

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Foremost

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fore·most  ​adjective BrE /ˈfɔːməʊst/ NAmE /ˈfɔːrmoʊst/ the most important or famous; in a position at the frontthe worldʼs foremost authority on the subjectThe Prime Minister was foremost among those who condemned the violence. This question has been foremost in our minds recently. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        Iʼd like to introduce you to the worldʼs foremost authority on the subject.The President was foremost among those who condemned the violence.the worldʼs foremost authority on/​​expert on/​​exponent of something

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Remote

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remortgage remotenoun re·mote  ​adjective BrE /rɪˈməʊt/ NAmE /rɪˈmoʊt/ (re·moter, re·mot·est)place1 far away from places where other people live ➔ SYNONYM  ​isolateda remote beachone of the remotest areas of the worldremote from something The farmhouse is remote from any other buildings. time2 [only before noun] far away in time ➔ SYNONYM  ​distantin the remote past/​futurea remote ancestor (= who lived a long time ago)relatives3 [only before noun] (of people) not closely related ➔ SYNONYM  ​distanta remote cousincomputer/​system4 that you can connect to from far away, using an electronic linka remote terminal/​databasedifferent5 remote (from something) very different from somethingHis theories are somewhat remote from reality. A novel should not be too remote from the experiences of its readers.not friendly6 (of people or their behaviour) not very friendly or interested in other people ➔ SYNONYM  ​aloof, distantvery small7 not very great ➔ SYNONYM  ​slightThere is still a remote chance that they will find her alive. I donʼt have the remotest idea what youʼre talking about. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Jane felt remote from what was going on around her.a fairly remote possibilitygeographically remote areasrural areas that are relatively remoteAt that time, a new school building was just a remote dream.He somehow remains a remote figure.There are many facts about the remote past and the remote future that we cannot know.When he spoke, his voice was cold and remote.a remote ancestor

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Dwell

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dwell  ​verb

to live somewhere

He dwelt in a ruined cottage on the hillside.

For ten years she dwelled among the nomads of North America.

Extra examples

Phrasal Verbsˈdwell on/​upon something1 to think or talk a lot about something, especially something it would be better to forget

So you made a mistake, but thereʼs no need to dwell on it.

2 to look at something for a long time

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Controversial

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control tower controversially con·tro·ver·sial  ​adjective BrE /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/ NAmE /ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl/ causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreementa highly controversial topicone of the most controversial of Londonʼs new office blocksa controversial plan to build a new roadWinston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​non-controversial, uncontroversial▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a highly controversial subjectA controversial plan to build a new road has met with protests.Her controversial new play sparked a riot outside the theatre.It is one of the most controversial of Londonʼs new office buildings.

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Synthetic

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syn·thet·ic  ​adjective BrE /sɪnˈθetɪk/ NAmE /sɪnˈθetɪk/ 1 artificial; made by combining chemical substances rather than being produced naturally by plants or animals ➔ SYNONYM  ​man-madesynthetic drugs/​fabricsshoes with synthetic solessynthetic dyes▶ Synonyms2 (also ag·glu·tin·ative) (linguistics) (of languages) using changes to the ends of words rather than separate words to show the functions of words in a sentence ➔ COMPARE  ​analytic▶ Word Origin

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Molecular

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mo·lecu·lar  ​adjective

NAmE /məˈlekjələr/

[only before noun](chemistry)connected with molecules (= small units of matter consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature)

molecular structure/​biology

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Sophisticated

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so·phis·ti·cated  ​adjective /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ 1 having a lot of experience of the world and knowing about fashion, culture and other things that people think are socially importantthe sophisticated pleasures of city lifeMark is a smart and sophisticated young man. ➔ COMPARE  ​naive2 (of a machine, system, etc.) clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presentedhighly sophisticated computer systemsMedical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time. 3 (of a person) able to understand difficult or complicated ideasa sophisticated audience➔ OPPOSITE  ​unsophisticated▼ Extra examples    The software grows more sophisticated over time.incredibly sophisticated computersBen did his best to look sophisticated.He has a very smooth, sophisticated manner.Students have more sophisticated tastes nowadays.

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Synthesize

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synthesis synthesizer syn·the·size (British English also -ise)  ​verb BrE /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ NAmE /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms1 synthesize something (specialist) to produce a substance by means of chemical or biological processes2 synthesize something to produce sounds, music or speech using electronic equipment3 synthesize something to combine separate ideas, beliefs, styles, etc.

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Epoch

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unumepoch-makingepoch  ​noun BrE /ˈiːpɒk/ NAmE /ˈepək/ (formal or literary)1 a period of time in history, especially one during which important events or changes happen ➔ SYNONYM  ​eraThe death of the emperor marked the end of an epoch in the countryʼs history. 2 (geology) a length of time which is a division of a periodgeological epochs▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Welfare reform was an epoch in the history of US social policy.an epoch of great social changethe importance of the computer in the present epochThe death of the emperor marked the end of an epoch in the countryʼs history.

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Strain

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straight-ticket strainverb strain  ​noun BrE /streɪn/ NAmE /streɪn/ worry/​anxiety1 [uncountable, countable] pressure on somebody/​something because they have too much to do or manage, or something very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety that this producesTheir marriage is under great strain at the moment. These repayments are putting a strain on our finances. Relax, and let us take the strain (= do things for you). The transport service cannot cope with the strain of so many additional passengers. You will learn to cope with the stresses and strains of public life. I found it a strain having to concentrate for so long. There are strains in the relationship between the two countries.▶ Synonymsphysical pressure2 [uncountable, countable] the pressure that is put on something when a physical force stretches, pushes, or pulls itThe rope broke under the strain. You should try not to place too much strain on muscles and joints. The ground here cannot take the strain of a large building. The cable has a 140kg breaking strain (= it will break when it is stretched or pulled by a force greater than this). injury3 [countable, uncountable] an injury to a part of your body, such as a muscle, that is caused by using it too much or by twisting ita calf/​groin/​leg strainmuscle straintype of plant/​animal/​disease4 [countable] a particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc.a new strain of mosquitoes resistant to the poisonThis is only one of the many strains of the disease. in somebodyʼs character5 [countable, usually singular] a particular tendency in the character of a person or group, or a quality in their manner ➔ SYNONYM  ​streakHe had a definite strain of snobbery in him. of music6 [countable, usually plural] (formal) the sound of music being played or sungShe could hear the strains of Mozart through the window. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    After three years, their marriage was beginning to show signs of strain.After weeks of overtime, she was starting to feel the strain.After weeks of uncertainty, the strain was beginning to take its toll.Gerrard will play if he can shake off a slight thigh strain.H5N1 is a strain of avian influenza.He broke down under the strain of having to work twelve hours a day.I found it a bit of a strain making conversation with her.Increasing demand is placing undue strain on services.Itʼs a real strain having to get up so early!Losing the business put a strain on their relationship.Television newsreaders come under enormous strain.The Internet takes the strain out of shopping.The ice gave way under the strain.The mental strain of sharing an office with Alison was starting to show.The new scheme is designed to take the strain out of shopping.Thereʼs too much strain on the corner of the table.Youʼll get eye strain if you donʼt put the light on.a fishing line with a 15lb breaking strainthe stresses and strains of a long dayHe heard the familiar strains of a tango coming from the club.I found it a strain looking after four children.Relax, and let us take the strain.The cable has a 140kg breaking strain.The rope broke under the strain.a calf/​​groin/​​leg strain

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Splatter

Splatter

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splat splay splat·ter  ​verb BrE /ˈsplætə(r)/ NAmE /ˈsplætər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (of large drops of liquid) to fall or hit something noisilyHeavy rain splattered on the roof. 2 [transitive, intransitive] to drop or throw water, paint, mud, etc. on somebody/​something; to make somebody/​something wet or dirty by landing on them in large dropssplatter somebody/​something (+ adv./​prep.) The walls were splattered with blood. + adv./​prep. Coffee had splattered across the front of his shirt

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Sloppiness

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sloppily sloppy slop·pi·ness  ​noun BrE /ˈslɒpinəs/ NAmE /ˈslɑːpinəs/ [uncountable]the fact of showing a lack of care, thought or effortThere is no excuse for sloppiness in your work.

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Dispute

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disputation disputeverb dis·pute  ​noun BrE /dɪˈspjuːt/ , /ˈdɪspjuːt/ NAmE /dɪˈspjuːt/ , /ˈdɪspjuːt/ [countable, uncountable] an argument or a disagreement between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject where there is disagreementdispute (between A and B) a dispute between the two countries about the borderdispute (over/​about something) the latest dispute over fishing rightsindustrial/​pay disputesThe union is in dispute with management over working hours. The cause of the accident was still in dispute (= being argued about). The matter was settled beyond dispute by the court judgment (= it could no longer be argued about). His theories are open to dispute (= can be disagreed with). ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

    He proposed a negotiated settlement of the outstanding disputes between the two countries.His theories are open to dispute.No one could remember exactly how the dispute had arisen.Police have difficulties in dealing with domestic disputes.The actual sum of compensation due is still in dispute.The employees have been in dispute with management for three weeks.The exact relationship between the two languages is a matter of dispute among scholars.The incident sparked off a major dispute between the two countries.The matter was settled beyond dispute by the court judgment.The purpose of industrial tribunals is to adjudicate disputes between employers and employees.The simmering dispute erupted in public when the two men came to blows at the party conference.There is considerable dispute over the precise definition of ‘social classʼ as a term.There is no dispute as to the facts.There were lengthy internal disputes between the two wings of the party.They became embroiled in a dispute with their competitors.a jurisdictional dispute between the Army and the CIAa long-standing dispute between the families over ownership of the land.disputes concerning environmental protectionone of the many factors that led to the disputethe matters under disputeto minimize the scope for dispute over the meaning of the terms employedHis job is to settle pay disputes.She was asked to report on the latest dispute over fishing rights.The cause of the accident was still in dispute.

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Imminent

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im·mi·nent  ​adjective (especially of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soonthe imminent threat of invasionThe system is in imminent danger of collapse. An announcement about his resignation is imminent. An attack seems imminent.

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Receptor

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re·cep·tor  ​noun a sense organ or nerve ending in the body that reacts to changes such as heat or cold and makes the body react in a particular way▶ Word Origin

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Botch

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botch  ​noun BrE /bɒtʃ/ NAmE /bɑːtʃ/ (also ˈbotch-up) (British English, informal) a piece of work or a job that has been done badlyIʼve made a real botch of the decorating.

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Initially

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initialize initiate ini·tial·ly  ​adverb BrE /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ NAmE /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ at the beginningInitially, the system worked well. The death toll was initially reported at around 250, but was later revised to 300. My contract is initially for three years.The ban was initially opposed by the US.

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Ultimately

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Ultimate Fighting ultimatum ul·tim·ate·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ NAmE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ 1 in the end; finallyUltimately, youʼll have to make the decision yourself. A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. The campaign was ultimately successful.2 at the most basic and important levelAll life depends ultimately on oxygen.

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Substantial

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substandardsubstantially sub·stan·tial  ​adjective BrE /səbˈstænʃl/ NAmE /səbˈstænʃl/ 1 large in amount, value or importance ➔ SYNONYM  ​considerablesubstantial sums of moneya substantial changeSubstantial numbers of people support the reforms. He ate a substantial breakfast. There are substantial differences between the two groups.Their share of the software market is substantial.We were able to see a substantial improvement.2 [usually before noun] (formal) large and solid; strongly builta substantial housea street of substantial Victorian villas▶ Word Origin

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Unanimous

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NAmE /juˈnænɪməs/

1 if a decision or an opinion is unanimous, it is agreed or shared by everyone in a group

a unanimous vote

unanimous support

The decision was not unanimous.

Unanimous agreement must be reached for this plan to go ahead.The jury reached a unanimous verdict of ‘not guiltyʼ.She was the unanimous choice of the selection committee.2 unanimous (in something) if a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about somethingLocal people are unanimous in their opposition to the proposed new road. The committee were unanimous in rejecting the proposal.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The experts are not unanimous on this point.They were unanimous in this decision.The committee was unanimous in rejecting the proposal.a unanimous vote/​​decision/​​verdict

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Emerge

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the Emerald Isle emergence emerge  ​verb BrE /iˈmɜːdʒ/ NAmE /iˈmɜːrdʒ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to come out of a dark, confined or hidden placeemerge (from something) The swimmer emerged from the lake. She finally emerged from her room at noon. He emerged from the shadows.emerge (into something) We emerged into bright sunlight. 2 [intransitive, transitive] (of facts, ideas, etc.) to become known ➔ SYNONYM  ​transpireNo new evidence emerged during the investigation. it emerges that… It emerged that the company was going to be sold. 3 [intransitive] to start to exist; to appear or become knownAfter the elections opposition groups began to emerge. the emerging markets of South Asiaemerge as something He emerged as a key figure in the campaign4 [intransitive] emerge (from something) to survive a difficult situation or experienceShe emerged from the scandal with her reputation intact. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It subsequently emerged that he had known about the deal all along.One thing emerges very clearly from this study.Problems with this drug are now beginning to emerge.Several facts started to emerge from my investigation.The answer to the problem quickly emerged.What eventually emerged from the election disaster was a realization that it was time for change.His enormous talent had emerged fully formed.The Pacific region has rapidly emerged as a leading force on the world stage.The plant has fully emerged from the soil.The world is only slowly emerging from recession.They suddenly emerged into brilliant sunshine.newly emerging areas of sciencethe musical forms that emerged out of the American black experienceA figure emerged from the darkness.He rapidly emerged as a key figure in the campaign.She disappeared into the house and emerged a few seconds later carrying a suitcase.The crabs emerge at low tide to look for food.

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Grant

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grantverb Cary Grant grant  ​noun BrE /ɡrɑːnt/ NAmE /ɡrænt/ grant (to do something) a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purposestudent grants (= to pay for their education)He has been awarded a research grant. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Poorer students would get maintenance grants of up to £1 500 a year.The full student maintenance grant was rather less than £2 000.The government has awarded a 3.5 million pound grant for the restoration of the opera house.The government has awarded a grant for the restoration of the building.The groupʼs annual grant from the Arts Council has been cut.The program offers grants to small businesses.The report was funded by a grant from the Department.The school has received a large capital grant to improve its buildings.There is a lot of competition for research grants.You can get a grant if youʼve lived in the area for three years.You may be eligible for a clothing grant.a grant for a youth projecta grant from the funding authorityemergency grants for special needs for items such as clothinghome improvement grants for householdersShe has been awarded a research grant by Liverpool University.The hospital has applied for a government grant to buy a new scanner.

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Erupt

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erudition eruption erupt  ​verb BrE /ɪˈrʌpt/ NAmE /ɪˈrʌpt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] when a volcano erupts or burning rocks, smoke, etc. erupt or are erupted, the burning rocks, etc. are thrown out from the volcanoThe volcano could erupt at any time. erupt from something Ash began to erupt from the crater. erupt something An immense volume of rocks and molten lava was erupted. ▶ Synonyms2 [intransitive] to start happening, suddenly and violently ➔ SYNONYM  ​break outViolence erupted outside the embassy gates. erupt into something The unrest erupted into revolution. 3 [intransitive, transitive] to suddenly express your feelings very strongly, especially by shouting loudlyWhen Davis scored for the third time the crowd erupted. erupt in/​into something My father just erupted into fury. + speech ‘How dare you?ʼ she erupted. 4 [intransitive] (of spots, etc.) to suddenly appear on your skinA rash had erupted all over his chest. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The violence threatened to erupt into full-scale war.Epidemics periodically erupted throughout the 19th century.His anger suddenly erupted into furious shouting.Michael finally erupted, jumping up from his seat.The audience spontaneously erupted into a standing ovation.The crowd erupted in cheers and sobs of joy.The room erupted with laughter.Violence occasionally erupts between the opposing factions.the volcano which erupted violently last monthLava erupted close to the summit.

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Conspicuously

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con·spicu·ous·ly  ​adverb

in a way that is easy to see or notice, or that is likely to attract attention

Women were conspicuously absent from (= there were surprisingly few women on) the planning committee.

➔ OPPOSITE  ​inconspicuously

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Miraculously

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  adverb

/mɪˈrækjələsli/

in a way that is completely unexpected and very lucky; as if by a miracle (1)They miraculously survived the plane crash. The barn has been miraculously transformed into a luxury hotel.

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Famine

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fam·ine  ​noun BrE /ˈfæmɪn/ NAmE /ˈfæmɪn/ [countable, uncountable]a lack of food during a long period of time in a regiona severe faminedisasters such as floods and faminethe threat of widespread famine in the areato raise money for famine relief▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        Against a background of impending famine, heavy fighting took place.Four million people are now facing famine.Thousands of people died during the terrible famine of that year.When famine strikes, it is often women and children who suffer the most.countries that regularly suffer famines

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Persistent

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per·sist·ent  adjective NAmE /pərˈsɪstənt/ 1 determined to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonableHow do you deal with persistent salesmen who wonʼt take no for an answer? a persistent offender (= a person who continues to commit crimes after they have been caught and punished)She can be very persistent when she wants something.2 continuing for a long period of time without interruption, or repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped ➔ SYNONYM  unrelentingpersistent raina persistent coughI canʼt take much more of this persistent criticism.He resigned over persistent rumours of his affair with an actress.Famine is a persistent problem in many parts of the world.▼ Extra examples    The weeds were very persistent.a stubbornly persistent unemployment problemBeware of these peopleʼs persistent sales techniques.Conflict is a common and persistent feature of society.Ear problems that are particularly painful or persistent should always be checked.He introduced a plan for dealing with persistent offenders.He resigned over persistent rumours of his part in the scandal.Persistent heavy rain held up work on the bridge for more than a week.Persistent pressure from the water authority forced the company to comply with the rules.Poor maths teaching was a persistent problem in schools.The most common symptom is a persistent cough.The problem of persistent shortages of food was turning into a crisis.There is a persistent tendency for wage costs to continue to rise.There were persistent reports of gross human rights abuses.

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Mutual

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mu·tual  ​adjective NAmE /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ 1 used to describe feelings that two or more people have for each other equally, or actions that affect two or more people equallymutual respect/​understandingmutual support/​aidThey parted by mutual consent.I donʼt like her, and I think the feeling is mutual (= she doesnʼt like me either). 2 [only before noun] shared by two or more peopleWe met at the home of a mutual friend. They soon discovered a mutual interest in music. ▶ Word Origin

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Surplus

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 noun BrE /ˈsɜːpləs/ NAmE /ˈsɜːrpləs/ [countable, uncountable]

1 an amount that is extra or more than you need

food surpluses

Wheat was in surplus that year.

2 the amount by which the amount of money received is greater than the amount of money spent

a trade surplus of £400 million

The balance of payments was in surplus last year (= the value of exports was greater than the value of imports). ▶ Collocations➔ COMPARE  ​deficit▶

▼ Extra examples   

Japan runs a large current-account surplus.

The pension fund is in surplus.

a large grain surplus

a projected surplus of $5.6 trillion over ten years

After meeting domestic needs any surplus will be exported.

Agricultural surpluses lead to the disposal of thousands of tonnes of food every year

Britain at that time enjoyed a trade surplus of £400 million.

The balance of payments was in surplus last year.

This surplus of food led to an unusual increase in the bird population.

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Indigestion

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in·di·ges·tion  ​noun NAmE /ˌɪndɪˈdʒestʃən/ [uncountable]pain caused by difficulty in digesting food ➔ SYNONYM  ​dyspepsia

Rich food always gives me indigestion

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Purse

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purse  ​noun NAmE /pɜːrs/ 1 [countable] (especially British English) a small bag made of leather, plastic, etc. for carrying coins and often also paper money, cards, etc., used especially by womenI took a coin out of my purse and gave it to the child. ➔ COMPARE  ​change purse, wallet2 [countable] (North American English) ➔ =  ​handbag3 [singular] the amount of money that is available to a person, an organization or a government to spendWe have holidays to suit every purse. Should spending on the arts be met out of the public purse (= from government money)? 4 [countable] (sport) a sum of money given as a prize in a boxing match▼ Extra examples    I dug in my purse to find my respirator.I rummaged through my purse for my lip gloss.She grabbed her purse and headed out the door.She had her purse snatched.She handed him a bulging velvet purse.She slung her black leather purse over her shoulder.She wore pink heels with a matching clutch purse.The government will have to tighten the purse strings.The reforms had drained the public purse.There is no money in the purse for this.What do you keep in your purse?Who holds the purse strings in your house?She fumbled in her purse for her glasses.Should spending on the arts be met out of the public purse?The city has a range of restaurants to suit every purse. Idiomsmake a silk ˌpurse out of a sowʼs ˈearto succeed in making something good out of material that does not seem very good at all

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Charity

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char·ity  ​noun BrE /ˈtʃærəti/ NAmE /ˈtʃærəti/ (pl. char·ities)1 [countable] an organization for helping people in needMany charities sent money to help the victims of the famine. The concert will raise money for local charities. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Culture2 [uncountable] the aim of giving money, food, help, etc. to people who are in needMost of the runners in the London Marathon are raising money for charity. Do you give much to charity? a charity concert (= organized to get money for charity)to live on/​off charity (= to live on money which other people give you because you are poor)▶ Wordfinder3 [uncountable] (formal) kindness and sympathy towards other people, especially when you are judging themHer article showed no charity towards her former friends. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She runs a charity for homeless young people.The school raised a lot of money for charity.The school raised over a hundred pounds for charity.They are proud people who donʼt accept charity.They have no money and are forced to live on charity.a charity for sick childrenHe refused to live off charity.He replied patiently, with more charity than I deserved.Most of the runners in the London Marathon are raising money for charity. Idiomscharity begins at ˈhome(saying) you should help and care for your own family, etc. before you start helping other people

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Raid

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raid  ​verb BrE /reɪd/ NAmE /reɪd/ ▶ Verb Forms1 raid something (of police) to visit a person or place without warning to look for criminals, illegal goods, drugs, etc.The house was raided in the early hours.2 raid something (of soldiers, fighting planes, etc.) to attack a place without warningVillages along the border are regularly raided. a raiding party (= a group of soldiers, etc. that attack a place)3 raid something to enter a place, usually using force, and steal from it ➔ SYNONYM  ​plunder, ransackMany treasures were lost when the tombs were raided in the last century. (humorous) I caught him raiding the fridge again (= taking food from it). ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I caught him raiding the fridge again.Sales staff were forced to lie on the floor when a gang raided a jewellery store last night.a raiding party

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Warehouse

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ware·house  ​noun NAmE /ˈwerhaʊs/ a building where large quantities of goods are stored, especially before they are sent to shops/​stores to be sold▼ Extra examples    German police raided a warehouse near Hamburg.Heʼs a warehouse foreman for a removals firm.Heʼs a warehouse manager for an import company.The facility has over 6 905 square feet of warehouse space.The offices are situated in a converted warehouse.The whisky was taken to bonded warehouses at Port Dundee.a residential district of warehouses converted into loftsa warehouse filled with cratesthe warehouse district of New OrleansPolice are investigating a fire at a furniture warehouse.The company is planning to sell its warehouses in the north.The gallery is in a former warehouse near the docks.

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Apprentice

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ap·pren·tice  ​noun BrE /əˈprentɪs/ NAmE /əˈprentɪs/ a young person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn the particular skills needed in their joban apprentice electrician/​chef

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Lad

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NAmE /læd/ 1 [countable] (old-fashioned or informal) a boy or young manThings have changed since I was a lad. Heʼs a nice lad. Hurry up, lad.➔ COMPARE  ​lass2 the lads [plural] (British English, informal) a group of friends that a man works with or spends free time withto go to the pub with the lads3 [countable, usually singular] (British English, informal) a lively young man, especially one who is very interested in women and having sex, drinks a lot of alcohol and enjoys sportTony was a bit of a lad—always had an eye for the women. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​laddish4 [countable] (British English) a person who works in a stable▼ Extra examples        Theyʼre a nice bunch of lads.Heʼs a nice lad.Heʼs a strapping lad—already bigger than his father

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Humble

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  simple, not worth much money

Humble house

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Armpit

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arm·pit  ​noun BrE /ˈɑːmpɪt/ NAmE /ˈɑːrmpɪt/ (also North American English, informal pit) the part of the body under the arm where it joins the shoulder ➔ SEE ALSO  ​underarmIdiomsthe ˈarmpit of something(informal, especially North American English) the most unpleasant or ugly place in a country or regionThe city has been called the armpit of America.

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Crutch

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crutch  ​noun NAmE /krʌtʃ/ 1 one of two long sticks that you put under your arms to help you walk after you have injured your leg or footAfter the accident I spent six months on crutches. 2 (usually disapproving) a person or thing that gives you help or support but often makes you depend on them too muchHigh interest rates are merely a crutch for the countryʼs ailing economy.He sees religion as an emotional crutch.3 ➔ =  ​crotch▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He saw religion as a psychological crutch.She can only walk with crutches.She uses her work as a psychological crutch.

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Lame

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lame  ​adjective NAmE /leɪm/ 1 (of people or animals) unable to walk well because of an injury to the leg or footMy horse had gone lame.2 (of an excuse, explanation, etc.) weak and difficult to believe ➔ SYNONYM  ​feeble, unconvincingStephen made some lame excuse.3 not interesting or entertainingThe humour is more lame than funny.▼ Extra examples        His horse had gone lame.The special effects are incredibly lame.an accident which had left him lameThe accident left her slightly lame.

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Humbug

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hum·bug  noun BrE /ˈhʌmbʌɡ/ NAmE /ˈhʌmbʌɡ/ 1 [uncountable] (old-fashioned) dishonest language or behaviour that is intended to trick peoplepolitical humbug2 [countable] (old-fashioned) a person who is not sincere or honest3 [countable] (British English) a hard sweet/candy made from boiled sugar, especially one that tastes of peppermint

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Festive

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fes·tive  ​adjective NAmE /ˈfestɪv/ 1 typical of a special event or celebrationa festive occasionThe whole town is in festive mood. 2 (British English) connected with the period when people celebrate Christmasthe festive season/​periodfestive decorations

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Bent on

Bent out

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ˈbent on something/​on doing somethin

determined to do something (usually something bad)

She seems bent on making life difficult for me.

➔ SEE ALSO  ​hell-bent

get bent out of ˈshape (about/​over something)

to become angry, anxious or upset

Donʼt get bent out of shape about it. It was just a mistake!

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Accommodation

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ac·com·mo·da·tion  ​noun BrE /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ NAmE /əˌkɑːməˈdeɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable] (British English) a place to live, work or stay inrented/​temporary/​furnished accommodationHotel accommodation is included in the price of your holiday. The building plans include much needed new office accommodation. First-class accommodation is available on all flights. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Wordfinder2 accommodations [plural] (North American English) somewhere to live or stay, often also providing food or other servicesMore and more travelers are looking for bed and breakfast accommodations in private homes. 3 [countable, uncountable] (formal) an agreement or arrangement between people or groups with different opinions which is acceptable to everyone; the process of reaching this agreementThey were forced to reach an accommodation with the rebels. The two countries should be persuaded to work towards some sort of mutual accommodation.▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Many old people choose to live in sheltered accommodation.She lived on her own in rented accommodation.Some accommodation between conservation and tourism is essential.The boat provides reasonable overnight accommodations for four adults.The council should be able to help families who have no accommodation.The family is staying in temporary accommodation until their house is rebuilt.We need more secure accommodation for young prisoners.You should book your travel accommodations and flights quickly.accommodation to the harsh circumstances of rural lifeI live in rented accommodation.The building plans include much-needed new office accommodation.The prize includes flights plus seven nightsʼ hotel accommodation.The two countries should be persuaded to work towards some sort of accommodation.Ultimately, there are always limits to political accommodation.

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Tapestry

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tap·es·try  ​noun BrE /ˈtæpəstri/ NAmE /ˈtæpəstri/ [countable, uncountable](pl. tap·es·tries)a picture or pattern that is made by weaving coloured wool onto heavy cloth; the art of doing thismedieval tapestriestapestry cushionscrafts such as embroidery and tapestry

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Dedicated

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dedi·cated  ​adjective BrE /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/ NAmE /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/ 1 working hard at something because it is very important to you ➔ SYNONYM  ​committeda dedicated teacherdedicated to something She is dedicated to her job. 2 [only before noun] designed to do only one particular type of work; used for one particular purpose onlySoftware is exported through a dedicated satellite link. ▶ More Like This▼ Extra examples        The workforce is small but highly dedicated.The movement obviously still has its dedicated followers.The ship was painstakingly rebuilt by a dedicated team of engineers

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Squabble

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squab·ble  ​noun NAmE /ˈskwɑːbl/ a noisy argument about something that is not very importantfamily squabblesThe party is split by internal squabbles.squabble (with somebody) (about/​over something) There were endless squabbles over who should sit where.

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Sibling

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sib·ling  ​noun NAmE /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ (formal or specialist)a brother or sistersquabbles between siblingssibling rivalry (= competition between brothers and sisters)The younger children were badly treated by older siblings.poor relationships between

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Optimism

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optimally optimist op·ti·mism  noun BrE /ˈɒptɪmɪzəm/ NAmE /ˈɑːptɪmɪzəm/ [uncountable] optimism (about/for something) a feeling that good things will happen and that something will be successful; the tendency to have this feelingoptimism about/for the futureWe may now look forward with optimism. a mood of cautious optimismThere are very real grounds for optimism. Both sides have expressed optimism about the chances of an early agreement.➔ OPPOSITE  pessimism▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Despite the crisis a cautious optimism prevailed.Her optimism turned out to be misplaced.I find it hard to share his optimism.The 1970s began still full of optimism.The government expressed optimism about the success of the negotiations.The news caused a wave of optimism.There are now very real grounds for optimism.There was a note of optimism in his voice.We can look to the future with considerable optimism.When the 1970s began, we were still full of optimism.great optimism for the futurerenewed optimism among mortgage lendersHe returned with renewed optimism about the future.Some people talked of a mood of cautious optimism.

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Charitable

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char·it·able  ​adjective BrE /ˈtʃærətəbl/ NAmE /ˈtʃærətəbl/ 1 connected with a charity or charitiesa charitable institution/​foundation/​trusta charitable donation/​gift(British English) to have charitable status (= to be an official charity)2 helping people who are poor or in needHis later years were devoted largely to charitable work. 3 kind in your attitude to other people, especially when you are judging themLetʼs be charitable and assume she just made a mistake. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​uncharitable▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Less charitable accounts of his character say he was vain and selfish.Letʼs be charitable and just assume she made a mistake.a charitable donation/​​gifta charitable institution/​​foundation/​​trustto have charitable status

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Precipice

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preci·pice  ​nounNAmE /ˈpresəpɪs/ a very steep side of a high cliff, mountain or rock(figurative) The country was now on the edge of a precipice (= very close to disaster). ➔ SEE ALSO  ​precipitous▼ Extra examples    She paused on the edge of the precipice for a moment, then drew back.The car was almost forced off a precipice.teetering on the precipice of political anarchy

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Mist

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mist  ​noun BrE /mɪst/ NAmE /mɪst/ 1 [uncountable, countable] a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to seeThe hills were shrouded in mist. Early morning mist patches will soon clear. The origins of the story are lost in the mists of time (= forgotten because it happened such a long time ago). (figurative) She gazed at the scene through a mist of tears. ▶ Collocations➔ COMPARE  ​fog➔ SEE ALSO  ​misty2 [singular] a fine spray of liquid, for example from an aerosol can▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A figure emerged from the mist.A fine mist floated over the fields.A grey mist floated towards us.A large figure loomed out of the mist.A white mist obscured the top of the hill.Early morning mist still clung to the hollows.It was hard to make out the path in the mist.Soon the sun would break through the mist.The cottage was scarcely visible through the mist.The harbour was covered in a thick mist.The little town had vanished in the mist.The mist had cleared by mid-morning.The origins of Morris dancing are lost in the mists of time.There was a red mist in front of his eyes.When the mist comes down it comes quickly and covers everything.a swirling mista thin mist rising from the riveran early morning mistShe gazed at him through a mist of tears.The hills were shrouded in mist.

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Plantar

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plan·tar  ​adjective BrE /ˈplæntə(r)/ NAmE /ˈplæntər/ [only before noun](anatomy)of or related to the bottom of the foot

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Rush

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rushverb rushed rush  ​noun BrE /rʌʃ/ NAmE /rʌʃ/ fast movement1 [singular] a sudden strong movementShoppers made a rush for the exits. She was trampled in the rush to get out. They listened to the rush of the sea below. The door blew open, letting in a rush of cold air. He had a rush of blood to the head (= suddenly lost control of himself) and punched the man. hurry2 [singular, uncountable] a situation in which you are in a hurry and need to do things quicklyI canʼt stop—Iʼm in a rush. Whatʼs the rush? ‘Iʼll let you have the book back tomorrow.ʼ ‘ Thereʼs no rush.ʼ The words came out in a rush. The note looked like it had been written in a rush.Iʼm not in any rush to get back to work.The trip to Paris was all a mad rush.a rush job (= one that has been done quickly)busy situation3 [singular] a situation in which people are very busy and there is a lot of activityBook now and avoid the last-minute rush. The evening rush was just starting. the Christmas rushof feeling4 [singular] rush (of something) a sudden strong emotion or sign of strong emotiona sudden rush of excitement/​fear/​anger5 [singular] a sudden feeling of extreme pleasure or excitementParachuting will give you the rush of a lifetime. Users of the drug report experiencing a rush that lasts several minutes. sudden demand6 [singular] rush (on/​for something) a sudden large demand for goods, etc.Thereʼs been a rush on umbrellas this week. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​gold rushplant7 [countable, usually plural] a tall plant like grass that grows near water. Its long thin stems can be dried and used for making baskets, the seats of chairs, etc.rush mattingof film/​movie8 rushes [plural] (specialist) the first prints of a film/​movie before they have been editedin American football9 [countable] an occasion when a player or players run towards a player on the other team who has the ballThere was a rush on the quarterback. 10 [countable] an occasion when a player runs forward with the ballJohnson carried the ball an average of 6 yards per rush. in American colleges11 [singular] (North American English) the time when parties are held for students who want to join a fraternity or sororityrush weeka rush party▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Do your Christmas shopping early and avoid the rush.During rush hour the drive may take up to twice as long.Iʼve been in a mad rush all day.Nothing can beat that adrenalin rush.She experienced a sudden rush of emotion.She felt a rush of blood to her face.The film ended, and there was a rush for the exits.Weʼve had a rush on at the office, dealing with the backlog of orders.You can see that the painting was a rush job.a last-minute rush for ticketsa sudden rush of tourist traffic‘Iʼll let you have the book back tomorrow.ʼ ‘ Thereʼs no rush. ʼHe felt a sudden rush of excitement.I canʼt stop—Iʼm in a rush.The Christmas rush seems to start earlier every year.The words came out in a rush.Whatʼs the rush?When she heard his voice it was with a rush of relief.You often get an adrenalin rush as the race begins. Idiomsgive somebody/​get the ˌbumʼs ˈrush(informal, especially North American English) to force somebody/​be forced to leave a place quicklyHe was soon given the bumʼs rush from the club.

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Liability

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li·abil·ity  ​noun BrE /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ NAmE /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ (pl. li·abil·ities)1 [uncountable] liability (for something) | liability (to do something) the state of being legally responsible for somethingThe company cannot accept liability for any damage caused by natural disasters. 2 [countable, usually singular] (informal) a person or thing that causes you a lot of problemsSince his injury, Jones has become more of a liability than an asset to the team. The debate on Europe is proving to be something of a liability for the Prime Minister.3 [countable, usually plural] the amount of money that a person or company owesThe company is reported to have liabilities of nearly $90 000. Our financial advisers will concentrate on minimizing your tax liabilities and maximizing your income.➔ COMPARE  ​asset▼ Extra examples    The company has liabilities to its employees.There is enough money to cover existing liabilities.They have denied liability for the accident.They have no legal liability for damage to customersʼ possessions.an assessment of the companyʼs financial liabilitiesThe company is reported to have liabilities of nearly $90 000.

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Unsolicited

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un·soli·cit·ed  ​adjective BrE /ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd/ NAmE /ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd/ not asked for and sometimes not wantedunsolicited adviceThe record company receives dozens of unsolicited demo tapes each week.

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Fend

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Verbsˌfend for your self to take care of yourself without help from anyone else

His parents agreed to pay the rent for his apartment but otherwise left him to fend for himself.

The fox was released into the wild when it was old enough to fend for itself.

The children were left to fend for themselves.

We can let our guests fend for themselves.

ˌfend something/​somebody ˈoff1 to defend or protect yourself from something/​somebody that is attacking you ➔ SYNONYM  ​fight off, ward off

The police officer fended off the blows with his riot shield.

2 to protect yourself from difficult questions, criticisms, etc., especially by avoiding them ➔ SYNONYM  ​ward offShe managed to fend off questions about new tax increases. The Prime Minister fended off three challenges to her leadership.

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complicit

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com·pli·cit  adjective BrE /kəmˈplɪsɪt/ NAmE /kəmˈplɪsɪt/ complicit (in/​with somebody/​something) involved with other people in something wrong or illegalSeveral officers were complicit in the cover-up.

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Crane

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crane  ​noun NAmE /kreɪn/ 1 a tall machine with a long arm, used to lift and move building materials and other heavy objects2 a large bird with long legs and a long neck

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Trawler

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a fishing boat that uses large nets that it drags through the sea behind it

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Freight

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freight  ​noun BrE /freɪt/ NAmE /freɪt/ [uncountable] goods that are transported by ships, planes, trains or lorries/​trucks; the system of transporting goods in this wayto send goods by air freighta freight businesspassenger and freight transportation services▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    All vehicles carrying freight need a special permit.The freight was transferred to a train at Rotterdam.The trainʼs freight wagons can carry a fully-laden lorry.an agent handling freight and passengersA freight train pulled into the station.Local freight charges can be extremely high.She runs a freight business in southern Germany.The new road will be open to freight traffic only.The total amount of freight transported on roads has risen by 150% in the past decade.The trains were designed specifically to haul freight.Their ships carry freight between Dunkirk and Dover.We tend to use air freight for lighter goods.

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Detachable

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de·tach·able  ​adjective BrE /dɪˈtætʃəbl/ NAmE /dɪˈtætʃəbl/ that can be taken off ➔ SYNONYM  ​removablea coat with a detachable hoodThe handle is detachable from the bag.The lid is fully detachable.

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Deck

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deck  ​noun BrE /dek/ NAmE /dek/ 1 the top outside floor of a ship or boatI was the only person on deck at that time of night. As the storm began, everyone disappeared below deck(s).2 one of the floors of a ship or a busthe upper/​lower/​main deck of a shipWe sat on the top deck of the bus. My cabin is on deck C. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​double-decker, flight deck, single-decker3 (also ˌdeck of ˈcards) (both especially North American English) (especially British English pack) a complete set of 52 playing cards4 a wooden floor that is built outside the back of a house where you can sit and relax5 a part of a sound system that records and/​or plays sounds on a disc or tapea cassette/​tape deck▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The passengers were trapped below deck.We were sitting on the top deck of the bus.When we heard the alarm, we went up on deck.After dinner we sat out on the deck. Idiomsall ˌhands on ˈdeck(also all ˌhands to the ˈpump)(saying, humorous) everyone helps or must help, especially in a difficult situationThere are 30 people coming to dinner tonight, so itʼs all hands on deck. clear the ˈdecks(informal) to prepare for an activity, event, etc. by removing anything that is not essential to ithit the ˈdeck(informal) to fall to the ground

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Snuggle

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snug·gle  ​verb NAmE /ˈsnʌɡl/ to get into, or to put somebody/​something into, a warm comfortable position, especially close to somebody+ adv./​prep. The child snuggled up to her mother. He snuggled down under the bedclothes. She snuggled closer. snuggle something + adv./​prep. He snuggled his head onto her shoulder. ▼ Extra examples    He snuggled back under the covers.I snuggled down in my bed.She slipped her arm through his and snuggled close.She snuggled into her sleeping bag and closed her eyes.We snuggled up together on the couch.

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Cannabis

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can·na·bis  ​noun BrE /ˈkænəbɪs/ NAmE /ˈkænəbɪs/ [uncountable]a drug made from the dried leaves and flowers or resin of the hemp plant, which is smoked or eaten and which gives the user a feeling of being relaxed. Use of the drug is illegal in many countriesTraces of cannabis were found in the pilotʼs blood.

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Irrationality

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ir·ration·al·ity  ​noun

NAmE /ɪˌræʃəˈnæləti/ [uncountable, countable, usually singular]the fact of not being based on, or not using, clear logical thoughtthe irrationality of prejudice➔ OPPOSITE  ​rationality

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Veer

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veer  ​verb NAmE /vɪr/ 1 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. (especially of a vehicle) to change direction suddenly ➔ SYNONYM  ​swerveThe bus veered onto the wrong side of the road. It is still not clear why the missile veered off course.2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. (of a conversation or way of behaving or thinking) to change in the way it developsThe debate veered away from the main topic of discussion. His emotions veered between fear and anger. 3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. (specialist) (of the wind) to change directionThe wind veered to the west. ▼ Extra examplesHe veered between the extremes of optimism and pessimism.He veered left towards them.His poetry veered dangerously close to sentimentalism.The car veered off the road.The missile veered wildly off course.The path veers sharply to the right.The plane veered away to the left.The play veers from loopy comedy to serious moralizing.The ship veered round wildly in the rough sea.

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Soothe

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soothe  ​verb BrE /suːð/ NAmE /suːð/ ▶ Verb Forms1 soothe somebody to make somebody who is anxious, upset, etc. feel calmer ➔ SYNONYM  ​calmThe music soothed her for a while. Only when Maisie came to hold him and soothe his fears did he feel safe.2 soothe something to make a tense or painful part of your body feel more comfortable ➔ SYNONYM  ​relieveThis should soothe the pain. Take a warm bath to soothe tense, tired muscles. ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˈsoothe something awayto remove a pain or an unpleasant feelingThe pain can be soothed away with massage.She quickly soothed away his fears.

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Ego

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ego  ​noun BrE /ˈiːɡəʊ/ , /ˈeɡəʊ/ NAmE /ˈiːɡoʊ/ (pl. egos)1 your sense of your own value and importanceHe has the biggest ego of anyone Iʼve ever met. Winning the prize really boosted her ego. 2 (psychology) the part of the mind that is responsible for your sense of who you are (= your identity)➔ COMPARE  ​id, superego➔ SEE ALSO  ​alter ego▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      He was lucky to escape with just a bruised ego when he fell off his bike.It was a huge blow to his ego to find out he was so unpopular.Professionals need to check their egos and change their techniques.She likes to mix with people who flatter her ego.a conceited man with a very big egoFreud introduced the idea that a part of the ego is unconscious.He has the biggest ego of anyone Iʼve ever met.The part of the ego which does the criticizing is the conscience.Unconditional surrender was more than his fragile ego could bear.Winning the prize really boosted her ego

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Haunt

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haunt  ​verb BrE /hɔːnt/ NAmE /hɔːnt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 haunt something/​somebody if the ghost of a dead person haunts a place, people say that they have seen it thereA headless rider haunts the country lanes. Iʼll come back to haunt you!2 haunt somebody if something unpleasant haunts you, it keeps coming to your mind so that you cannot forget itThe memory of that day still haunts me. For years she was haunted by guilt. 3 haunt somebody to continue to cause problems for somebody for a long timeThat decision came back to haunt him. She has been haunted by her past during her career.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He said he would come back to haunt her.He will be haunted forever by his failed attempt to rescue the children.That decision came back to haunt him in later life.These visions continued to haunt her for many years.a Norman castle which is reputedly hauntedthe great fear that still haunts her

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Rationality

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ra·tion·al·ity  ​noun BrE /ˌræʃəˈnæləti/ NAmE /ˌræʃəˈnæləti/ [uncountable]1 the fact of being based on reason rather than emotions ➔ SYNONYM  ​reasonablenessthe rationality of his argument2 the ability to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions ➔ SYNONYM  ​reasonablenessShe prides herself on her rationality.➔ OPPOSITE  ​irrationality

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Counteract

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coun·ter·act  ​verb NAmE /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/ counteract something to do something to reduce or prevent the bad or harmful effects of something ➔ SYNONYM  ​counterThese exercises aim to counteract the effects of stress and tension. ▼ Extra examples    By pausing for a moment or two before speaking you will simply be counteracting a nervous tendency to rush headlong into everything.She liked to keep busy all the time to counteract the feelings of uselessness that overcame her whenever she had nothing to do.The thrust of the rocket engines counteracts gravity.

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Cultivate

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cul·ti·vate  ​verb BrE /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ NAmE /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 cultivate something to prepare and use land for growing plants or cropsThe land around here has never been cultivated. ▶ Wordfinder2 cultivate something to grow plants or crops ➔ SYNONYM  ​growThe people cultivate mainly rice and beans. 3 cultivate somebody/​something (sometimes disapproving) to try to get somebodyʼs friendship or supportHe purposely tried to cultivate good relations with the press. It helps if you go out of your way to cultivate the local people. 4 cultivate something to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc.She cultivated an air of sophistication. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Olives have been cultivated successfully in southern Australia.The land here has been intensively cultivated for generations.This modern image is actively cultivated by the company.

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Potential

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po·ten·tial  ​noun BrE /pəˈtenʃl/ NAmE /pəˈtenʃl/ 1 [uncountable] the possibility of something happening or being developed or usedpotential (for) the potential for changepotential (for doing something) The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales. 2 [uncountable] qualities that exist and can be developed ➔ SYNONYM  ​promiseAll children should be encouraged to realize their full potential. She has great potential as an artist. He has the potential to become a world-class musician. The house has a lot of potential. 3 [uncountable, countable] (physics) the difference in voltage between two points in an electric field or circuit▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He believes that religion allows us to develop our human potential.John Cadbury could see the potential for his product.She showed great potential as an actor.Signing for a top club would enable him to fulfil his true potential.The new business offers great potential for growth.They were among the first companies to exploit the potential of the Internet.This young man has enormous potential.Weʼre looking for a trainee with potential.You arenʼt using your computer to its full potential.an industry that has the potential for growthhis dream of fulfilling his true potentialAll children should be encouraged to realize their full potential.It is clear that the potential for change is there.

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Representative

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rep·re·sen·ta·tive 

NAmE /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ representative (of somebody/​something)1 a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for somebody else or on behalf of a groupa representative of the UNour elected representatives in governmenta union representativeThe committee includes representatives from industry. ▶ Wordfinder2 (informal rep) a person who works for a company and travels around selling its productsa sales representativeSheʼs our representative in France. 3 a person chosen to take the place of somebody elseHe was the Queenʼs representative at the ceremony. 4 a person who is typical of a particular groupThe singer is regarded as a representative of the youth of her generation. 5 Representative (abbreviation Rep.) (in the US) a member of the House of Representatives, the Lower House of Congress; a member of the House of Representatives in the lower house of a state parliament▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I was the sole representative of the committee.Management are obliged to consult with union representatives about changes to conditions.The association is sending representatives to the conference.The country has a new supreme representative body.The negotiations were attended by representatives of several states.They have recalled their representatives from the negotiations.a nursing representative on the infection control committeea panel of media representativesa representative for international shipping companieshis success as a full-time financial representativerepresentatives from citizensʼ groupsrepresentatives to a conferencethe Algerian permanent representative at the UNthe UN special representative for CyprusHe was the Queenʼs representative at the ceremony.He works as a sales representative for an insurance company.I was voted student representative for my class.Our elected representatives in government should be doing something about this.Sheʼs our representative in France.

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Hands-on

Philanthropic

Stepped in

Godsend

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hands-on - involved with something by doing some of the work

philanthropic - helping disadvantaged people, often by giving money

stepped in - got involved to help

godsend - much needed but unexpected offer of help

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Distribution

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dis·tri·bu·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ NAmE /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ 1 [uncountable, countable] the way that something is shared or exists over a particular area or among a particular group of peoplethe unfair distribution of wealthThe map shows the distribution of this species across the world. They studied the geographical distribution of the disease. 2 [uncountable] the act of giving or delivering something to a number of peoplethe distribution of food and medicines to the flood victimsHe was arrested on drug distribution charges. Electronic media make the potential for information distribution possible on a scale never before achieved. 3 [uncountable] (business) the system of transporting and delivering goodsdistribution costsworldwide distribution systemsmarketing, sales and distribution▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    2 000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution.After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution.Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food.Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river.Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement.I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition.IQs within the population show a normal distribution.Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution.Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease.Roads are used for local distribution of goods.The Internet is our distribution platform now.The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base.The company has distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide.The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe.The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities.The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources.The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free distribution.The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution.The food was packed up for distribution to outlying communities.The previously free distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy.The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors.The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US.There are more firearms in the distribution pipeline than most people realize.There are savings to be made by bypassing retailers in the chain of distribution.These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine.These birds have a wide geographical distribution.We have many distribution channels for our software, including electronic distribution.When are distributions likely to be made to creditors?a disparity in age distribution between groupsa normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curvean atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseasesan equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groupschanges in the distribution of wealth and incomedata on wealth distribution among age groupsdistribution through department storesemail distribution listsfood for distribution among the homelessfree colour leaflets for distribution overseasland distribution policiespeople at the low end of the distribution curve of intelligencethe broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europethe creation of 1 500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programmethe distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new taxthe distribution of resources across societythe distribution of the health budget between various hospitalsthe distribution of trees over the estatethe electronic distribution of software to customersthe general distribution of earthquakes around the worldthe relative distribution of continents and oceansthe social class distribution of the male populationthe wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goodsthe wider distribution of wealth throughout societyto allow for the distribution of aidto ensure a fair distribution of wealthto ensure the proper distribution of medical aiduniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timberEuropean distribution is handled from our centre in the Netherlands.He worked in the milk distribution business.The poor transport system means we have high distribution costs.They have systems in place for sales, distribution and marketing.the distribution of food and medicine to the flood victims

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Devote

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de·vote  ​verb NAmE /dɪˈvoʊt/ ▼ Extra examplesShe devoted herself entirely to writing.He devoted a lifetime to working with disabled children.He devoted all his attention to his mother.I could only devote two hours a day to work on the projectMost companies devote resources to quality control and product testing. Phrasal Verbsdeˈvote yourself to somebody/​somethingto give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to somebody/​somethingShe devoted herself to her career. deˈvote something to somethingto give an amount of time, attention, etc. to somethingI could only devote two hours a day to the work.

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Remiss

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re·miss  ​adjective BrE /rɪˈmɪs/ NAmE /rɪˈmɪs/ [not before noun](formal)not giving something enough care and attention ➔ SYNONYM  ​negligentremiss (of somebody) (to do something) It was remiss of them not to inform us of these changes sooner. remiss (in something/​in doing something) She had clearly been remiss in her duty.

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Control freak

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conˈtrol freak  ​noun BrE NAmE (informal, disapproving)a person who always wants to be in control of their own and othersʼ lives, and to organize how things are done

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Affluent

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NAmE /ˈæfluənt/ (formal)having a lot of money and a good standard of living ➔ SYNONYM  ​prosperous, wealthyaffluent Western countriesa very affluent neighbourhood▼ Synonyms    richwealthy prosperous affluent well off comfortableThese words all describe somebody/​​something that has a lot of money, property or valuable possessions.rich (of a person) having a lot of money, property or valuable possessions; (of a country or city) producing a lot of wealth so that many of its people can live at a high standardwealthy richrich or wealthy?There is no real difference in meaning between these two words. Both are very frequent, but rich is more frequent and can be used in some fixed phrases where wealthy cannot: Heʼs stinking/​​filthy wealthy. Itʼs a favourite resort for the wealthy and famous.prosperous (rather formal) rich and successfulaffluent (rather formal) rich and with a good standard of living: affluent Western countries prosperous or affluent?Both prosperous and affluent are used to talk about people and places. Prosperous is used much more than affluent to talk about times and periods. Affluent is often used to contrast rich people or societies with poor ones. Being prosperous is nearly always seen as a good thing:  Itʼs good to see you looking so prosperous.Itʼs good to see you looking so affluent.well off (often used in negative sentences) rich: His family is not very well off.    The opposite of well off is badly off, but this is not very frequent; it is more common to say that somebody is not well off. comfortable having enough money to buy what you want without worrying about the cost: Theyʼre not millionaires, but theyʼre certainly very comfortable.Patternsa(n) rich/​​wealthy/​​prosperous/​​affluent/​​well-off familya rich/​​wealthy/​​prosperous/​​well-off man/​​womana(n) rich/​​wealthy/​​prosperous/​​affluent country/​​city

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Rip

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riot shield ripnoun rip  ​verb BrE /rɪp/ NAmE /rɪp/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they rip BrE /rɪp/ ; NAmE /rɪp/ he /​ she /​ it rips BrE /rɪps/ ; NAmE /rɪps/ past simple: ripped BrE /rɪpt/ ; NAmE /rɪpt/ past participle: ripped BrE /rɪpt/ ; NAmE /rɪpt/ -ing form: ripping BrE /ˈrɪpɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈrɪpɪŋ/      ​1 [transitive, intransitive] to tear something or to become torn, often suddenly or violentlyrip (something) I ripped my jeans on the fence. The flags had been ripped in two. The nail ripped a hole in my jacket.I heard the tent rip. rip something + adj. She ripped the letter open. 2 [transitive] rip something + adv./​prep. to remove something quickly or violently, often by pulling itHe ripped off his tie. The carpet had been ripped from the stairs. Half of the house was ripped away in the explosion.3 [transitive] rip something (computing) to copy sound or video files from a website or CD on to a computer4 (computing) ➔ =  ​rasterize▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomslet ˈrip (at somebody)(informal) to speak or do something with great force, enthusiasm, etc. and without controlWhen she gets angry with her boyfriend, she really lets rip at him. The group let rip with a single from their new album. let ˈrip, let something ˈrip(informal)1 to go or allow something such as a car to go as fast as possibleOnce on the open road, he let rip. Come on Steve—let her rip. 2 to do something or to allow something to happen as fast as possibleThis would cause inflation to let rip again. rip somebody/​something aˈpart/​to ˈshreds/​to ˈbits, etc.to destroy something; to criticize somebody very stronglyˌtear/​ˌrip the ˈheart out of somethingto destroy the most important part or aspect of somethingClosing the factory tore the heart out of the community.tear/​rip somebody ˌlimb from ˈlimb(often humorous) to attack somebody very violentlyPhrasal Verbsˈrip at somethingto attack something violently, usually by tearing or cutting itThe bird ripped at its rivalʼs throat with its beak.ˌrip ˈinto somebody (for/​with something)to criticize somebody and tell them that you are very angry with themˌrip ˈinto/​ˈthrough somebody/​somethingto go very quickly and violently into or through somebody/​somethingA bullet ripped into his shoulder. An explosion ripped through their home.ˌrip somebody ˈoff[usually passive] (informal) to cheat somebody, by making them pay too much, by selling them something of poor quality, etc.Tourists complain of being ripped off by local cab drivers. ➔ RELATED NOUN  ​rip-offˌrip something ˈoff(informal) to steal somethingThieves broke in and ripped off five computers. ˌrip something ˈupto tear something into small piecesHe ripped up the letter and threw it in the fire.

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Boom

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boom  ​verb BrE /buːm/ NAmE /buːm/ ▶ Verb Formsmake loud sound1 [intransitive] to make a loud deep soundOutside, thunder boomed and crashed. 2 [transitive, intransitive] to say something in a loud deep voice+ speech ‘Get out of my sight!ʼ he boomed. boom (out) A voice boomed out from the darkness. He had a booming voice. of business/​economy3 [intransitive] to have a period of rapid growth; to become bigger, more successful, etc.By the 1980s, the computer industry was booming. Business is booming! ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A voice from the loudspeaker boomed out, ‘Good evening, ladies and gentlemenʼ.Loud music boomed from the public-address system.A crash of thunder boomed so loudly that the floor shook.The club scene was booming.The shipʼs gun boomed and the shot fell only a hundred metres away.Tourist numbers have boomed in recent years.

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Grant

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grant  ​verb BrE /ɡrɑːnt/ NAmE /ɡrænt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [often passive] to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do somethinggrant something My request was granted. grant somebody something I was granted permission to visit the palace. She was granted a divorce. He was granted a licence to mine in the area.The bank finally granted me a £500 loan. grant something to somebody/​something The bank finally granted a £500 loan to me. These lands had been granted to the family in perpetuity.2 to admit that something is true, although you may not like or agree with itgrant somebody Sheʼs a smart woman, I grant you, but sheʼs no genius. grant (somebody) (that)… I grant you (that) it looks good, but itʼs not exactly practical.▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomstake somebody/​something for ˈgrantedto be so used to somebody/​something that you do not recognize their true value any more and do not show that you are gratefulHer husband was always there and she just took him for granted. We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted. take it for ˈgranted (that…)to believe something is true without first making sure that it isI just took it for granted that heʼd always be around. She seemed to take it for granted that I would go with her to New York.

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Archenemy

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a personʼs main enemy

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Polar

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polar  ​adjective NAmE /ˈpoʊlər/ [only before noun]1 connected with, or near the North or South Polethe polar regionspolar icepolar explorers2 (specialist) connected with the poles (= the positive and negative ends) of a magnetpolar attraction3 (formal) used to describe something that is the complete opposite of something elseThe parentsʼ position is often the polar opposite of the childʼs. ▶ Word Origin

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Oligarchy

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/ˈɑːləɡɑːrki/

(pl. oli·garchies)1 [uncountable] a form of government in which only a small group of people hold all the power2 [countable + singular or plural verb] the people who hold power in an oligarchy3 [countable] a country governed by an oligarchy

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Preeminent

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pre-ˈeminent  ​adjective BrE NAmE (formal)more important, more successful or of a higher standard than others ➔ SYNONYM  ​outstanding

a pre-eminent example of the artistʼs work

Dickens was pre-eminent among English writers of his day.

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Jeopardy

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jeop·ardy  ​noun BrE /ˈdʒepədi/ NAmE /ˈdʒepərdi/ ▶ Word OriginIdiomsin ˈjeopardyin a dangerous position or situation and likely to be lost or harmedThe civil war has put thousands of lives in jeopardy.The future of the school and 50 jobs are in jeopardy.Thousands of jobs could be in jeopardy.

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Inevitable

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in·ev·it·able  ​adjective BrE /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ NAmE /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ 1 that you cannot avoid or prevent ➔ SYNONYM  ​unavoidableIt was an inevitable consequence of the decision. It was inevitable that there would be job losses. A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. 2 [only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect itthe English and their inevitable cups of tea3 the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happenYou have to accept the inevitable. The inevitable happened—I forgot my passport. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She bowed to the inevitable= accepted a situation in which she had no choice and resigned.The scandal made her resignation inevitable.They came to see defeat as inevitable.A rise in interest rates seems inevitable.It was inevitable that there would be job losses.

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Ambiguous

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am·bigu·ous  ​adjective bre /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ name /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ 1 that can be understood in more than one way; having different meaningsan ambiguous word/​term/​statementher account was deliberately ambiguous. 2 not clearly stated or definedhis role has always been ambiguous. ➔ opposite  ​unambiguous▶ word origin▼ extra examples   

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Farewell

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fare·well  ​noun BrE /ˌfeəˈwel/ NAmE /ˌferˈwel/ [countable, uncountable] the act of saying goodbye to somebodyShe said her farewells and left. Maria raised her hand in farewell.a farewell party/​drink, etc.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        I said a silent farewell to my home as I left for the city.I waved farewell to my friends from the deck of the ship.Is this farewell or will we see each other again?Let me give her a farewell kiss.She was sorry to bid farewell to Portugal.The court dignitaries made their farewells to the emperor.The families made their farewells to each other.The team was given an emotional farewell by a crowd of 500 000.They exchanged fond farewells at the railway station.This famous warplane is about to make its farewell appearance.We bade them a final farewell.a farewell letter to my familythe bandʼs farewell tour

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Bid

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bidnoun biddable bid2  ​verb BrE /bɪd/ NAmE /bɪd/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ he /​ she /​ it bids BrE /bɪdz/ ; NAmE /bɪdz/ past simple: bade BrE /beɪd/ , /bæd/ ; NAmE /beɪd/ , /bæd/ past simple: bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ past participle: bidden BrE /ˈbɪdn/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪdn/ past participle: bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ -ing form: bidding BrE /ˈbɪdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪdɪŋ/   1 bid (somebody) good morning, farewell, etc. (formal) to say ‘good morningʼ, etc. to somebodyI bade farewell to all the friends I had made in Paris. I bade all my friends farewell. He bade farewell to the city where he had been so happy.He bade her good day and left.2 bid somebody (do something) (old use or literary) to tell somebody to do somethingHe bade me come closer.

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Bid

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bicyclist bidnoun bid1  ​verb BrE /bɪd/ NAmE /bɪd/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ he /​ she /​ it bids BrE /bɪdz/ ; NAmE /bɪdz/ past simple: bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ past participle: bid BrE /bɪd/ ; NAmE /bɪd/ -ing form: bidding BrE /ˈbɪdɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈbɪdɪŋ/   1 [intransitive, transitive] to offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auctionbid (something) (for something) I bid £2 000 for the painting. bid (against somebody) We wanted to buy the chairs but another couple were bidding against us. 2 [intransitive] bid (for something) (North American English also) bid (on something) | bid (to do something) to offer to do work or provide a service for a particular price, in competition with other companies, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​tenderA French firm will be bidding for the contract. ▶ Wordfinder3 [transitive] bid to do something (used especially in newspapers) to try to do, get or achieve something ➔ SYNONYM  ​attemptThe team is bidding to retain its place in the league. 4 [transitive, intransitive] bid (something) (in some card games) to say how many points you expect to winShe bid four hearts. ▼ Extra examples    He bade farewell to the city where he had been so happy.He bade her good day and left.She bid $10 000 for the painting.Two dealers bid against each other for the antique table.We have successfully bid for the contract.Which other cities are bidding to host the 2016 Olympics? Idiomswhat am I ˈbid?used by an auctioneer when he or she is selling somethingWhat am I bid for this vase?

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Impending

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im·pend·ing  ​adjective BrE /ɪmˈpendɪŋ/ NAmE /ɪmˈpendɪŋ/ [only before noun](usually of an unpleasant event) that is going to happen very soon ➔ SYNONYM  ​imminent

his impending retirement

warnings of impending danger/​disaster

They were all filled with a sense of impending doom.

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Assembly

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as·sem·bly  ​noun BrE /əˈsembli/ NAmE /əˈsembli/ (pl. as·sem·blies)1 (also Assembly) [countable] a group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or countrystate/​legislative/​federal/​local assembliesPower has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies. The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget. the California Assemblythe UN General Assemblyassembly electionsan elected assembly2 [uncountable, countable] the meeting together of a group of people for a particular purpose; a group of people who meet together for a particular purposeThey were fighting for freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. He was to address a public assembly on the issue. an assembly point (= a place where people have been asked to meet)3 [countable, uncountable] a meeting of the teachers and students in a school, usually at the start of the day, to give information, discuss school events or say prayers togetherThe deputy headmaster was taking (= leading) school assembly that day.4 [uncountable] the process of putting together the parts of something such as a vehicle or piece of furniturePutting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job. a car assembly plantthe correct assembly of the parts▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Some assembly is required.South Korea voted for its National Assembly this week.The announcement was made during morning assembly.The assembly voted to delay the legislation to allow further consultation to take place.The company has twenty assembly plants in Europe.These issues have been discussed in the local assemblies.They demanded the right to hold peaceful assemblies.This factory deals with final assembly and testing.We hold an assembly every morning.When the fire alarm sounds, leave the building and proceed to your assembly point.furniture designed for home assemblyworkers on the assembly lineIʼm playing the flute in assembly tomorrow morning.Laws governing freedom of assembly were gradually being relaxed.Some assembly of the equipment is required.The party has only 3 seats in the 51-seat National Assembly.There is a whole school assembly every Friday morning.Workers rushed to their designated assembly points.

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Acropolis

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acrop·olis  ​noun BrE /əˈkrɒpəlɪs/ NAmE /əˈkrɑːpəlɪs/ (in an ancient Greek city) a castle, or an area that is designed to resist attack, especially one on top of a hill

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Debate

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NAmE /dɪˈbeɪt/   1 [transitive, intransitive] to discuss something, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution ➔ SYNONYM  ​discussdebate (something) Politicians will be debating the bill later this week. The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated (= strongly argued about) by scientists. debate whether, what, etc… The committee will debate whether to lower the age of club membership to 16. ▶ Synonyms2 [intransitive, transitive] to think carefully about something before making a decisiondebate (with yourself) She debated with herself for a while, and then picked up the phone. debate whether, what, etc… Weʼre debating whether or not to go skiing this winter. debate doing something For a moment he debated going after her. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples   

    He sat there debating with himself what to do.The issue is still being hotly debated.The question of security needs to be debated publicly.The report has been widely debated in the industry.a presidential candidate debating with his opponentShe debated with herself for a while and then picked up the phone.The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated by scientists.Weʼre debating whether or not to go skiing this winter

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Assumption

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as·sump·tion  ​noun BrE /əˈsʌmpʃn/ NAmE /əˈsʌmpʃn/ 1 [countable] a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proofan underlying/​implicit assumptionWe need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy. We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up. It was impossible to make assumptions about peopleʼs reactions. His actions were based on a false assumption. She arrived at college with a whole set of assumptions inherited from her family.2 [countable, uncountable] assumption of something (formal) the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibilitytheir assumption of power/​controlthe assumption of responsibility by the government for the disaster▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Lots of evidence supports this assumption.Sheʼs always making assumptions about how much money people have.There is an underlying assumption that the unemployed are reluctant to work.We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe.Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.assumptions about how women should behaveshared assumptions between teachers and parentsthe assumptions underlying their beliefsI really donʼt like you making assumptions about what I think.The underlying assumption is that young people are incapable of knowing their own minds.There is a general but false assumption that intelligent people do better in life.They are basing their costs on the assumption that about 10 000 people will need to be rehoused.We are working on the assumption that about 50 people will turn up.We need to establish a basic set of assumptions before we can continue

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Outrage

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out·rage  ​noun BrE /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/ NAmE /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/ 1 [uncountable] a strong feeling of shock and angerThe judgeʼs remarks caused public outrage. She was filled with an overwhelming sense of outrage.Environmentalists have expressed outrage at the ruling. 2 [countable] an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry ➔ SYNONYM  ​atrocityNo one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      Media reports generated moral outrage.Much of the outrage was directed at foreign nationals.She was trembling with outrage.Shopkeepers voiced their outrage at the new tax.The announcement provoked howls of outrage.The guests all shouted in outrage.The new law on pensions is an outrage against the elderly.The news was greeted with outrage.There is widespread public outrage over the massacre.the outrages committed by the invading armyShe was filled with an overwhelming sense of moral outrage.The judgeʼs remarks caused public outrage

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Oppressed

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op·pressed  ​adjective BrE /əˈprest/ NAmE /əˈprest/

1 treated in a cruel and unfair way and not given the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people

oppressed minorities

2 the oppressed noun [plural] people who are oppressed

His sympathies were always with the poor and the oppressed.

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Trafficking

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traf·fick·ing  ​noun BrE /ˈtræfɪkɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈtræfɪkɪŋ/ [uncountable]the activity of buying and selling something illegallydrug trafficking

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Premise

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prem·ise (also British English, less frequent prem·iss)  ​noun BrE /ˈpremɪs/ NAmE /ˈpremɪs/ (formal)a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argumentthe basic premise of her argumenta false premiseHis reasoning is based on the premise that all people are equally capable of good and evil. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      The argument rests on a false premise.The basic premise of this argument is deeply flawed.The premise on which they worked was that there would always be enough natural resources to support them

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Dehumanization

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de·hu·man·iza·tion  ​noun (British English also -isa·tion)BrE /ˌdiːˌhjuːmənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌdiːˌhjuːmənəˈzeɪʃn/ [uncountable]the act of making somebody lose their human qualities such as kindness, pity, etc.the dehumanization of people in times of war

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Disproportionately

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dis·pro·por·tion·ately  ​adverb BrE /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/ NAmE /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənətli/ in a way that is too large or too small when compared with something elseThe lower-paid spend a disproportionately large amount of their earnings on food.

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Surveillance

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sur·veil·lance  ​noun BrE /sɜːˈveɪləns/ NAmE /sɜːrˈveɪləns/ [uncountable]the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed ➔ SYNONYM  ​observationThe police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance. surveillance cameras/​equipment▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples 

The countryʼs borders are kept under constant surveillance.The images were covertly captured on surveillance tape.The suspects are under police surveillance.The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.There are surveillance cameras mounted above each entrance.

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Execute

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exe·cute  ​verb BrE /ˈeksɪkjuːt/ NAmE /ˈeksɪkjuːt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [usually passive] execute somebody (for something) to kill somebody, especially as a legal punishmentHe was executed for treason. The prisoners were executed by firing squad. ▶ Wordfinder2 execute something (formal) to do a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc.They drew up and executed a plan to reduce fuel consumption. The crime was very cleverly executed. Check that the computer has executed your commands. 3 execute something (formal) to successfully perform a skilful action or movementThe pilot executed a perfect landing. 4 execute something (formal) to make or produce a work of artPicasso also executed several landscapes at Horta de San Juan. 5 execute something (law) to follow the instructions in a legal document; to make a document legally validHis will was executed by his lawyers in 2008.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States.The agreement had been duly executed.The movement was beautifully executed.The second goal was superbly executed.The testator made a valid will, duly executed with the assistance of solicitors in 1998.a carefully executed and well-presented studyinnocent people who are wrongly executedHe was ultimately executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001.The album contains beautifully executed songs such as ‘Canʼt Explainʼ.The show was cleverly conceived and splendidly executed.a series of perfectly executed pirouettesto execute something beautifully/​​boldly/​​brilliantly/​​cleanly/​​meticulously/​​neatly/​​skilfully/​​successfully/​​well

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Treason

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trea·son  ​noun BrE /ˈtriːzn/ NAmE /ˈtriːzn/ (also ˌhigh ˈtreason)[uncountable]the crime of doing something that could cause danger to your country, such as helping its enemies during a waran act of high treason against the English crownThey were charged with treason and sentenced to death.▶ Word Origin

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Plot

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plot  ​verb BrE /plɒt/ NAmE /plɑːt/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they plot BrE /plɒt/ ; NAmE /plɑːt/ he /​ she /​ it plots BrE /plɒts/ ; NAmE /plɑːts/ past simple: plotted BrE /ˈplɒtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈplɑːtɪd/ past participle: plotted BrE /ˈplɒtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈplɑːtɪd/ -ing form: plotting BrE /ˈplɒtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈplɑːtɪŋ/   1 [intransitive, transitive] to make a secret plan to harm somebody, especially a government or its leader ➔ SYNONYM  ​conspireplot (with somebody) (against somebody) They were accused of plotting against the state. plot something Military officers were suspected of plotting a coup. She spends every waking hour plotting her revenge.plot to do something They were plotting to overthrow the government. 2 [transitive] plot something (on something) to mark something on a map, for example the position or course of somethingThe earthquake centres had been plotted on a world map. He plotted a new route across the Atlantic.3 [transitive] plot something (on something) to make a diagram or chart from some informationWe carefully plotted each patientʼs response to the drug on a chart. 4 [transitive] plot something (on something) to mark points on a graph and draw a line or curve connecting themFirst, plot the temperature curve on the graph. 5 [transitive] plot something to write the plot of a novel, play, etc.a tightly-plotted thriller▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Greenhouse temperature can be plotted against plant growth.He was arrested on suspicion of plotting against the king.Taylor plotted with his daughter to murder her husband.The figures are plotted on a graph.The killings were carefully plotted and not impulsive.The positions of the archaeological finds are accurately plotted.

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Discredit

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Discovery Channel discreditnoun dis·credit  ​verb BrE /dɪsˈkredɪt/ NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪt/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they discredit BrE /dɪsˈkredɪt/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪt/ he /​ she /​ it discredits BrE /dɪsˈkredɪts/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪts/ past simple: discredited BrE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪd/ past participle: discredited BrE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪd/ -ing form: discrediting BrE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /dɪsˈkredɪtɪŋ/   1 discredit somebody/​something to make people stop respecting somebody/​somethingThe photos were deliberately taken to discredit the President. a discredited government/​policy2 discredit something to make people stop believing that something is true; to make something appear unlikely to be trueThese theories are now largely discredited among linguists. This new evidence discredits earlier findings.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She accused the minister of trying to discredit the government.These ideas have now been completely discredited.This was a blatant attempt to discredit this company.This divided and discredited government has lost the trust of the people.

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Plight

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plight  ​noun BrE /plaɪt/ NAmE /plaɪt/ [singular] a difficult and sad situationthe plight of the homelessThe African elephant is in a desperate plight. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

  the desperate plight of flood victimsthe plight of the 1.5 million refugeesA neighbour heard of her plight and offered to help.He has expressed deep concern about the plight of the flood victims.There are better ways to highlight the plight of the homeless

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Incarcerate

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in·car·cer·ate  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt/ NAmE /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms[usually passive] incarcerate somebody (in something) (formal) to put somebody in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape ➔ SYNONYM  ​imprisonThousands were incarcerated in labour camps.

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Uphold

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up·hold  ​verb BrE /ʌpˈhəʊld/ NAmE /ʌpˈhoʊld/ ▶ Verb Forms1 uphold something to support something that you think is right and make sure that it continues to existWe have a duty to uphold the law. The regime has been criticized for failing to uphold human rights.2 uphold something (especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonableto uphold a conviction/​an appeal/​a complaint▼ Extra examples      Three judges unanimously upheld the sentence.We are determined to uphold the law.The regulator refused to uphold the complaint.The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal

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Lawsuit

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law·suit  ​noun BrE /ˈlɔːsuːt/ , also /ˈlɔːsjuːt/ NAmE /ˈlɔːsuːt/ (also suit)a claim or complaint against somebody that a person or an organization can make in courtHe filed a lawsuit against his record company. ▼ Extra examples    She plans to defend the lawsuit vigorously.The company now faces several lawsuits over its failure to protect its employees.The two companies have settled the lawsuit.They are seeking damages in a lawsuit.They have agreed to drop their lawsuit against the Dutch company.a lawsuit against her former husbanda lawsuit over a disputed estateHe faces a lawsuit from a man he punched in a late-night brawl last year.The opening of the factory was delayed because of a lawsuit brought by an environmental group.

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Count

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count  ​noun BrE /kaʊnt/ NAmE /kaʊnt/ total1 [usually singular] an act of counting to find the total number of something; the total number that you find

The bus driver did a quick count of the empty seats.

If the election result is close, there will be a second count. The body count (= the total number of people who have died) stands at 24. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​headcountsaying numbers

2 [usually singular] an act of saying numbers in order beginning with 1

Raise your leg and hold for a count of ten.

He was knocked to the ground and stayed down for a count of eight (= in boxing). On the count of three, take one step forward.measurement3 [usually singular] (specialist) a measurement of the amount of something contained in a particular substance or areaa raised white blood cell count➔ SEE ALSO  ​blood count, pollen countcrime

4 (law) a crime that somebody is accused of committing

They were found guilty on all counts. She appeared in court on three counts of fraud. in discussion/​argument5 [usually plural] a point made during a discussion or an argument

I disagree with you on both counts. rank/​title

6 (in some European countries) a nobleman of high rank, similar to an earl in BritainCount Tolstoy➔ SEE ALSO  ​countess examplesIdiomsat the last ˈcountaccording to the latest information about the numbers of somethingSheʼd applied for 30 jobs at the last count. keep (a) count (of something)to remember or keep a record of numbers or amounts of something over a period of timeKeep a count of your calorie intake for one week. lose count (of something)to forget the total of something before you have finished counting itI lost count and had to start again. She had lost count of the number of times sheʼd told him to be careful (= she could not remember because there were so many). ˌout for the ˈcount(British English)(North American English ˌdown for the ˈcount)1 (of a boxer) unable to get up again within ten seconds after being knocked down2 in a deep sleep

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Plaintiff

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plain·tiff  ​noun BrE /ˈpleɪntɪf/ NAmE /ˈpleɪntɪf/ (less frequent com·plain·ant)(law)a person who makes a formal complaint against somebody in courtThe court upheld the plaintiffʼs claim for damages.The plaintiff must prove that the defendant was negligent.➔ COMPARE  ​defendant▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The plaintiff claimed that the correct procedures had not been followed.The plaintiffs obtained an injunction in the High Court.the lawyer appearing on behalf of the plaintiff

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Summons

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summon summonsverb sum·mons  ​noun BrE /ˈsʌmənz/ NAmE /ˈsʌmənz/ (pl. sum·monses BrE /ˈsʌmənzɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌmənzɪz/ )1 (North American English also cit·ation) an order to appear in courtto issue a summons against somebodyThe police have been unable to serve a summons on him. She received a summons to appear in court the following week. 2 an order to come and see somebodyto obey a royal summons▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He received a summons to appear before the committee.Her neighbours took out a summons against her for noise nuisance.I received an urgent summons to her office.I stayed at home that night awaiting her summons.She received a summons to appear in court.She responded immediately to the summons from her boss.She was ready when the summons came.The landlord issued a summons against her for non-payment of rent.The summons can be served on either of the partners in the business.

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Grin

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grimy grinnoun grin  ​verb

to smile widelyThey grinned with delight when they heard our news. Stop grinning and tell me what happened!He was grinning from ear to ear. grin at somebody She grinned amiably at us. grin something He grinned a wide grin. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsgrin and ˈbear it(only used as an infinitive and in orders) to accept pain, disappointment or a difficult situation without complainingThereʼs nothing we can do about it. Weʼll just have to grin and bear it. smile/​grin/​beam from ear to ˈearto be smiling, etc. a lot because you are very pleased about something

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Slip

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slinky slipnoun slip  ​verb BrE /slɪp/ NAmE /slɪp/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​slide/​fall1 [intransitive] slip (over) to slide a short distance by accident so that you fall or nearly fallShe slipped over on the ice and broke her leg. As I ran up the stairs, my foot slipped and I fell. out of position2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to slide out of position or out of your handHis hat had slipped over one eye. The fish slipped out of my hand. The child slipped from his grasp and ran off. (figurative) She was careful not to let her control slip. go/​put quickly3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to go somewhere quickly and quietly, especially without being noticed ➔ SYNONYM  ​creepShe slipped out of the house before the others were awake. The ship slipped into the harbour at night. (figurative) She knew that time was slipping away. 4 [transitive] to put something somewhere quickly, quietly or secretlyslip something + adv./​prep. Anna slipped her hand into his. He slipped the letter back into its envelope. She slipped her head around the door.I managed to slip a few jokes into my speech. I managed to slip in a few jokes. slip something to somebody Theyʼd slipped some money to the guards. slip somebody something Theyʼd slipped the guards some money. become worse5 [intransitive] to fall to a lower level; to become worseHis popularity has slipped recently. The director never lets the tension slip. Thatʼs three times sheʼs beaten me—I must be slipping! into difficult situation6 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to pass into a particular state or situation, especially a difficult or unpleasant oneHe began to slip into debt. The patient had slipped into a coma. We seem to have slipped behind schedule. clothes on/​off7 [intransitive, transitive] to put clothes on or to take them off quickly and easily+ adv./​prep. to slip into/​out of a dressslip something + adv./​prep. to slip your shoes on/​offHe slipped a coat over his sweatshirt. get free8 [transitive] to get free; to make something/​somebody/​yourself free from somethingslip something The ship had slipped its moorings in the night. The dog slipped its collar.slip (something) + adj. The animal had slipped free and escaped. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomslet ˈslip somethingto give somebody information that is supposed to be secretI happened to let it slip that he had given me £1 000 for the car. She tried not to let slip what she knew. let something ˈslip (through your fingers)to miss or fail to use an opportunityDonʼt let the chance to work abroad slip through your fingers. (slip/​be thrown) out of ˈgear(of emotions or situations) (to become) out of controlShe said nothing in case her temper slipped out of gear. roll/​slip/​trip off the ˈtongueto be easy to say or pronounceItʼs not a name that exactly trips off the tongue, is it? slip your ˈmindif something slips your mind, you forget it or forget to do itIʼm sorry I didnʼt tell you. It completely slipped my mind.ˌslip one ˈover on somebody(informal) to trick somebodyslip through the ˈnetwhen somebody/​something slips through the net, an organization or a system fails to find them and deal with themWe tried to contact all former students, but one or two slipped through the net. Phrasal Verbsˌslip aˈwayto stop existing; to disappear or dieTheir support gradually slipped away. ˌslip ˈoutwhen something slips out, you say it without really intending toIʼm sorry I said that. It just slipped out. ˌslip ˈup(informal) to make a careless mistakeWe canʼt afford to slip up. The government slipped up badly over the scandal.➔ RELATED NOUN  ​slip-up

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Foreman

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fore·man  ​noun BrE /ˈfɔːmən/ NAmE /ˈfɔːrmən/ (pl. fore·men BrE /ˈfɔːmən/ ; NAmE /ˈfɔːrmən/ )1 a male worker who is in charge of a group of other factory or building workersHe got a job as foreman of a building site.WORDFINDER NOTE AT factory2 a man who acts as the leader of a jury in court

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Assure

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assurance assured as·sure  ​verb 1 to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about itassure somebody (that)… You think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.We were assured that everything possible was being done. Sheʼs perfectly safe, I can assure you. assure somebody (of something) We assured him of our support. I wonʼt let you down, I can assure you of that.assure somebody + speech ‘Heʼll come back,ʼ Susan assured her. 2 (formal) to make yourself certain about somethingassure yourself of something He assured himself of her safety. assure yourself that… She assured herself that the letter was still in the drawer. 3 to make something certain to happen ➔ SYNONYM  ​guaranteeassure something Victory would assure a place in the finals. assure somebody something Victory would assure them a place in the finals. This achievement has assured her a place in the history books.4 assure something (British English) to insure something, especially against somebodyʼs deathWhat is the sum assured? ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsrest asˈsured (that…)(formal) used to emphasize that what you say is true or will definitely happenYou may rest assured that we will do all we can to find him.

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Depict

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de·pict  ​verb BrE /dɪˈpɪkt/ NAmE /dɪˈpɪkt/ (rather formal)▶ Verb Forms1 to show an image of somebody/​something in a picturedepict somebody/​something (as somebody/​something) a painting depicting the Virgin and Childdepict somebody/​something doing something The artist had depicted her lying on a bed. 2 to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picturedepict somebody/​something The novel depicts French society in the 1930s. depict somebody/​something as somebody/​something The advertisements depict smoking as glamorous and attractive. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The book vividly depicts French society of the 1930s.The carving clearly depicts a dragon inside a circle.paintings depicting scenes from mythologyThe panels depict scenes from the life of St Ursula.

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Vilification

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vili·fi·ca·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌvɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌvɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable](formal)the act of saying or writing unpleasant things about somebody/​something so that other people will have a low opinion of them

the vilification of single mothers by right-wing politicians

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Advocacy

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ad·vo·cacy  ​noun BrE /ˈædvəkəsi/ NAmE /ˈædvəkəsi/ [uncountable]

1 advocacy (of something) (formal) the giving of public support to an idea, a course of action or a belief

He won the Peace Prize for his advocacy of non-violent protest.

2 (specialist) the work of lawyers who speak about cases in court

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Instruct

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in·struct  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈstrʌkt/ NAmE /ɪnˈstrʌkt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 (formal) to tell somebody to do something, especially in a formal or official way ➔ SYNONYM  ​direct, orderinstruct somebody to do something The letter instructed him to report to headquarters immediately. instruct somebody where, what, etc… You will be instructed where to go as soon as the plane is ready. instruct somebody She arrived at 10 oʼclock as instructed. instruct that… He instructed that a wall be built around the city. (British English also) He instructed that a wall should be built around the city. instruct (somebody) + speech ‘Put it there,ʼ she instructed (them).▶ Synonyms2 instruct somebody (in something) (formal) to teach somebody something, especially a practical skillAll our staff have been instructed in sign language. 3 [usually passive] instruct somebody that… (formal) to give somebody information about somethingWe have been instructed that a decision will not be made before the end of the week. 4 instruct somebody (to do something) (law) to employ somebody to represent you in a legal situation, especially as a lawyer▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I took the pills as instructed.You were explicitly instructed to wait here.She arrived at ten oʼclock as instructed.

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Debt

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debt  ​noun NAmE /det/ 1 [countable] a sum of money that somebody owesI need to pay off all my debts before I leave the country. an outstanding debt of £300He had run up credit card debts of thousands of dollars. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Collocations2 [uncountable] the situation of owing money, especially when you cannot payHe died heavily in debt. The club is £4 million in debt. We were poor but we never got into debt. Itʼs hard to stay out of debt when you are a student. a countryʼs foreign debt burden➔ SEE ALSO  ​bad debt3 [countable, usually singular] the fact that you should feel grateful to somebody because they have helped you or been kind to youto owe a debt of gratitude to somebodyI would like to acknowledge my debt to my teachers. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    After a series of meetings, the banks were forced to write off the companyʼs debts.Bad debt has hit the bankʼs profits this year.Data show that debt levels at private companies are increasing.Faced with a mounting burden of debt, he sold off the company.He used the cash to pay off personal debts.He wanted to consolidate his debts into one payment.He was burdened with crippling debts.He was heavily in debt by the time he sought advice.I am in Ruthʼs debt for the excellent advice she gave me.In the introduction, the author acknowledges her debt to other writers on the subject.It is easy to get into serious debt with a credit card.Itʼll take months to pay off all your debts.Managing your student loan debt is not easy.She ran up huge debts on her credit card.She used her lottery winnings to pay off her outstanding debts.She was simply repaying a debt, saving his career in return for him saving hers.The company defaulted on its debt and its assets were seized.The company has reached a deal allowing it to restructure its debts.The company has reached a deal with its major creditors allowing it to restructure its debts.The country has a national debt of 80% of GNP.The fall in exports has left the country unable to service its debts.The first step in managing your debt is to stop incurring it.The national debt stands at $7 billion.The new governments main aim is to tackle the countryʼs massive debt.We offer financial and debt-management advice.We owe a great debt of gratitude to our families for their support.Weʼre all struggling to stay out of debt.Without a job, heʼll never clear his debts.You can get out of debt by strict economizing.a company faced with mounting debtsa debt secured on propertya solution to the debt crisis of the developing worlddebts arising from bad investmentsthe substantial debts that the company owed to the bankHe died heavily in debt.Itʼs hard to stay out of debt when you are a student.Only two payments were made, leaving an outstanding debt of £300.She had run up credit card debts of thousands of dollars.The aid currently pouring into the country will have little impact on its massive debt burden.The company wrote it off as a bad debt.We were poor but we never got into debt. Idiomsbe in somebodyʼs ˈdebt(formal) to feel grateful to somebody for their help, kindness, etc.

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Light

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light  ​verb NAmE /laɪt/     Lighted is also used for the past tense and past participle, especially in front of nouns. ▶ Verb Formsstart to burn1 [transitive] light something to make something start to burnShe lit a candle. The candles were lit. I put a lighted match to the letter and watched it burn. Steve took out a cigarette and lit it.2 [intransitive] to start to burnThe fire wouldnʼt light. give light3 [transitive, usually passive] light something to give light to something or to a placeThe stage was lit by bright spotlights. well/​badly lit streetsthe lighted windows of the house4 [transitive] light something (literary) to guide somebody with a lightOur way was lit by a full moon. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˈlight on/​upon something(literary) to see or find something by accidentHis eye lit upon a small boat on the horizon. ˌlight ˈup | ˌlight something ˈup1 (informal) to begin to smoke a cigaretteThey all lit up as soon as he left the room. He sat back and lit up a cigarette. 2 to become or to make something become bright with light or colourThere was an explosion and the whole sky lit up. The night sky was lit up with fireworks. 3 if somebodyʼs eyes or face light up, or something lights them up, they show happiness or excitementHis eyes lit up when she walked into the room. A smile lit up her face.

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Warehouse

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NAmE /ˈwerhaʊs/ a building where large quantities of goods are stored, especially before they are sent to shops/​stores to be sold▼ Extra examplesGerman police raided a warehouse near Hamburg.Heʼs a warehouse foreman for a removals firm.Heʼs a warehouse manager for an import company.The facility has over 6 905 square feet of warehouse space.The offices are situated in a converted warehouse.The whisky was taken to bonded warehouses at Port Dundee.a residential district of warehouses converted into loftsa warehouse filled with cratesthe warehouse district of New OrleansPolice are investigating a fire at a furniture warehouse.The company is planning to sell its warehouses in the north.The gallery is in a former warehouse near the docks

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Sustenance

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sus·ten·ance  noun BrE /ˈsʌstənəns/ NAmE /ˈsʌstənəns/ [uncountable](formal)1 the food and drink that people, animals and plants need to live and stay healthyThereʼs not much sustenance in a bowl of soup. (figurative) Arguing would only give further sustenance to his allegations. 2 sustenance (of something) the process of making something continue to existElections are essential for the sustenance of parliamentary democracy.

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Dazzling

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daz·zling  ​adjective BrE /ˈdæzlɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈdæzlɪŋ/ 1 (of light) so bright that you cannot see for a short time ➔ SYNONYM  ​blindinga dazzling white light2 impressing somebody very much ➔ SYNONYM  ​brillianta dazzling display of oriental dance

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Whizz

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whizz (especially British English)(also whiz especially in North American English)  verb BrE /wɪz/ NAmE /wɪz/ (informal)▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move very quickly, making a high continuous soundA bullet whizzed past my ear. He whizzed down the road on his motorbike. 2 [intransitive] + adv./prep. to do something very quicklyShe whizzed through the work.

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Tumble

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tum·ble  ​verb BrE /ˈtʌmbl/ NAmE /ˈtʌmbl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] tumble (somebody/​something) + adv./​prep. to fall downwards, often hitting the ground several times, but usually without serious injury; to make somebody/​something fall in this wayHe slipped and tumbled down the stairs. 2 [intransitive] tumble (down) to fall suddenly and in a dramatic wayThe scaffolding came tumbling down. (figurative) World records tumbled at the last Olympics. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​tumbledown3 [intransitive] to fall rapidly in value or amountThe price of oil is still tumbling. 4 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move or fall somewhere in a relaxed, uncontrolled, or noisy wayI undressed and tumbled into bed.A group of noisy children tumbled out of the bus. The water tumbled over the rocks.Thick golden curls tumbled down over her shoulders. (figurative) Her words came tumbling out.5 [intransitive] to perform acrobatics on the floor, especially somersaults (= a jump in which you turn over completely in the air)a tumbling troupe▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Profits have tumbled from £15 billion to just £3 billion.She tumbled through the front door and collapsed in a heap.The news sent shares tumbling.The river tumbled over boulders.They all tumbled out of the minibus.We tumbled down into the hole. Phrasal Verbsˈtumble to something/​somebody(British English, informal) to suddenly understand something or be aware of somethingWhen did she tumble to what was going on?

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Steep v

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steep  ​verb BrE /stiːp/ NAmE /stiːp/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​▶ Word OriginIdiomsbe ˈsteeped in something(formal) to have a lot of a particular qualitya city steeped in historyPhrasal Verbsˈsteep something in somethingto put food in a liquid and leave it for some time so that it becomes soft and flavoured by the liquidSteep the fruit in brandy overnight.ˈsteep yourself in something(formal) to spend a lot of time thinking or learning about somethingThey spent a month steeping themselves in Chinese culture.

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Steep adj

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steep  ​adjective BrE /stiːp/ NAmE /stiːp/ (steep·er, steep·est)1 (of a slope, hill, etc.) rising or falling quickly, not graduallya steep hill/​slope/​banka steep climb/​descent/​dropa steep flight of stairsThe path grew steeper as we climbed higher. 2 [usually before noun] (of a rise or fall in an amount) sudden and very big ➔ SYNONYM  ​sharpa steep decline in the birth ratea steep rise in unemployment3 (informal) (of a price or demand) too much; unreasonable ➔ SYNONYM  ​expensive£2 for a cup of coffee seems a little steep to me.He wants to move in here with us? Thatʼs a bit steep!

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Steep. Adj

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verb steep  ​adjective BrE /stiːp/ NAmE /stiːp/ (steep·er, steep·est)1 (of a slope, hill, etc.) rising or falling quickly, not graduallya steep hill/​slope/​banka steep climb/​descent/​dropa steep flight of stairsThe path grew steeper as we climbed higher. 2 [usually before noun] (of a rise or fall in an amount) sudden and very big ➔ SYNONYM  ​sharpa steep decline in the birth ratea steep rise in unemployment3 (informal) (of a price or demand) too much; unreasonable ➔ SYNONYM  ​expensive£2 for a cup of coffee seems a little steep to me.He wants to move in here with us? Thatʼs a bit steep!

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Groan

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groan  ​verb BrE /ɡrəʊn/ NAmE /ɡroʊn/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 [intransitive, transitive] to make a long deep sound because you are annoyed, upset or in pain, or with pleasure ➔ SYNONYM  ​moanHe lay on the floor groaning. groan with something to groan with pain/​pleasuregroan at something We all groaned at his terrible jokes. groan about something They were all moaning and groaning (= complaining) about the amount of work they had. + speech ‘Itʼs a complete mess!ʼ she groaned. ‘Donʼt move me,ʼ he groaned.2 [intransitive] to make a sound like a person groaning ➔ SYNONYM  ​moanThe trees creaked and groaned in the wind. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He groaned at/​​from the pain.He groaned inwardly at the thought of spending another day in that place.She groaned out loud in protest.Some of the patients were groaning in/​​with pain.Thereʼs no point in moaning and groaning about not having any money.She tried to get up and groaned with pain.The table groaned under the weight of the biggest buffet they had ever seen. Idiomsgroan under the weight of something(formal) used to say that there is too much of somethingPhrasal Verbsˈgroan with something(formal) to be full of somethingtables groaning with food

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Trace

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trace  ​verb BrE /treɪs/ NAmE /treɪs/ ▶ Verb Forms1 trace somebody/​something (to something) to find or discover somebody/​something by looking carefully for them/​it ➔ SYNONYM  ​track somebody/​something downWe finally traced him to an address in Chicago. I have been unable to trace the letter you mentioned. 2 trace something (back) (to something) to find the origin or cause of somethingShe could trace her family tree back to the 16th century. The leak was eventually traced to a broken seal. The police traced the call (= used special electronic equipment to find out who made the telephone call) to her ex-husbandʼs number. 3 trace something (from something) (to something) to describe a process or the development of somethingHer book traces the townʼs history from Saxon times to the present day. 4 trace something (out) to draw a line or lines on a surfaceShe traced a line in the sand. 5 trace something to follow the shape or outline of somethingHe traced the route on the map. A tear traced a path down her cheek. 6 trace something to copy a map, drawing, etc. by drawing on transparent paper (= tracing paper) placed over it▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Police have been unable to trace her movements during her final days.She lightly traced the outline of his face with her finger.The book traces the history of the game back to an incident in 1863.The origins of the custom are difficult to trace.The stolen paintings have been successfully traced to a London warehouse.Words have over the centuries acquired meanings not easily traced in dictionaries.Police are anxious to trace the owners of a car parked near the scene.We have not been able to trace the original letter.

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Constantly

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NAmE /ˈkɑːnstəntli/ all the time; repeatedlyFashion is constantly changing. Heat the sauce, stirring constantly. We are constantly on the lookout for new ideas.

I am constantly fighting with her to have sex .

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Verdict

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ver·dict  ​noun BrE /ˈvɜːdɪkt/ NAmE /ˈvɜːrdɪkt/ 1 a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if somebody is considered guilty of a crime or notHas the jury reached a verdict? The jury returned a verdict (= gave a verdict) of guilty. ▶ Collocations➔ SEE ALSO  ​majority verdict, open verdict2 verdict (on something/​somebody) a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about something, after you have tested it or considered it carefullyThe coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death. The panel will give their verdict on the latest video releases. Well, whatʼs your verdict? ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      His family always insisted that the original ‘guiltyʼ verdict should be overturned.In the case of an adverse verdict, the company could lose millions.The judge sent the jury away to consider its verdict.The jury returned a formal verdict after direction by the judge.The jury returned a verdict of guilty at the end of the trial.The juryʼs verdict was unanimous.The panel will give its final verdict tomorrow.The unanimous verdict was that the picnic had been a great success.The verdict came in this afternoon.The verdict was delivered in front of a packed courtroom.The verdict was upheld at appeal.They reached a verdict after hours of deliberation.We believe that the verdict against him was unfair.Whatʼs your verdict on her new book?a unanimous verdict of not guiltyHas the jury reached a verdict?The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.

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Discharge

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dis·charge  ​verb BrE /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/ NAmE /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒ/ (formal)▶ Verb Formsfrom hospital/​job1 [transitive, usually passive] discharge somebody (from something) to give somebody official permission to leave a place or job; to make somebody leave a jobPatients were being discharged from the hospital too early. She had discharged herself against medical advice. He was discharged from the army following his injury. She was discharged from the police force for bad conduct. from prison/​court2 [transitive, often passive] discharge somebody to allow somebody to leave prison or courtHe was conditionally discharged after admitting the theft. ▶ Wordfindergas/​liquid3 [intransitive, transitive] when a gas or a liquid discharges or is discharged, or somebody discharges it, it flows somewheredischarge (into something) The river is diverted through the power station before discharging into the sea. discharge something (into something) The factory was fined for discharging chemicals into the river. force/​power4 [transitive, intransitive] discharge (something) (specialist) to release force or powerLightning is caused by clouds discharging electricity. duty5 [transitive] discharge something to do everything that is necessary to perform and complete a particular dutyto discharge your duties/​responsibilities/​obligationsto discharge a debt (= to pay it)gun6 [transitive] discharge something to fire a gun, etc.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        All the people involved in the accident have now been discharged from hospital.He could not properly discharge his duties.He was found guilty and dishonourably discharged from the army.I will faithfully discharge my duties.Raw sewage was discharged from the treatment plant directly into the river.She was formally discharged by the court.The police officer accidentally discharged a firearm while unloading it.He knocked her hand down and the gun discharged into the floor.His widow was unable to discharge the debt.My condition renders me unable to discharge my duties.The judge took the unusual step of discharging the entire jury halfway through the trial.They gave a cheer and charged, discharging a volley of arrows as they

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Adequately

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ad·equate·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈædɪkwətli/ NAmE /ˈædɪkwətli/ in a way that is enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or needAre you adequately insured? ➔ OPPOSITE  ​inadequately

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Hurriedly

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hur·ried·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈhʌridli/ NAmE /ˈhɜːridli/ very quickly because you do not have enough timeI hurriedly got up and dressed. The article was hurriedly withdrawn from the newspaper.➔ OPPOSITE  ​unhurriedly

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Sequestered

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se·ques·tered  ​adjective BrE /sɪˈkwestəd/ NAmE /sɪˈkwestərd/ [usually before noun](literary)(of a place) quiet and far away from peoplea sequestered valley

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Quote

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quote  ​verb BrE /kwəʊt/ NAmE /kwoʊt/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they quote BrE /kwəʊt/ ; NAmE /kwoʊt/ he /​ she /​ it quotes BrE /kwəʊts/ ; NAmE /kwoʊts/ past simple: quoted BrE /ˈkwəʊtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈkwoʊtɪd/ past participle: quoted BrE /ˈkwəʊtɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈkwoʊtɪd/ -ing form: quoting BrE /ˈkwəʊtɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈkwoʊtɪŋ/   repeat exact words1 [transitive, intransitive] to repeat the exact words that another person has said or writtenquote something (from somebody/​something) He quoted a passage from the ministerʼs speech. to quote ShakespeareQuote this reference number in all correspondence. The figures quoted in this article refer only to Britain.quote (somebody) (as doing something) The President was quoted in the press as saying that he disagreed with the decision. ‘It will all be gone tomorrow.ʼ ‘ Can I quote you on that?ʼ Donʼt quote me on this (= this is not an official statement), but I think he is going to resign. She said, and I quote, ‘Life is meaningless without love.ʼ + speech ‘The man who is tired of London is tired of life,ʼ he quoted. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​misquotegive example2 [transitive] quote (somebody) something to mention an example of something to support what you are sayingCan you quote me an instance of when this happened? ▶ Synonymsgive price3 [transitive, intransitive] quote (somebody) (something) (for something/​for doing something) to tell a customer how much money you will charge them for a job, service or productThey quoted us £300 for installing a shower unit. 4 [transitive] quote something (at something) (finance) to give a market price for shares, gold or foreign moneyYesterday the pound was quoted at $1.8285, unchanged from Monday. 5 [transitive] quote something (finance) to give the prices for a business companyʼs shares on a stock exchangeSeveral football clubs are now quoted on the Stock Exchange. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsˈquote (… ˈunquote)(informal) used to show the beginning (and end) of a word, phrase, etc. that has been said or written by somebody elseIt was quote, ‘the hardest decision of my lifeʼ, unquote, and one that he lived to regret.

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Assure

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as·sure  ​verb NAmE /əˈʃʊr/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about itassure somebody (that)… You think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.We were assured that everything possible was being done. Sheʼs perfectly safe, I can assure you. assure somebody (of something) We assured him of our support. I wonʼt let you down, I can assure you of that.assure somebody + speech ‘Heʼll come back,ʼ Susan assured her. 2 (formal) to make yourself certain about somethingassure yourself of something He assured himself of her safety. assure yourself that… She assured herself that the letter was still in the drawer. 3 to make something certain to happen ➔ SYNONYM  ​guaranteeassure something Victory would assure a place in the finals. assure somebody something Victory would assure them a place in the finals. This achievement has assured her a place in the history books.4 assure something (British English) to insure something, especially against somebodyʼs deathWhat is the sum assured? ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Let me assure you that I will try to help you.We can assure you of our full support.‘Heʼll come back,ʼ Susan assured her.I know you think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.Sheʼs perfectly safe, I can assure you.We assured him of our loyal support. Idiomsrest asˈsured (that…)(formal) used to emphasize that what you say is true or will definitely happenYou may rest assured that we will do all we can to find him.

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Bitterly

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bit·ter·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈbɪtəli/ NAmE /ˈbɪtərli/ 1 in a way that shows feelings of sadness or angerShe wept bitterly. They complained bitterly. The development was bitterly opposed by the local community. 2 (describing unpleasant or sad feelings) extremelybitterly disappointed/​ashamed3 bitterly cold very cold

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Fiercely

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fierce·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈfɪəsli/ NAmE /ˈfɪrsli/ 1 in a way that shows strong feelings; with a lot of activity or determination‘Let go of me,ʼ she said fiercely. a fiercely competitive marketThey remain fiercely opposed to outside intervention.2 very strongly in a way that could cause damageThe aircraft was burning fiercely.

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Abuse

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abuse  ​noun BrE /əˈbjuːs/ NAmE /əˈbjuːs/ 1 [uncountable, singular] the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful ➔ SYNONYM  ​misusealcohol/​drug/​solvent abuseThe system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse (= might be used in the wrong way). abuse of something He was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power. What she did was an abuse of her position as manager. ▶ Wordfinder2 [uncountable, plural] unfair, cruel or violent treatment of somebodychild abusesexual abusereported abuses by the secret policeShe suffered years of physical abuse. 3 [uncountable] rude and offensive remarks, usually made when somebody is very angry ➔ SYNONYM  ​insultto scream/​hurl/​shout abusea stream/​torrent of abuseThe man burst into a torrent of foul-mouthed racist abuse. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      Calling someone stupid is definitely a term of abuse.He was subjected to a torrent of abuse.She was subjected to regular sexual abuse.The child had taken a lot of emotional abuse.The legal system is open to abuse.The team who lost became a target of abuse for angry fans.They had to endure continual racial abuse.abuse of prisonersallegations of child abuseallegations of human rights abusessix cases of suspected child abuseHe was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power.The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse.a stream/​​torrent of abusealcohol/​​drug/​​solvent abusechild/​​sexual abuseto scream/​​hurl/​​shout abuse

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Trace

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trace  ​noun BrE /treɪs/ NAmE /treɪs/ 1 [countable, uncountable] a mark, an object or a sign that shows that somebody/​something existed or was presentItʼs exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations. Police searched the area but found no trace of the escaped prisoners. Years of living in England had eliminated all trace of her American accent. The ship had vanished without (a) trace.2 [countable] trace of something a very small amount of somethingThe post-mortem revealed traces of poison in his stomach. She spoke without a trace of bitterness. 3 [countable] (specialist) a line or pattern on paper or a screen that shows information that is found by a machineThe trace showed a normal heart rhythm. 4 [countable] trace on somebody/​something a search to find out information about the identity of somebody/​something, especially what number a telephone call was made fromThe police ran a trace on the call. Detectives are doing a trace on the vehicle.5 [countable, usually plural] one of the two long pieces of leather that fasten a carriage or cart to the horse that pulls it▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Kelp is rich in vitamins and trace elements.Little trace is left of how Stone Age people lived.Remove all traces of rust with a small wire brush.The burglar had left several traces of his presence.The plane was lost without a trace over the Atlantic.The search party had found no trace of the missing climbers.The ship seems to have sunk without trace.The water was found to contain traces of cocaine.There was not the faintest trace of irony in her voice.Traces still remain of the long-defunct Surrey Iron Railway.Traces still remain of the old brewery.a trace of amusement/​​anxiety/​​a smileHe spoke in English with only the trace of an accent.Itʼs exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations.The police found traces of blood in the bathroom.The ship had vanished without (a) trace.There was no trace of a smile on his face.There was no trace of humour in his expression. Idiomskick over the ˈtraces(old-fashioned, British English) to start to behave badly and refuse to accept any discipline or control

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Asset

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asset  ​noun BrE /ˈæset/ NAmE /ˈæset/ 1 a person or thing that is valuable or useful to somebody/​somethingIn his job, patience is an invaluable asset. Being able to speak a foreign language is a major asset.Iʼm not sure if his forcefulness is an asset or a liability.asset to somebody/​something Sheʼll be an asset to the team. 2 [usually plural] a thing of value, especially property, that a person or company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debtsthe net asset value of the companyHer assets include shares in the company and a house in France. asset sales/​managementincome from fixed asset investmentsfinancial/​capital assetsto freeze a countryʼs assets➔ COMPARE  ​liability▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He transferred all his assets into his wifeʼs name.Liquid assets can be sold more quickly.Net assets have grown to $169 million.Scotlandʼs mountain areas are a natural asset to be proud of.She will be an asset to any school she attends.The authorities have the power to seize the assets of convicted drug dealers.The business disposed of all its capital assets.The company has increased its UK assets.The companyʼs net assets are worth millions.The countryʼs cultural assets should be made more accessible.The courts can order a companyʼs assets to be frozen.The teachers are the schoolʼs biggest asset.The tourist industry requires that the countryʼs cultural assets be made more accessible.They have hidden assets in banks around the world.assets held by the company in Asiameasures to prevent asset strippingIʼm not sure if his forcefulness is an asset or a liability.Sheʼll be a great asset to any company she works for.Since his injury, Jones has become more of a liability than an asset to the team.What is the net asset value of the company?asset sales/​​managementfinancial/​​capital assetsto freeze a countryʼs assets

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Sequestration

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se·ques·tra·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌsiːkwəˈstreɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌsiːkwəˈstreɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable](law)the act of taking control of somebodyʼs property or assets until a debt has been paidthe sequestration of assets

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Itch

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itch  ​verb BrE /ɪtʃ/ NAmE /ɪtʃ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to have an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to scratch; to make your skin feel like thisI itch all over. Does the rash itch? This sweater really itches. ▶ Synonyms2 [intransitive] (informal) (often used in the progressive tenses) to want to do something very muchitch for something The crowd was itching for a fight. itch to do something Heʼs itching to get back to work. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        He was itching for a chance to show how good he was.Her fingers positively itched with the desire to slap his face.My arms were covered with a rash that itched terribly.The heat made me itch all over

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Goon

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goon  noun BrE /ɡuːn/ NAmE /ɡuːn/ (informal)1 (especially North American English) a criminal who is paid to frighten or injure peopleJust call off your goons and no one will get hurt.The goons at the next table were just itching to finish him off.2 (old-fashioned, especially British English) a stupid or silly person

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Betray

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be·tray  ​verb BrE /bɪˈtreɪ/ NAmE /bɪˈtreɪ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to give information about somebody/​something to an enemybetray somebody/​something He was offered money to betray his colleagues. betray somebody/​something to somebody For years they had been betraying state secrets to Russia. 2 betray somebody/​something to hurt somebody who trusts you, especially by not being loyal or faithful to themShe felt betrayed when she found out the truth about him. She betrayed his trust over and over again. I have never known her to betray a confidence (= tell other people something that should be kept secret). ▶ Synonyms3 betray something to ignore your principles or beliefs in order to achieve something or gain an advantage for yourselfHe has been accused of betraying his former socialist ideals. 4 to tell somebody or make them aware of a piece of information, a feeling, etc., usually without meaning to ➔ SYNONYM  ​give awaybetray something His voice betrayed the worry he was trying to hide. betray yourself She was terrified of saying something that would make her betray herself (= show her feelings or who she was).

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Fund noun

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fund  ​noun BrE /fʌnd/ NAmE /fʌnd/ 1 [countable] an amount of money that has been saved or has been made available for a particular purposea disaster relief fundthe companyʼs pension fundthe International Monetary Fund▶ Wordfinder2 funds [plural] money that is available to be spentgovernment fundsThe hospital is trying to raise funds for a new kidney machine. The project has been cancelled because of lack of fundsIʼm short of funds at the moment—can I pay you back next week? ▶ Collocations3 [singular] fund of something an amount or a supply of somethinga fund of knowledge▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Clients can withdraw funds without any notice.Funds from the event will support the work of the hospice.Funds will be made available to ensure the provision of hospital services.It will be a challenge to raise campaign funds for the election.Most of the funds are spent on software.The current account offers savers instant access to funds.The fund was invested in a range of state bonds.The funds are earmarked for the health sector.The government is to channel more funds into local development schemes.The money received is paid directly into a pension fund.The newspaper launched an appeal fund for victims of the disaster.The project was hampered by lack of funds.The school is appealing for funds to invest in new equipment.There are only limited funds available.There is currently over $200 000 in the fund.They donʼt want to draw on the fund unless they have to.They set up an investment fund to provide money for their retirement.They voted to withhold funds from any organization which didnʼt sign the agreement.We are short of funds at the moment, so we are not going on holiday.We have insufficient funds to pay for the building work.Weʼre short of funds at the moment.a benevolent fund for retired actorsa charity event to raise funds for local schoolsthe flow of funds between various economic sectorsHeʼs been paying into the firmʼs pension fund for thirty years.Oxfam has launched an appeal fund for famine victims in southern Africa.She made a donation to the local cancer relief fund.The International Monetary Fund is lending $290 million for construction of the oil pipeline.

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Rite

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rite  ​noun BrE /raɪt/ NAmE /raɪt/ a ceremony performed by a particular group of people, often for religious purposesfuneral ritesinitiation rites (= performed when a new member joins a secret society)▶ Collocations➔ SEE ALSO  ​last rites▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Baptism is an initiation rite within Christianity.He received the last rites from a Roman Catholic priest and died an hour later.New members of the cult have to undergo a secret initiation rite.The practice was originally a Roman fertility rite to praise Pomona, the goddess of fruit trees.initiation/​​fertility rituals/​​ritesreligious/​​ancient/​​primitive/​​traditional/​​pagan rituals/​​rites

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Harsh

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harsh  ​adjective BrE /hɑːʃ/ NAmE /hɑːrʃ/ (harsh·er, harsh·est)1 cruel, severe and unkindThe punishment was harsh and unfair. The minister received some harsh criticism. the harsh treatment of slavesHe regretted his harsh words. We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later. 2 (of weather or living conditions) very difficult and unpleasant to live ina harsh winter/​wind/​climatethe harsh conditions of poverty which existed for most people at that time▶ Wordfinder3 too strong and bright; ugly or unpleasant to look atharsh coloursShe was caught in the harsh glare of the headlights. the harsh lines of concrete buildings➔ OPPOSITE  ​soft4 unpleasant to listen toa harsh voice5 too strong and rough and likely to damage somethingharsh detergentsOrdinary soap can be too harsh for delicate skin.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      It may seem harsh to criticize him after his death.‘Stop it!ʼ she said in a harsh voice.He later regretted his harsh words.He stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.Life expectancy is extremely low due to the harsh conditions.Many of the prisoners died during the harsh winter of 1683.Nothing can justify such harsh treatment of prisoners.The minister received some harsh criticism.The view was spoiled by the harsh lines of concrete towers.These plants will not grow in this harsh climate.Theyʼve painted the walls with harsh bright colours  

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Stalk

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stalknoun stalker stalk  ​verb BrE /stɔːk/ NAmE /stɔːk/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] stalk (something/​somebody) to move slowly and quietly towards an animal or a person, in order to kill, catch or harm it or themThe lion was stalking a zebra. He stalked his victim as she walked home, before attacking and robbing her. 2 [transitive] stalk somebody to illegally follow and watch somebody over a long period of time, in a way that is annoying or frighteningShe claimed that he had been stalking her over a period of three years. He was arrested and accused of stalking the actor over a period of three years.3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to walk in an angry or proud wayHe stalked off without a word. The actress stalked out of a press conference when asked if she had a weight problem.Snatching up her bag, she stalked out of the room.4 [transitive, intransitive] stalk (something) to move through a place in an unpleasant or threatening wayThe gunmen stalked the building, looking for victims. (figurative) Fear stalks the streets of the city at night. ▶ Word Origin

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Interstate

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inter·state  ​adjective BrE /ˈɪntəsteɪt/ NAmE /ˈɪntərsteɪt/ [only before noun] between states, especially in the USinterstate commerce

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Prospect n

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pro·spect  ​noun BrE /ˈprɒspekt/ NAmE /ˈprɑːspekt/ 1 [uncountable, singular] the possibility that something will happenprospect (of something/​of doing something) There is no immediate prospect of peace. A place in the semi-finals is in prospect (= likely to happen). prospect (that…) Thereʼs a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid. 2 [singular] an idea of what might or will happen in the futurean exciting prospectTravelling alone around the world is a daunting prospect. prospect (of something/​of doing something) The prospect of becoming a father filled him with alarm. 3 prospects [plural] the chances of being successfulgood job/​employment/​career prospectsAt 25 he was an unemployed musician with no prospects. prospect for something Long-term prospects for the economy have improved. prospect of something What are the prospects of promotion in this job? 4 [countable] prospect (for something) a person who is likely to be successful in a competitionShe is one of Canadaʼs best prospects for a gold medal. 5 [countable] (formal) a wide view of an area of land, etc.a delightful prospect of the lake▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Getting the right qualifications will enhance your employment prospects.I donʼt relish the prospect of having to share an office.Major developments are in prospect for the company.Their prospects of employment look better than last year.There is little prospect of any improvement in the weather.This position offers a good starting salary and excellent promotion prospects.This position offers excellent promotion prospects.a list of the hot new prospects on the literary sceneA place in the semi-finals is in prospect.Thereʼs a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid.

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Await

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await  ​verb BrE /əˈweɪt/ NAmE /əˈweɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 await somebody/​something to wait for somebody/​somethingHe is in custody awaiting trial. Her latest novel is eagerly awaited. 2 await somebody to be going to happen to somebodyA warm welcome awaits all our guests. Who knows what dangers may await us?▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples      The outcome of the appeal is awaited with interest.her long awaited return to professional tennisHe is in custody awaiting trial.Scientists are still awaiting the results of tests

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Impact

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imp impactverb im·pact  ​noun BrE /ˈɪmpækt/ NAmE /ˈɪmpækt/ [countable, usually singular, uncountable]1 impact (of something) (on somebody/​something) the powerful effect that something has on somebody/​somethingthe environmental impact of tourismThe report assesses the impact of AIDS on the gay community. Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. Businesses are beginning to feel the full impact of the recession. social support to cushion the impact of unemployment2 the act of one object hitting another; the force with which this happenscraters made by meteorite impactsThe impact of the blow knocked ******** balance. The bomb explodes on impact (= when it hits something). The car is fitted with side impact bars (= to protect it from a blow from the side). ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A well-designed sports shoe should absorb the impact on the 28 bones in each foot.Agriculture made a direct physical impact on the landscape.Air bags are designed to soften the impact for crash victims.Architecturally, these churches reflected the impact of the Renaissance.Impact occurred seconds after the pilot radioed for help.It is difficult to judge the likely impact of the changes on employment patterns.It is important to appreciate the wider impact and implications of this proposal.Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat.Manufacturing fell sharply under the impact of the recession.Small meteorites have left impact craters all over the planetʼs surface.The crew of six may have survived the initial impact, but the whole plane went up in flames seconds later.The environmental impact of power generation is being assessed.The film lacks the visceral impact of her previous work.The front coach of the train took the full impact of the crash.The front of the car had crumpled on impact.The impact knocked him off balance.The industrial north of the country felt the full impact of the recession.The initial impact of the reforms will be felt most keenly in primary schools.The personal impact of party leaders has been very important.The severest human impact on the dolphins has been the loss of habitat.This section explores how mothers resist the impact of poverty on the health of their children.Variations in the interest rate will have an impact on the whole housing market.We are trying to minimize the impact of price rises on our customers.We investigated the impact of new technologies on teaching methods.Weʼll show you how to dress for maximum impact at the all-important audition.When peace returned, the hard-line message lost much of its impact.You certainly made a big impact on Carter.a high-impact message aimed at changing high risk behaviour among drug-usersa high-impact message aimed at changing peopleʼs attitudesan attempt to reduce the visual impact of wind farms on the landscapeconsidering the cumulative impact of a series of damaging eventsthe consequences of an asteroid impactthe uneven impact of the debt crisis on developing countriesto highlight the impact of technology on working practicesThe bomb explodes on impact.The car is fitted with side impact bars.The report assesses the impact of the tax changes on the economy.craters made by meterorite impacts

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Entitle

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en·title  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ NAmE /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [often passive] to give somebody the right to have or to do somethingentitle somebody to something You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. Everyoneʼs entitled to their own opinion. entitle somebody to do something This ticket does not entitle you to travel first class. 2 [usually passive] entitle something + noun to give a title to a book, play, etc.He read a poem entitled ‘Saltʼ. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Of course, heʼs entitled to his opinion but I think heʼs wrong.Passengers will be entitled to a full refund of the cost of the ticket.The authorities were entitled to act as they did.The company launched a huge marketing campaign entitled ‘Buy Blueʼ.The discount vouchers entitle you to money off your electricity bill.

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Contemplate

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con·tem·plate  ​verb BrE /ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/ NAmE /ˈkɑːntəmpleɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] to think about whether you should do something, or how you should do something ➔ SYNONYM  ​consider, think about/​ofcontemplate something Youʼre too young to be contemplating retirement. contemplate doing something I have never contemplated living abroad. contemplate how/​what, etc… He continued while she contemplated how to answer. 2 [transitive] to think carefully about and accept the possibility of something happeningcontemplate something The thought of war is too awful to contemplate. contemplate how/​what, etc… I canʼt contemplate what it would be like to be alone. contemplate that… She contemplated that things might get even worse. 3 [transitive, intransitive] contemplate (something) (formal) to think deeply about something for a long timeto contemplate your futureShe lay in bed, contemplating. 4 [transitive] contemplate somebody/​something (formal) to look at somebody/​something in a careful way for a long time ➔ SYNONYM  ​stare atShe contemplated him in silence. He sat there, contemplating his fingernails.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Are you willing to contemplate retraining?He was very depressed and even contemplated suicide.How could you even contemplate such an idea?She contemplated a change of direction in her lifeShe was seriously contemplating moving to Mexico.She was seriously contemplating working abroad.The thought of war was too awful to contemplate.Weʼre contemplating the possibility of moving house.Heʼs only 55, but heʼs already contemplating retirement.I canʼt contemplate what it would be like to be alone.

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Syllabus

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syl·la·bus  ​noun BrE /ˈsɪləbəs/ NAmE /ˈsɪləbəs/ (pl. syl·la·buses, (less frequent) syl·labi BrE /ˈsɪləbaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪləbaɪ/ )a list of the topics, books, etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or college▶ Collocations➔ COMPARE  ​curriculum▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Does the syllabus cover modern literature?How can computer skills be integrated into the syllabus?Is calculus on the syllabus?Is geometry on the GCSE syllabus?It was impossible to cover the overloaded syllabus in a year.Letʼs include that in this yearʼs syllabus.Professors will want to develop their own course syllabuses.Several schools in Britain already teach the baccalaureate syllabus.Students do different syllabuses according to their ability.The courses do not follow the syllabus of any particular examination board.There is little time to depart from the syllabus.This period of history was not examined under the old syllabus.questions from last yearʼs syllabussample syllabuses for undergraduate coursessome syllabuses for basic courses in geographythe course syllabuses in arts subjectsthe need to revise the history syllabusA group of experienced teachers were asked to design a new English syllabus.Do you have any experience in syllabus design?Teachers rarely depart from the prescribed syllabus.The courses do not follow any particular exam syllabus.The current history syllabus has a pretty narrow focus.They stick rigidly to the official syllabus.We practised using some of the questions from last yearʼs syllabus.

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Slash

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slash  ​verb BrE /slæʃ/ NAmE /slæʃ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 slash something to make a long cut with a sharp object, especially in a violent way ➔ SYNONYM  ​slitSomeone had slashed the tyres on my car. She tried to kill herself by slashing her wrists. We had to slash our way through the undergrowth with sticks. 2 [often passive] slash something (informal) (often used in newspapers) to reduce something by a large amountto slash costs/​prices/​fares, etc.The workforce has been slashed by half. ▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˈslash at somebody/​something (with something)to attack somebody violently with a knife, etc.

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Innovation

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innovate innovative in·nov·ation  ​noun BrE /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable] innovation (in something) the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing somethingan age of technological innovationThe company is very interested in product design and innovation.2 [countable] innovation (in something) a new idea, way of doing something, etc. that has been introduced or discoveredrecent innovations in steel-making technology▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

  Many innovations were introduced by the 1919 Act.Mathematical astronomy was the great innovation by the Greeks of the 5th century BC.She believed she had come up with one of the greatest innovations of modern times.Technical innovation may occur directly in the factory.Too strict a regulatory system will stifle innovation.industries where constant product innovation is a criterion for survivalinnovation in engineeringinnovations in machinery and instrumentstechnological innovations designed to save energy

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Fertile

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fer·tile  ​adjective BrE /ˈfɜːtaɪl/ NAmE /ˈfɜːrtl/ 1 (of land or soil) that plants grow well ina fertile region➔ OPPOSITE  ​infertile▶ Wordfinder2 (of people, animals or plants) that can produce babies, young animals, fruit or new plantsThe treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​infertile3 [usually before noun] that produces good results; that encourages activitya fertile partnershipThe region at the time was fertile ground for revolutionary movements (= there were the necessary conditions for them to develop easily). 4 [usually before noun] (of a personʼs mind or imagination) that produces a lot of new ideasthe product of a fertile imagination➔ COMPARE  ​sterile▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    women who proved particularly fertileThe region at the time was fertile ground for revolutionary movements.a fertile region/​​valleya fertile source of argument/​​disputethe product of a fertile brain/​​imagination/​​mind

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Irrigate

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NAmE /ˈɪrɪɡeɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 irrigate something to supply water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will growirrigated land/​crops2 irrigate something (medical) to wash out a wound or part of the body with a flow of water or liquid

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Locust

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lo·cust  noun BrE /ˈləʊkəst/ NAmE /ˈloʊkəst/ a large insect that lives in hot countries and flies in large groups, destroying all the plants and crops of an areaa swarm of locustsThe locusts have destroyed a lot of the crops.

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Famine

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fam·ine  ​noun BrE /ˈfæmɪn/ NAmE /ˈfæmɪn/ [countable, uncountable]a lack of food during a long period of time in a regiona severe faminedisasters such as floods and faminethe threat of widespread famine in the areato raise money for famine relief▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples        Against a background of impending famine, heavy fighting took place.Four million people are now facing famine.Thousands of people died during the terrible famine of that year.When famine strikes, it is often women and children who suffer the most.countries that regularly suffer famines

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Triathlon

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tri·ath·lon  ​noun NAmE /traɪˈæθlən/ a sporting event in which people compete in three different sports, usually swimming, cycling and

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dilemma

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di·lemma  ​noun BrE /dɪˈlemə/ , /daɪˈlemə/ NAmE /dɪˈlemə/ , /daɪˈlemə/ a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance ➔ SYNONYM  ​predicamentto face a dilemmato be in a dilemma▶ Extra examplesIdiomson the horns of a diˈlemmain a situation in which you have to make a choice between things that are equally unpleasantThe medical professionʼs eagerness for scientific advance had impaled it on the horns of a dilemma, forcing an unnatural choice between science and morality.

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Endurance

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en·dur·ance  ​noun BrE /ɪnˈdjʊərəns/ NAmE /ɪnˈdʊrəns/ [uncountable]the ability to continue doing something painful or difficult for a long period of time without complainingHe showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness. They were humiliated beyond endurance. This event tests both physical and mental endurance. powers of enduranceThe party turned out to be more of an endurance test than a pleasure. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Heavy manual work calls for strength and endurance.Running a marathon is seen by many as the ultimate test of endurance.She showed great endurance in the face of pain.She was almost at the limits of her endurance.Swimming a little farther each session will build endurance.The astronauts will undergo a series of trials to test their physical and mental endurance in space.The task was a test of their powers of endurance.They are capable of amazing feats of endurance.This behaviour is beyond endurance.They were humiliated beyond endurance.

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Refine

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refinance refined re·fine  ​verb BrE /rɪˈfaɪn/ NAmE /rɪˈfaɪn/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they refine BrE /rɪˈfaɪn/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪn/ he /​ she /​ it refines BrE /rɪˈfaɪnz/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪnz/ past simple: refined BrE /rɪˈfaɪnd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪnd/ past participle: refined BrE /rɪˈfaɪnd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪnd/ -ing form: refining BrE /rɪˈfaɪnɪŋ/ ; NAmE /rɪˈfaɪnɪŋ/   1 refine something to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of itthe process of refining oil/​sugar2 refine something to improve something by making small changes to itShe has refined her playing technique over the years.This theory still needs a little refining.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The information system is constantly refined and updated.supplies of the highly refined white sugarChina has eight factories that refine the ore.In those days sugar was refined by boiling it in huge black iron vats.Our methods have been gradually refined over the years.The process of refining oil produces several useful chemicals.The theory was further refined by modern scientists.They would constantly refine their designs until they were almost perfect.

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Litter

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lit·ter  ​noun BrE /ˈlɪtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈlɪtər/ 1 [uncountable] small pieces of rubbish/​garbage such as paper, cans and bottles, that people have left lying in a public placeThere will be fines for people who drop litter. 2 [singular] litter of something a number of things that are lying in an untidy wayThe floor was covered with a litter of newspapers, clothes and empty cups. 3 [uncountable] a dry substance that is put in a shallow open box for pets, especially cats, to use as a toilet when they are indoorscat litter(British English) a litter tray(North American English) a litter box4 [countable] a number of baby animals that one mother gives birth to at the same timea litter of puppiesthe runt (= the smallest and weakest baby) of the litter5 [uncountable] the substance, especially straw, that is used for farm animals to sleep on6 [countable] a kind of chair or bed that was used in the past for carrying important people▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Please do not leave litter after your picnic.The local council has pledged to clamp down on litter louts on the beach.‘Chiefʼ was born six years ago, one of a litter of 11.Pick up your litter and take it home with you.There will be fines for people who drop litter.a litter of puppies/​​kittensthe runt of the litter

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Tend

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tend  ​verb BrE /tend/ NAmE /tend/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] tend to do something to be likely to do something or to happen in a particular way because this is what often or usually happensWomen tend to live longer than men. When Iʼm tired, I tend to make mistakes. It tends to get very cold here in the winter. People tend to think that the problem will never affect them. ▶ Language Bank2 [intransitive] tend (to/​towards something) to take a particular direction or often have a particular qualityHis views tend towards the extreme. Prices have tended downwards over recent years. 3 [transitive, intransitive] to care for somebody/​somethingtend somebody/​something a shepherd tending his sheepDoctors and nurses tended the injured. well-tended gardenstend to somebody/​something Ambulance crews were tending to the injured. 4 [transitive] tend something (North American English) to serve customers in a store, bar, etc.He had a job tending bar in San Francisco. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    They helped the farmers tend their cattle.We looked out of the window at the well-tended gardens.He tended to her every need.She lovingly tended her garden.well-tended lawnsWhen Iʼm tired, I tend to make mistakes.

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Prosperity

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pros·per·ity  ​noun BrE /prɒˈsperəti/ NAmE /prɑːˈsperəti/ [uncountable]the state of being successful, especially in making money ➔ SYNONYM  ​affluenceOur future prosperity depends on economic growth. The country is enjoying a period of peace and prosperity. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The islandʼs prosperity depends on its fishing industry.an area with a level of prosperity higher than the national averageThe country is enjoying a period of peace and prosperity.The future prosperity of the region depends on economic growth.

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Constant

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con·stant  ​adjective BrE /ˈkɒnstənt/ NAmE /ˈkɑːnstənt/ 1 [usually before noun] happening all the time or repeatedlyconstant interruptionsa constant stream of visitors all dayBabies need constant attention. This entrance is in constant use. 2 that does not change ➔ SYNONYM  ​fixedtravelling at a constant speed of 50 m.p.h.Ross was his most constant and loyal friend. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    All variables except one must be held constant.Prices have remained constant over this period.The level of unemployment remains fairly constant at around 10%.The temperature must be kept constant.These electrical properties are virtually constant across a wide range of temperatures.These figures were virtually constant across the 1991 and 2001 censuses.He is very ill and needs constant attention.Her constant chatter was beginning to annoy him.Her daughter is a constant source of worry to her.I have been in constant pain since the accident.It was a constant battle to avoid bankruptcy.She still has constant nightmares.The business world is one of constant change.The car was travelling at a constant speed of 50 mph.The old buildings are in constant need of repair.The samples need to be stored at a constant temperature.The vehicles were in constant use.There were constant interruptions.

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Fare

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fare  ​verb BrE /feə(r)/ NAmE /fer/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] fare well, badly, better, etc. to be successful/​unsuccessful in a particular situation ➔ SYNONYM  ​get onThe party fared very badly in the last election. The North, by and large, has fared better than most regions in avoiding high unemployment figures.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He fared well against his main rival.She should fare better in this competition.This movie fared poorly at the British box office.

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Adorn

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adorn  ​verb BrE /əˈdɔːn/ NAmE /əˈdɔːrn/ [often passive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto make something/​somebody look more attractive by decorating it or them with somethingadorn something/​somebody Gold rings adorned his fingers. (ironic) Graffiti adorned the walls. adorn something/​somebody/​yourself with something The walls were adorned with paintings. The children adorned themselves with flowers.

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Banquet

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ban·quet  ​noun BrE /ˈbæŋkwɪt/ NAmE /ˈbæŋkwɪt/ 1 a formal meal for a large number of people, usually for a special occasion, at which speeches are often madea state banquet in honour of the visiting President2 a large impressive meal▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was suddenly taken ill at a banquet given in his honour.Over 1 600 people attended a banquet in his honour/​​honor.The Lord Mayor attended a state banquet last night.The kitchens are preparing for a lavish banquet.The meal that followed was a veritable banquet.The winners will be announced at the annual awards banquet.Visitors to the castle can enjoy a medieval banquet with entertainment, in an authentic setting.a banquet for the presidentA state banquet was held in honour of the visiting president.

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Unveil

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un·veil  ​verb BrE /ˌʌnˈveɪl/ NAmE /ˌʌnˈveɪl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 unveil something to remove a cover or curtain from a painting, statue, etc. so that it can be seen in public for the first timeThe Queen unveiled a plaque to mark the official opening of the hospital. 2 unveil something to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time ➔ SYNONYM  ​revealThey will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show. The government has unveiled plans for new energy legislation.

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Prioritize

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pri·ori·tize (British English also -ise)  ​verb BrE /praɪˈɒrətaɪz/ NAmE /praɪˈɔːrətaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] prioritize (something) to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important firstYou should make a list of all the jobs you have to do and prioritize them. 2 [transitive] prioritize something (formal) to treat something as being more important than other thingsThe organization was formed to prioritize the needs of older people.

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Pillar

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pil·lar  ​noun BrE /ˈpɪlə(r)/ NAmE /ˈpɪlər/ 1 a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is used to support a bridge, the roof of a building, etc., especially when it is also decorativeTwo white marble pillars stood on either side of the entrance.2 a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is built to remind people of a famous person or event ➔ SYNONYM  ​column3 pillar of something a mass of something that is shaped like a pillara pillar of smoke/​rock4 pillar of something a strong supporter of something; an important member of somethinga pillar of the Churcha pillar of society5 pillar of something a person who has a lot of a particular qualityShe is a pillar of strength in a crisis. 6 a basic part or feature of a system, organization, belief, etc.the central pillar of this theoryEducation and investment are the twin pillars on which a successful economy is built.▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsbe driven, pushed, etc. from ˌpillar to ˈpostto be forced to go from one person or situation to another without achieving anythingMorale is very low. People have just had enough of being thrown from pillar to post.

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Vow

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vow  ​noun BrE /vaʊ/ NAmE /vaʊ/ a formal and serious promise, especially a religious one, to do somethingto make/​take a vowto break/​keep a vowto break your marriage vowsNuns take a vow of chastity. ▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He took a lifelong vow of celibacy.Nothing will persuade me to break this vow.She decided to leave the convent before taking her final vows.She kept her vow of silence until she died.The couple exchanged vows at the altar.a vow of povertyAs a priest he had taken a vow of celibacy.She made a vow never to speak to him again.She would not be unfaithful to her marriage vows.The monks take a vow of silence.

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Reassemble

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re·assem·ble  ​verb BrE /ˌriːəˈsembl/ NAmE /ˌriːəˈsembl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] reassemble something to fit the parts of something together again after it has been taken apartWe had to take the table apart and reassemble it upstairs. 2 [intransitive] to meet together again as a group after a breakThe class reassembled after lunch.

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Resuscitate

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re·sus·ci·tate  ​verb BrE /rɪˈsʌsɪteɪt/ NAmE /rɪˈsʌsɪteɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsresuscitate somebody/​something to make somebody start breathing again or become conscious again after they have almost died ➔ SYNONYM  ​reviveHe had a heart attack and all attempts to resuscitate him failed. (figurative) efforts to resuscitate the economy▶ Word Origin

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Tenure

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ten·ure  ​noun BrE /ˈtenjə(r)/ NAmE /ˈtenjər/ [uncountable]1 the period of time when somebody holds an important job, especially a political one; the act of holding an important jobhis four-year tenure as PresidentShe knew that tenure of high political office was beyond her. 2 the right to stay permanently in your job, especially as a teacher at a universityItʼs still extremely difficult to get tenure. 3 the legal right to live in a house or use a piece of landWhen you rent a house here, you donʼt have security of tenure.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She had a long tenure of office.She has been granted tenure at Leeds University.The tenants have security of tenure.

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Drastically

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dras·tic·al·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈdræstɪkli/ , /ˈdrɑːstɪkli/ NAmE /ˈdræstɪkli/ in an extreme way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on something

Output has been drastically reduced.

Things have started to go drastically wrong.

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Wildfowl

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wild·fowl  ​noun BrE /ˈwaɪldfaʊl/ NAmE /ˈwaɪldfaʊl/ [plural]birds that people hunt for sport or food, especially birds that live near water such as ducks and geese

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Chariot

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char·iot  ​noun BrE /ˈtʃæriət/ NAmE /ˈtʃæriət/ an open vehicle with two wheels, pulled by horses, used in ancient times in battle and for racing

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Brood

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brood  ​noun BrE /bruːd/ NAmE /bruːd/ [countable + singular or plural verb]1 all the young birds or creatures that a mother produces at one time ➔ SYNONYM  ​clutch2 (humorous) a large family of childrenShe grew up amidst a lively brood of brothers and sisters.

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Liaison

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li·aison  ​noun BrE /liˈeɪzn/ NAmE /liˈeɪzɑːn/ , /ˈliəzɑːn/ 1 [uncountable, singular] liaison (between A and B) a relationship between two organizations or different departments in an organization, involving the exchange of information or ideasOur role is to ensure liaison between schools and parents. We work in close liaison with the police. 2 [countable] liaison (to/​with somebody/​something) a person whose job is to make sure there is a good relationship between two groups or organizationsthe White House liaison to organized labor3 [countable] liaison (with somebody) a secret sexual relationship, especially if one or both partners are married➔ SYNONYM  ​affair▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples   She is responsible for liaison with researchers at other universities.She was having a romantic liaison with her husbandʼs best friend.We are hoping to establish better customer liaison.We are hoping to establish good liaisons with these groups.We hired someone as customer liaison.We maintained a close liaison with the trade union.a community liaison officera customer liaison managergood liaison between management and staffHe finally admitted to several sexual

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Divine

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di·vine  ​adjective BrE /dɪˈvaɪn/ NAmE /dɪˈvaɪn/ 1 [usually before noun] coming from or connected with God or a goddivine law/​love/​willdivine intervention (= help from God to change a situation)2 (old-fashioned) wonderful; beautifulThat mango tasted divine!

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Tenant

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ten·ant  ​noun NAmE /ˈtenənt/ a person who pays rent for the use of a room, building, land, etc. to the person who owns itThey had evicted their tenants for non-payment of rent.  The decorating was done by a previous tenant.  tenant farmers (= ones who do not own their own farm▼ Extra examples    The property is currently occupied by a life tenant.conflicts that might arise between landlord and tenantthe sale of council houses to sitting tenantsThe land was leased to a tenant farmer.

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Reign

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reign  ​verb NAmE /reɪn/ 1 [intransitive] to rule as king, queen, emperor, etc.the reigning monarchQueen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901. reign over somebody/​something Herod reigned over Palestine at that time. 2 [intransitive] reign (over somebody/​something) to be the best or most important in a particular situation or area of skillthe reigning championIn the field of classical music, he still reigns supreme. 3 [intransitive] (literary) (of an idea, a feeling or an atmosphere) to be the most obvious feature of a place or momentAt last silence reigned (= there was complete silence). For a while, chaos and confusion reigned.▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a show in which the music reigns supremeIt was the first visit by a British reigning monarch to Russia.A handful of families have reigned over Bangkokʼs economy for many years.In the field of classical music, he still reigns supreme.She will face the reigning champion in her first round match.

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Slate

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slate  ​noun NAmE /sleɪt/ 1 [uncountable] a type of dark grey stone that splits easily into thin flat layersa slate quarryThe sea was the colour of slate. 2 [countable] a small thin piece of slate, used for covering roofsA loose slate had fallen from the roof. 3 [countable] (North American English) a list of the candidates in an electiona slate of candidatesthe Democratic slate4 [countable] a small sheet of slate in a wooden frame, used in the past in schools for children to write on5 [countable] a small computer that is easy to carry, that has a screen that you can write on with an electronic pen but no physical keyboard; a Tablet PC™▶ Word OriginIdiomsa clean ˈsheet/​ˈslatea record of your work or behaviour that does not show any mistakes or bad things that you have doneNo government operates with a completely clean sheet. They kept a clean sheet in the match (= no goals were scored against them). wipe the slate ˈcleanto agree to forget about past mistakes or arguments and start again with a relationship

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Prioritize

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pri·ori·tize NAmE /praɪˈɔːrətaɪz/ 1 [transitive, intransitive] prioritize (something) to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important firstYou should make a list of all the jobs you have to do and prioritize them. 2 [transitive] prioritize something (formal) to treat something as being more important than other thingsThe organization was formed to prioritize the needs of older people.

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Pillar

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pil·lar  ​noun BrE /ˈpɪlə(r)/ NAmE /ˈpɪlər/ 1 a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is used to support a bridge, the roof of a building, etc., especially when it is also decorativeTwo white marble pillars stood on either side of the entrance.2 a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is built to remind people of a famous person or event ➔ SYNONYM  ​column3 pillar of something a mass of something that is shaped like a pillara pillar of smoke/​rock4 pillar of something a strong supporter of something; an important member of somethinga pillar of the Churcha pillar of society5 pillar of something a person who has a lot of a particular qualityShe is a pillar of strength in a crisis. 6 a basic part or feature of a system, organization, belief, etc.the central pillar of this theoryEducation and investment are the twin pillars on which a successful economy is built.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The roof is supported by eight massive stone pillars.a pillar of rock/​​smokeHe was hiding behind a pillar near the back of the church.My view of the stage was blocked by a pillar. Idiomsbe driven, pushed, etc. from ˌpillar to ˈpostto be forced to go from one person or situation to another without achieving anythingMorale is very low. People have just had enough of being thrown from pillar to post.

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Vow

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vow  ​noun BrE /vaʊ/ NAmE /vaʊ/ a formal and serious promise, especially a religious one, to do somethingto make/​take a vowto break/​keep a vowto break your marriage vowsNuns take a vow of chastity. ▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He took a lifelong vow of celibacy.Nothing will persuade me to break this vow.She decided to leave the convent before taking her final vows.She kept her vow of silence until she died.The couple exchanged vows at the altar.a vow of povertyAs a priest he had taken a vow of celibacy.She made a vow never to speak to him again.She would not be unfaithful to her marriage vows.The monks take a vow of silence.

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Reassemble

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re·assem·ble  ​verb NAmE /ˌriːəˈsembl/ 1 [transitive] reassemble something to fit the parts of something together again after it has been taken apartWe had to take the table apart and reassemble it upstairs. 2 [intransitive] to meet together again as a group after a breakThe class reassembled after lunch.

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Alliance

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al·li·ance  ​noun BrE /əˈlaɪəns/ NAmE /əˈlaɪəns/ 1 an agreement between countries, political parties, etc. to work together in order to achieve something that they all wantto form/​make an alliancealliance with somebody/​something The Social Democrats are now in alliance with the Greens. alliance between A and B an alliance between education and business to develop the use of technology in schools2 a group of people, political parties, etc. who work together in order to achieve something that they all wantThe Green Alliance was formed to campaign against environmental damage.▶ Word Family▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Seven more countries have been invited to join the alliance.The government has tried to forge alliances with environmentalists.The government, in alliance with the army, has decided to ban all public meetings for a month.The marriage was meant to cement the alliance between the two countries.The organization is a broad alliance of many different groups.The uneasy alliance between such different people just cannot last.They broke off the alliance with Sparta.They have alliances with other companies.To cement the alliance with England, Charles married Margaret, sister of the English king.a loose alliance of opposition groupsan alliance between Britain and Francean alliance between the USSR and Indiaan alliance with Chinaan unholy alliance between the Fascists and the Communistsold alliances against enemies that no longer existthe shifting alliances among the various political groupsThe Movement for Multiparty Democracy was a loose alliance of opposition parties.The right-wing alliance was dedicated to promoting Afrikaner self-determination.

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Resuscitate

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re·sus·ci·tate  ​verb BrE /rɪˈsʌsɪteɪt/ NAmE /rɪˈsʌsɪteɪt/ resuscitate somebody/​something to make somebody start breathing again or become conscious again after they have almost died ➔ SYNONYM  ​reviveHe had a heart attack and all attempts to resuscitate him failed. (figurative) efforts to resuscitate the economy

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tenure

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tenure

tenuously tenured ten·ure  ​noun BrE /ˈtenjə(r)/ NAmE /ˈtenjər/ [uncountable]1 the period of time when somebody holds an important job, especially a political one; the act of holding an important jobhis four-year tenure as PresidentShe knew that tenure of high political office was beyond her. 2 the right to stay permanently in your job, especially as a teacher at a universityItʼs still extremely difficult to get tenure. 3 the legal right to live in a house or use a piece of landWhen you rent a house here, you donʼt have security of tenure.▶ Extra examplesShe had a long tenure of office.She has been granted tenure at Leeds University.The tenants have security of tenure.

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enchanted

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en·chant·ed  ​adjective NAmE /ɪnˈtʃæntɪd/ 1 placed under a spell (= magic words that have special powers)an enchanted forest/​kingdom2 (formal) filled with great pleasure ➔ SYNONYM  ​delightedHe was enchanted to see her again after so long. The children were enchanted with the present.We were all enchanted with the mountain scenery.

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Puke

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puke  ​verb NAmE /pjuːk/ [intransitive, transitive] puke (something) (up) (informal) to vomitThe baby puked all over me this morning. That guy makes me puke! (= makes me angry) I puked up my dinner.

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Crack

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crack  ​noun BrE /kræk/ NAmE /kræk/ break1 [countable] crack (in something) a line on the surface of something where it has broken but not split into separate partsThis cup has a crack in it. Cracks began to appear in the walls. (figurative) The cracks (= faults) in the governmentʼs economic policy are already beginning to show. narrow opening2 [countable] a narrow space or openingShe peeped through the crack in the curtains. The door opened a crack (= a small amount). sound3 [countable] a sudden loud noisea crack of thunderthe sharp crack of a rifle shothit4 [countable] crack (on something) a sharp blow that can be heardShe fell over and got a nasty crack on the head. attempt5 [countable] crack (at something) | crack (at doing something) (informal) an occasion when you try to do something ➔ SYNONYM  ​attemptShe hopes to have another crack at the world record this year. drug6 (also ˌcrack coˈcaine) [uncountable] a powerful, illegal drug that is a form of cocainea crack addictjoke7 [countable] (informal) a joke, especially a critical oneHe made a very unfair crack about her looks. conversation8 (also craic) [uncountable, singular] (Irish English, informal) a good time; friendly, enjoyable talkWhereʼs the crack tonight? Heʼs a person who enjoys a drink and a bit of crack. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A fine crack ran up the wall.A loud crack echoed off the empty walls.Could you open the window just a crack?He gave a crack of laughter.He gets really mad if anyone makes a crack about his weight.He had a good crack at opening the door, but it wouldnʼt budge.The chandelier hit the floor with a crack.Thereʼs a crack in the fence big enough to look through.We filled the cracks in the plaster before hanging the wallpaper.Wide cracks appeared in the ground during the drought.a tiny crack of light under the doorShe heard the sharp crack of a rifle shot.She peeped through a crack in the curtains.The cracks in the governmentʼs economic policy are already beginning to show.The door opened a crack.There was a deafening crack of thunder and the heavens opened. Idiomsat the crack of ˈdawn(informal) very early in the morningI have to get up at the crack of dawn.a fair crack of the ˈwhip(British English, informal) a reasonable opportunity to show that you can do somethingI felt we werenʼt given a fair crack of the whip.

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Crevice

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crev·ice  ​noun BrE /ˈkrevɪs/ NAmE /ˈkrevɪs/ a narrow crack in a rock or wallMost of the year the insects are hidden in rock crevices.▶ Word Origin

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Totty

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totty  noun BrE /ˈtɒti/ NAmE /ˈtɑːti/ [uncountable](British English, slang)sexually attractive women (an expression used by men, and usually offensive to women

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Subliminal

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sub·lim·inal  ​adjective BrE /ˌsʌbˈlɪmɪnl/ NAmE /ˌsʌbˈlɪmɪnl/ affecting your mind even though you are not aware of itsubliminal advertisingmusic containing subliminal messagesRumours of a subliminal message in the song have never been proved.There are strict laws against subliminal advertising.▶ Word Origin

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Niggle

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nig·gle  ​noun NAmE /ˈnɪɡl/ 1 (British English) a small criticism or complaintMy only niggle is that they should have told me sooner.2 a slight feeling, such as worry, doubt, etc. that does not go awaya niggle of doubtIn his mind there was that same old niggle—had he done the right thing?3 a slight painHe gets the occasional niggle in his right shoulder.

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Presumptuous

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pre·sump·tu·ous  ​adjective BrE /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/ NAmE /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/ [not usually before noun]too confident, in a way that shows a lack of respect for other peopleWould it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car?Isnʼt it rather presumptuous of you to decide what he needs?It would be presumptuous to assume she will accept the offer.▶ Word Origin

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Awkward

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awk·ward  ​adjective BrE /ˈɔːkwəd/ NAmE /ˈɔːkwərd/ 1 making you feel embarrassedThere was an awkward silence. I felt awkward because they obviously wanted to be alone. 2 difficult to deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​difficultDonʼt ask awkward questions. Youʼve put me in an awkward position. an awkward customer (= a person who is difficult to deal with)Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come. It makes things awkward for everyone when you behave like that.3 not convenient ➔ SYNONYM  ​inconvenientHave I come at an awkward time? 4 difficult or dangerous because of its shape or designThis box is very awkward for one person to carry. This tool will reach into awkward corners, such as under kitchen units. 5 not moving in an easy way; not comfortableHe tried to dance, but he was too clumsy and awkward. I must have slept in an awkward position—Iʼm aching all over. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He always sounded awkward on the phone.He could make things very awkward for me if he wanted to.He was embarrassed, which made him awkward.I was the most socially awkward person you could imagine.She asked some rather awkward questions.She is awkward with people she doesnʼt know.They felt awkward about having to leave so soon.Donʼt ask awkward questions.He can be an awkward customer.He was in an awkward situation and I thought he handled it very well.Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come.Thatʼs a bit awkward for me—could we make it earlier?There was an awkward moment when they asked about his wife.Youʼve put me in an awkward position.

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Bliss

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bliss  ​verb NAmE /blɪs/ ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌbliss ˈout(also be ˌblissed ˈout)to reach a state of perfect happiness, when you are not aware of anything elseJosh is just blissed out, always smiling.

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Crave

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crave  ​verb BrE /kreɪv/ NAmE /kreɪv/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] crave (for) something | crave to do something to have a very strong desire for something ➔ SYNONYM  ​long forShe has always craved excitement. to crave alcohol/​drugs/​sweet food/​carbohydrates/​cigarettes/​coffee2 [transitive] crave something (British English, old use) to ask for something seriouslyI must crave your pardon. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    to crave alcohol/​​drugs/​​sweet food/​​carbohydrates/​​cigarettes/​​coffee

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Utmost

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ut·most  ​adjective BrE /ˈʌtməʊst/ NAmE /ˈʌtmoʊst/ (less frequent ut·ter·most) [only before noun] greatest; most extremeThis is a matter of the utmost importance. You should study this document with the utmost care. ▶ Word Origin

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Faith

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faith  ​noun NAmE /feɪθ/ 1 [uncountable] faith (in somebody/​something) trust in somebodyʼs ability or knowledge; trust that somebody/​something will do what has been promisedI have great faith in you—I know youʼll do well. Weʼve lost faith in the governmentʼs promises. Her friendʼs kindness has restored her faith in human nature. He has blind faith (= unreasonable trust) in doctorsʼ ability to find a cure. 2 [uncountable, singular] strong religious beliefto lose your faithFaith is stronger than reason. ▶ Collocations3 [countable] a particular religionthe Christian faithThe children are learning to understand people of different faiths. 4 [uncountable] good faith the intention to do something rightThey handed over the weapons as a gesture of good faith. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    As club manager he was not prepared to keep faith with the players who had failed him.Business crime undermines public faith in the business system.Christianity is a living faith which has shaped the history of Britain.Christians were allowed to practise their faith unmolested by the authorities.He distrusted political systems and placed his faith in the genius of individuals.He felt the call to preach the faith to others.He found faith gradually, rather than in a sudden conversion.He seems to have a blind faith in his boss.Her faith in human nature had been badly shaken.I have little faith in doctors these days.I wish I shared your faith in the jury system.If the company can retain its customersʼ faith it could become the market leader.Manchester Unitedʼs greatness was an article of faith for him.She did not pin much faith on their chances of success.She showed a touching faith in my ability to resolve any and every difficulty.The judge did not find any bad faith on the part of the defendants.The judge did not find any bad faith= intention to do wrong on the part of the defendants.The study of other world faiths is an important part of religious education.Their aim was to keep alive the traditional Jewish faith.These reforms are totally untested and will require a leap of faith on the part of teachers.Thet had entered into the contract in bad faith.They are trying to restore faith in the political system.They believe that people can come to salvation through faith.They kept the faith in the face of ridicule.We printed the report in good faith, but have now learned that it was incorrect.a committee which is made up of members of different faith groupsa large decline in the number of people who have an active faith of any sortan artist whose work reflects his abiding faith in humanityher new-found faith in Jesuspeople who lose faith in themselvesthe debate on faith schoolsthe role of parents in passing on the faith to their childrenthe teamʼs greatness was an article of faith for him= a belief that could not be questioned.Her friendʼs kindness restored her faith in human nature.I have great faith in you—I know youʼll do well.I lost my faith when my parents died.If I were you, I would not place too much faith in their findings.The children learn to understand people of different faiths.Weʼve lost faith in the governmentʼs promises. Idiomsbreak/​keep faith with somebodyto break/​keep a promise that you have made to somebody; to stop/​continue being loyal to somebodyin bad ˈfaithknowing that what you are doing is wrongin good ˈfaithbelieving that what you are doing is right; believing that something is correctWe printed the report in good faith but have now learnt that it was incorrect. He bought the painting in good faith (= he did not know that it had been stolen).ˌpin (all) your ˈhopes on somebody/​something, ˌpin your ˈfaith on somebody/​somethingto rely on somebody/​something completely for success or helpThe company is pinning its hopes on the new project.

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Stellar

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stel·lar  adjective BrE /ˈstelə(r)/ NAmE /ˈstelər/ [usually before noun]1 (specialist) connected with the stars ➔ COMPARE  interstellar2 (informal) excellenta stellar performance

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Rip

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rip  ​verb NAmE /rɪp/ 1 [transitive, intransitive] to tear something or to become torn, often suddenly or violentlyrip (something) I ripped my jeans on the fence. The flags had been ripped in two. The nail ripped a hole in my jacket.I heard the tent rip. rip something + adj. She ripped the letter open. 2 [transitive] rip something + adv./​prep. to remove something quickly or violently, often by pulling itHe ripped off his tie. The carpet had been ripped from the stairs. Half of the house was ripped away in the explosion.3 [transitive] rip something (computing) to copy sound or video files from a website or CD on to a computer4 (computing) ➔ =  ​rasterize▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A huge fire ripped through the factory.He ripped open the plastic bag.I ripped my coat on a nail.The dog had ripped a cushion to shreds.The hounds fell on the fox and ripped it apart.He ripped up the letter.Sheʼll rip you to pieces if you try to keep her cub from her.The flag had been ripped in twocountries ripped apart by fighting Idiomslet ˈrip (at somebody)(informal) to speak or do something with great force, enthusiasm, etc. and without controlWhen she gets angry with her boyfriend, she really lets rip at him. The group let rip with a single from their new album. let ˈrip, let something ˈrip(informal)1 to go or allow something such as a car to go as fast as possibleOnce on the open road, he let rip. Come on Steve—let her rip. 2 to do something or to allow something to happen as fast as possibleThis would cause inflation to let rip again. rip somebody/​something aˈpart/​to ˈshreds/​to ˈbits, etc.to destroy something; to criticize somebody very stronglyˌtear/​ˌrip the ˈheart out of somethingto destroy the most important part or aspect of somethingClosing the factory tore the heart out of the community.tear/​rip somebody ˌlimb from ˈlimb(often humorous) to attack somebody very violentlyPhrasal Verbsˈrip at somethingto attack something violently, usually by tearing or cutting itThe bird ripped at its rivalʼs throat with its beak.ˌrip ˈinto somebody (for/​with something)to criticize somebody and tell them that you are very angry with themˌrip ˈinto/​ˈthrough somebody/​somethingto go very quickly and violently into or through somebody/​somethingA bullet ripped into his shoulder. An explosion ripped through their home.ˌrip somebody ˈoff[usually passive] (informal) to cheat somebody, by making them pay too much, by selling them something of poor quality, etc.Tourists complain of being ripped off by local cab drivers. ➔ RELATED NOUN  ​rip-offˌrip something ˈoff(informal) to steal somethingThieves broke in and ripped off five computers. ˌrip something ˈupto tear something into small piecesHe ripped up the letter and threw it in the fire.

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Extraordinary

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extra·or·din·ary  ​adjective BrE /ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/ NAmE /ɪkˈstrɔːrdəneri/ 1 unexpected, surprising or strange ➔ SYNONYM  ​incredibleItʼs extraordinary that he managed to sleep through the party. What an extraordinary thing to say! The president took the extraordinary step of apologizing publicly for his behaviour!2 not normal or ordinary; greater or better than usualan extraordinary achievementShe was a truly extraordinary woman. They went to extraordinary lengths to explain their behaviour. ➔ COMPARE  ​ordinary3 [only before noun] (formal) (of a meeting, etc.) arranged for a special purpose and happening in addition to what normally or regularly happensAn extraordinary meeting was held to discuss the problem. 4 (following nouns) (specialist) (of an official) employed for a special purpose in addition to the usual staffan envoy extraordinary▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It seems absolutely extraordinary.What makes it so extraordinary is that the experts had all dismissed her theories as nonsense.He did the work with extraordinary energy and good humour.He used the extraordinary powers granted to him by Parliament to introduce economic reforms.I found an extraordinary number of errors in the document.Itʼs extraordinary that he managed to sleep through the party.She is a truly extraordinary woman.She must have been an extraordinary artist to work with.The club convened an extraordinary general meeting.The discussion was about the treatment of extraordinary items in the company accounts.The festival offers an extraordinary range of artistic events.The portrait does not do justice to her extraordinary beauty.The ruling Socialist Party held an extraordinary congress in July, two months before the annual congress.There was an extraordinary meeting of the Foreign Ministers.They went to extraordinary lengths to obtain a copy of the report.

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Pivotal

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piv·otal  ​adjective BrE /ˈpɪvətl/ NAmE /ˈpɪvətl/ of great importance because other things depend on ita pivotal role in European affairsAccountancy, law and economics are pivotal to a successful career in any financial services area.

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Coop

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coop  ​verb NAmE /kuːp/ Phrasal Verbsˌcoop somebody/​something ˈup[usually passive] to keep a person or an animal inside a building or in a small spaceIʼve been cooped up in that office all day.

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Dromitory

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dor·mi·tory  noun BrE /ˈdɔːmətri/ NAmE /ˈdɔːrmətɔːri/ (pl. dor·mi·tories)(informal dorm)1 a room for several people to sleep in, especially in a school or other institution2 (North American English) (British English ˌhall of ˈresidence, hall) a building for university or college students to live in

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Swamp

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swamp  ​verb BrE /swɒmp/ NAmE /swɑːmp/ [often passive]▶ Verb Forms1 to make somebody have more of something than they can deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​inundateswamp somebody/​something with something The department was swamped with job applications. swamp somebody/​something In summer visitors swamp the island. 2 swamp something to fill or cover something with a lot of water ➔ SYNONYM  ​engulfThe little boat was swamped by the waves.

▶ Word Origin▼

Extra examples   

Huge tidal waves swamped the town.Radio stations have been swamped with requests to play the song.The little boat was swamped by a huge wave.This is a big task and I am finding myself swamped.

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يملأ

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Boisterous

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bois·ter·ous  ​adjective BrE /ˈbɔɪstərəs/ NAmE /ˈbɔɪstərəs/ (of people, animals or behaviour) noisy and full of life and energyIt was a challenge, keeping ten boisterous seven-year-olds amused. The children and the dogs raced out of the house to give me a boisterous welcome.

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Vibes

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vibes  ​noun BrE /vaɪbz/ NAmE /vaɪbz/ [plural]1 (formal vi·bra·tions) (also vibe [singular]) (informal) a mood or an atmosphere produced by a particular person, thing or placegood/​bad vibesThe vibes werenʼt right. Iʼve had bad vibes about her lately.2➔ =  ​vibraphonea jazzy vibes backing

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Subside

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sub·side  verb BrE /səbˈsaɪd/ NAmE /səbˈsaɪd/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to become calmer or quieterShe waited nervously for his anger to subside. When the rain had subsided we continued our walk.I took an aspirin and the pain gradually subsided. He waited until the laughter had subsided before continuing his story.My laughter soon subsided.The storm gradually subsided.2 [intransitive] (of water) to go back to a normal levelThe flood waters gradually subsided. 3 [intransitive] (of land or a building) to sink to a lower level; to sink lower into the groundWeak foundations caused the house to subside.

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Getaway

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get·away  ​noun BrE /ˈɡetəweɪ/ NAmE /ˈɡetəweɪ/ [usually singular]1 an escape from a difficult situation, especially after committing a crimeto make a quick getawaya getaway car2 (informal) a short holiday/​vacation; a place that is suitable for a holiday/​vacationa romantic weekend getaway in New Yorkthe popular island getaway of Penanga shortlist of things that most people look for when planning their summer getaway

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Exodus

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exo·dus  ​noun BrE /ˈeksədəs/ NAmE /ˈeksədəs/ [singular] exodus (from…) (to…) (formal or humorous) a situation in which many people leave a place at the same timethe mass exodus from Paris to the country in the summerThe play was so awful that there was a general exodus from the theatre at the interval.

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Pathogen

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patho·gen  ​noun BrE /ˈpæθədʒən/ NAmE /ˈpæθədʒən/ (specialist)a thing that causes diseasethe spread of pathogens by insects

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Range

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range  ​noun BrE /reɪndʒ/ NAmE /reɪndʒ/ variety1 [countable, usually singular] range (of something) a variety of things of a particular typeThe hotel offers a wide range of facilities. There is a full range of activities for children. This material is available in a huge range of colours.limits2 [countable, usually singular] the limits between which something variesMost of the students are in the 17–20 age range. There will be an increase in the range of 0 to 3 per cent. Itʼs difficult to find a house in our price range (= that we can afford). This was outside the range of his experience. of products3 [countable] a set of products of a particular typeour new range of hair products➔ SEE ALSO  ​mid-range, top of the rangedistance4 [countable, uncountable] the distance over which something can be seen or heardThe child was now out of her range of vision (= not near enough for her to see). 5 [countable, uncountable] the distance over which a gun or other weapon can hit thingsThese missiles have a range of 300 miles. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​close-range, long-range, short-range6 [countable] the distance that a vehicle will travel before it needs more fuelof mountains7 [countable] a line or group of mountains or hillsthe great mountain range of the Alpsfor shooting8 [countable] an area of land where people can practise shooting or where bombs, etc. can be testeda shooting rangeA device was exploded at the main nuclear testing range. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​driving range, rifle rangeoven9 [countable] a large piece of equipment that can burn various fuels and is kept hot all the time, used for cooking, especially in the past10 (North American English) ➔ =  ​stoveCook the meat on a low heat on top of the range. for cows11 the range [singular] (North American English) a large open area for keeping cows, etc.➔ SEE ALSO  ​free-range▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsin/​within ˈrange (of something)near enough to be reached, seen or heardHe shouted angrily at anyone within range. out of ˈrange (of something)too far away to be reached, seen or heardThe cat stayed well out of range of the children. She hid away in her house, out of range of prying eyes.

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Invalidate

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in·vali·date  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/ NAmE /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 invalidate something to prove that an idea, a story, an argument, etc. is wrongThis new piece of evidence invalidates his version of events. Flawed research methods may invalidate the studyʼs conclusions.2 invalidate something if you invalidate a document, a contract, an election, etc., you make it no longer legally or officially valid or acceptableMisuse of the mattress will invalidate the guarantee➔ OPPOSITE  ​validate

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Invalidate

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in·vali·date  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/ NAmE /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 invalidate something to prove that an idea, a story, an argument, etc. is wrongThis new piece of evidence invalidates his version of events. Flawed research methods may invalidate the studyʼs conclusions.2 invalidate something if you invalidate a document, a contract, an election, etc., you make it no longer legally or officially valid or acceptableMisuse of the mattress will invalidate the guarantee➔ OPPOSITE  ​validate

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Leaning

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lean·ing  ​noun BrE /ˈliːnɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈliːnɪŋ/ [usually plural] leaning (toward(s) something) a tendency to prefer something or to believe in particular ideas, opinions, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​inclination, tendencya leaning towards comedy rather than tragedya person with socialist leanings▼ Extra examples    He had leanings towards classical architecture.John has no political leanings.My leanings have always been towards comedy rather than tragedy.

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Last-gasp

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ˌlast-ˈgasp  ​adjective

[only before noun]done or achieved at the last possible moment

a last-gasp 2–1 victory

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Tabulate

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tabu·late  ​verb BrE /ˈtæbjuleɪt/ NAmE /ˈtæbjuleɪt/ ▶ Verb Formstabulate something to arrange facts or figures in columns or lists so that they can be read easilyThe survey results are tabulated in section 9 of Appendix 1.

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Batch

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batch  ​noun BrE /bætʃ/ NAmE /bætʃ/ 1 a number of people or things that are dealt with as a groupEach summer a new batch of students tries to find work. He worked his way through the batch of letters on his desk.We deliver the goods in batches. 2 an amount of food, medicine, etc. produced at one timea batch of cookiesloaves of bread baked in batches of 20It is necessary to make new batches of flu vaccine whenever a different, virulent strain of flu makes an appearance.3 (computing) a set of jobs that are processed together on a computerto process a batch joba batch file/​program▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He baked a fresh batch of rolls.How many books are there in each batch?We deliver the goods in batches.a batch of lettersthe latest batch of opinion pollsto run in batch modeFunding has been approved for an initial batch of 35 aircraft.New batches of flu vaccine must be made whenever a different strain of flu makes an appearance.Shall I make another batch of cookies?a batch file/​​job/​​program

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Deprive

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de·prive  ​verb BrE /dɪˈpraɪv/ NAmE /dɪˈpraɪv/ ▶ Verb Forms▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsdeˈprive somebody/​something of somethingto prevent somebody from having or doing something, especially something importantThey were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights. Why should you deprive yourself of such simple pleasures?

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Campaign

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cam·paign  ​noun BrE /kæmˈpeɪn/ NAmE /kæmˈpeɪn/ 1 campaign (against/​for something) a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aimto conduct a campaigna campaign against ageism in the workplacethe campaign for parliamentary reforman anti-smoking campaignToday police launched (= began) a campaign to reduce road accidents. an advertising campaignan election campaignthe Presidentʼs campaign team/​manager▶ Synonyms▶ Collocations2 a series of attacks and battles that are intended to achieve a particular military aim during a warthe North African campaignAir battles had dominated the campaign. a bombing campaign▶ Wordfinder▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A campaign of intimidation was waged against people trying to vote.A news conference was held at the partyʼs campaign headquarters.After sliding in the opinion polls, the party had to rethink its plan of campaign.Education has become an important campaign issue.Her political opponents ran a whispering campaign against her.Local people started a petition and letter-writing campaign to keep the hospital open.People have criticized the way in which she conducted her election campaign.She has fought a one-woman campaign for ten years about the lack of childcare provision in the town.She led a successful campaign against the closure of the library.The President kept his campaign promises.The anti-fur organization financed an ad campaign featuring celebrities.The campaign aims to inform the public of the dangers of this disease.The campaign failed to achieve its objectives.The campaign featured athletes talking about healthy lifestyles.The company launched a huge advertising campaign.The general election campaign gets underway today.The government has intensified the military campaign against the rebels.They began a grass-roots campaign to encourage people to shop locally.They met regularly during the campaign.We designed an Internet marketing campaign.a carefully orchestrated campaign against striking workersa concerted campaign aimed at educating young people about the dangers of drugsa fierce campaign against huntinga health awareness campaign to promote a healthy lifestyleelection candidates on the campaign trailregulations governing political campaign financingthe campaign for racial equalitythe political campaign by the Labour Partythe terroristsʼ bombing campaignShe led the campaign for parliamentary reform.The Russian campaign ended with the German defeat at Stalingrad.The advertising campaign was responsible for the massive rise in sales.The terrorists responded with a bombing campaign directed at business and commerce.Theyʼre conducting a campaign against ageism in the workplace.Weʼre launching an anti-smoking campaign in the New Year.

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Ensconce

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en·sconce  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈskɒns/ NAmE /ɪnˈskɑːns/ ▶ Verb Formsbe ensconced (+adv./​prep.) | ensconce yourself (+adv./​prep.) (formal) if you are ensconced or ensconce yourself somewhere, you are made or make yourself comfortable and safe in that place or positionHe ensconced himself in my bedroom as if he owned it.The teacher was ensconced in an elaborate wooden chair

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Intimidate

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in·timi·date  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/ NAmE /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsintimidate somebody (into something/​into doing something) to frighten or threaten somebody so that they will do what you wantThey were accused of intimidating people into voting for them. She refused to be intimidated by their threats. ▶ Extra examplesHe was not a man to be easily intimidated.She did not feel intimidated by him.The police had tried to intimidate him into signing a confession.Buildings were set on fire in an attempt to intimidate our members.

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Tyrannical

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tyr·an·nical  ​adjective BrE /tɪˈrænɪkl/ NAmE /tɪˈrænɪkl/ (formal tyr·an·nous BrE /ˈtɪrənəs/ ; NAmE /ˈtɪrənəs/ )using power or authority over people in an unfair and cruel way ➔ SYNONYM  ​autocratic, dictatorialtyrannical powera tyrannical governmentHe was brought up by a cruel and tyrannical father.His reputation as a tyrannical captain made it hard to find a crew.

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Belligerent

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bel·liger·ent  ​adjective BrE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ NAmE /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ 1 unfriendly and aggressive ➔ SYNONYM  ​hostilea belligerent attitudeHe is always very belligerent towards me.2 [only before noun] (formal) (of a country) fighting a warthe belligerent countries/​states/​nations

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Stomp

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stomp  ​verb BrE /stɒmp/ NAmE /stɑːmp/ , /stɔːmp/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] + adv./​prep. (informal) to walk, dance, or move with heavy stepsShe stomped angrily out of the office. The children were stomping around noisily.I could hear my mother stomping around in the other room.She stomped angrily up the stairs.

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Raze

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raze  verb NAmE /reɪz/ [usually passive] raze something to completely destroy a building, town, etc. so that nothing is leftThe village was razed to the ground. The woodland was razed by fire.

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Grandeur

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grand·eur  ​noun BrE /ˈɡrændʒə(r)/ , /ˈɡrændjə(r)/ NAmE /ˈɡrændʒər/ , /ˈɡrændjər/ [uncountable]1 the quality of being great and impressive in appearance ➔ SYNONYM  ​splendourthe grandeur and simplicity of Roman architectureThe hotel had an air of faded grandeur. 2 the importance or social status somebody has or thinks they haveHe has a sense of grandeur about him. She is clearly suffering from delusions of grandeur (= thinks she is more important than she really is). ➔ SEE ALSO  ​grand▼ Extra examples    the majestic grandeur of the Grand Canyonthe rugged grandeur of the mountainsWe admired the grandeur and simplicity of the Roman architecture.

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Laden

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laden  ​adjective BrE /ˈleɪdn/ NAmE /ˈleɪdn/ laden (with something)1 heavily loaded with somethingpassengers laden with luggageThe trees were laden with apples. a heavily/​fully laden truck➔ COMPARE  ​unladen2 (literary) full of something, especially something unpleasantHis voice was soft, yet laden with threat. 3 -laden used to form adjectives showing that something is full of, or loaded with, the thing mentionedcalorie-laden cream cakes▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The trees were absolutely laden with apples.They arrived laden with gifts.Try to avoid discussing emotionally laden subjects.a fully laden basket

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Trudge

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trudge  ​verb BrE /trʌdʒ/ NAmE /trʌdʒ/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] to walk slowly or with heavy steps, because you are tired or carrying something heavy+ noun He trudged the last two miles to the town. + adv./​prep. The men trudged up the hill, laden with supplies. We spent the morning trudging around the mall looking for a suitable gift.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Following a heavy defeat, the players trudged disconsolately back to the showers.He trudged wearily on down the road.She trudged slowly back to the office.We trudged along in silence.We trudged slowly through the fields.He turned and trudged back to the farmhouse.I used to trudge the streets asking for money.The children trudged along in silence.They trudged wearily into the town.We trudged the last two miles across the wet sand.

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Crammed

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crammed  ​adjective BrE /kræmd/ NAmE /kræmd/ 1 crammed (with somebody/​something) full of things or people ➔ SYNONYM  ​packedAll the shelves were crammed with books. The room was crammed full of people. The article was crammed full of ideas. 2 [not before noun] if people are crammed into a place, there is not much room for them in it ➔ SYNONYM  ​packedWe were crammed four to an office. ▼ Extra examples    The book is crammed full of delicious recipes.The report is positively crammed with facts and figures.The shelves were literally crammed with books.

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Fierce

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fierce  ​adjective BrE /fɪəs/ NAmE /fɪrs/ (fier·cer, fier·cest)1 (especially of people or animals) angry and aggressive in a way that is frighteninga fierce dogTwo fierce eyes glared at them. He suddenly looked fierce. She spoke in a fierce whisper. The more she struggled, the fiercer he became.2 (especially of actions or emotions) showing strong feelings or a lot of activity, often in a way that is violentfierce loyaltythe scene of fierce fightingHe launched a fierce attack on the Democrats. Competition from abroad became fiercer in the 1990s. His wife is his fiercest critic.The bill was passed despite fierce opposition.3 (of weather conditions or temperatures) very strong in a way that could cause damagefierce windthe fierce heat of the flames▶ Word OriginIdiomssomething ˈfierce(North American English, informal) very much; more than usualI sure do miss you something fierce!

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Glide

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glide  ​verb BrE /ɡlaɪd/ NAmE /ɡlaɪd/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to move smoothly and quietly, especially as though it takes no effortSwans went gliding past. The skaters were gliding over the ice. 2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (of birds or aircraft) to fly using air currents, without the birds moving their wings or the aircraft using the engineAn eagle was gliding high overhead. The plane managed to glide down to the runway. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a swan gliding serenely pastBoats were gliding gracefully on the lake.He cut the engines and glided silently into the clearing.The ball glided into the back of the net.The blade glided easily over my skin.The dancers glided smoothly across the floor.The swan spread its wings and glided gently downward.

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Gasp

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gasp  ​verb BrE /ɡɑːsp/ NAmE /ɡæsp/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to take a quick deep breath with your mouth open, especially because you are surprised or in paingasp (at something) She gasped at the wonderful view. They gasped in astonishment at the news. + speech ‘What was that noise?ʼ he gasped. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to have difficulty breathing or speakinggasp (for something) He came to the surface of the water gasping for air. gasp (something) (out) She managed to gasp out her name. + speech ‘Canʼt breathe,ʼ he gasped. 3 be gasping (for something) [intransitive] (British English, informal) to want or need something very badly, especially a drink or a cigarette▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    ‘No!ʼ she managed to gasp.Denis almost gasped aloud in astonishment.Her breath went and left her gasping for air.She gasped at his boldness.She was gasping with pain.The cold made her gasp.‘Let go of me,ʼ he gasped.

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Lawn

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lawn  ​noun BrE /lɔːn/ NAmE /lɔːn/ 1 [countable] an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden/​yard or park, or used for playing a game onIn summer we have to mow the lawn twice a week. a croquet lawnThey served afternoon tea on the lawn (= a large area of grass, near a big house, for example).2 [uncountable] a type of fine cotton or linen cloth used for making clothes▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The cottage sits on a hill above a sweep of lawn.The lawn really needs mowing.a carefully tended lawnthe correct way to maintain a lawnThe hotel boasts two tennis courts and a croquet lawn.They served afternoon tea on the lawn.They walked across the lawn towards the river.

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Crossly

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cross·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈkrɒsli/ NAmE /ˈkrɔːsli/ in an annoyed or slightly angry way‘Well what did you expect?ʼ she said crossly.

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Ivy

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ivy  ​noun BrE /ˈaɪvi/ NAmE /ˈaɪvi/ [uncountable, countable](pl. ivies) a climbing plant, especially one with dark green shiny leaves with five pointsstone walls covered in ivy➔ SEE ALSO  ​poison ivy▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Ivy grew up the side of the house.The ivyʼs got very thick. It needs cutting back a bit.The walls were covered in ivy.There was ivy clinging to the wall.Weʼre going to grow a variegated ivy up the back of the house.

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Chuckle

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chuckle  ​verb BrE /ˈtʃʌkl/ NAmE /ˈtʃʌkl/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] chuckle (at/​about something) to laugh quietlyShe chuckled at the memory. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He chuckled at the thought of the two of them stuck in the snow.She chuckled softly to herself as she remembered his astonished look.She was still chuckling about the story the next day.George chuckled at the memory.

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Mutt

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mutt  ​noun BrE /mʌt/ NAmE /mʌt/ (informal, especially North American English)a dog, especially one that is not of a particular breed ➔ SYNONYM  ​mongrel

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Bonehead

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bone·head  ​noun BrE /ˈbəʊnhed/ NAmE /ˈboʊnhed/ (informal)a stupid person

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Despatch (n.)

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des·patch  ​noun BrE /dɪˈspætʃ/ NAmE /dɪˈspætʃ/ 1 [uncountable] (formal) the act of sending somebody/​something somewhereMore food supplies are ready for immediate dispatch. 2 [countable] a message or report sent quickly from one military officer to another or between government officialsThe latest dispatch was held up for three hours at the border.He was mentioned in dispatches (= for brave acts in war).3 [countable] a report sent to a newspaper by a journalist who is working in a foreign countrydispatches from the war zone▶ Word OriginIdiomswith diˈspatch(formal) quickly and efficientlyHe carries out his duties with efficiency and dispatch.

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Stray

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stray  ​adjective BrE /streɪ/ NAmE /streɪ/ [only before noun]1 (of animals normally kept as pets) away from home and lost; having no homestray dogs2 separated from other things or people of the same kindA civilian was killed by a stray bullet. a few stray hairs

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Theft

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theft  ​noun BrE /θeft/ NAmE /θeft/ [uncountable, countable] theft (of something) the crime of stealing something from a person or placecar theftPolice are investigating the theft of computers from the companyʼs offices. ➔ COMPARE  ​burglary, robbery➔ SEE ALSO  ​identity theft, thief▼ Extra examples    She admitted the theft of three pairs of shoes.They are accused of theft from a newsagentʼs shop.a spate of thefts over the Christmas periodthe crime of attempted theftthe potential victims of identity theftthe wholesale theft of copyrighted musicA number of thefts have been reported recently.Police are investigating the theft of computers from the companyʼs offices.There has been a reduction in the number of car thefts.

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Yikes

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yikes  ​exclamation BrE /jaɪks/ NAmE /jaɪks/ (informal)used to show that you are surprised or suddenly afraid

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Pal

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pal  ​noun BrE /pæl/ NAmE /pæl/ 1 (informal, becoming old-fashioned) a friendWeʼve been pals for years. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​pen pal2 (informal) used to address a man in an unfriendly wayIf I were you, pal, Iʼd stay away from her! ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She became quite good pals with the woman in the shop.If I were you, pal, Iʼd stay away from her!Thanks—youʼre a real pal.Weʼve been pals for years.

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Playdate

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ˈplay date  ​noun BrE NAmE an arrangement that parents make for their children to play together at a particular time and placeHannah has a play date with a friend after school.

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Tater

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tater  ​noun BrE /ˈteɪtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈteɪtər/ [usually plural](slang)a potato

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Tot

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tot  ​noun BrE /tɒt/ NAmE /tɑːt/ 1 (informal) a very young childTV programmes for tiny tots2 (especially British English) a small amount of a strong alcoholic drink in a glassa tot of whisky

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Mangy

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mangy  ​adjective BrE /ˈmeɪndʒi/ NAmE /ˈmeɪndʒi/ [usually before noun]1 (of an animal) suffering from mangea mangy dog2 (informal) dirty and in bad condition ➔ SYNONYM  ​moth-eatena mangy old coat

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Cottage

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cot·tage  ​noun BrE /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ NAmE /ˈkɑːtɪdʒ/ a small house, especially in the countrya charming country cottage with roses around the door(British English) a holiday cottage▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It was her dream to have a little cottage in the countryThey built a small guest cottage on their land.They lived in a tied cottage on the estate.They put us up in a guest cottage next to their house.We rented a cottage for a week.We stayed in a cottage on a farm.James lived in a charming country cottage with honeysuckle around the door.They rented a holiday cottage in the middle of nowhere.

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Peep

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peep  ​verb BrE /piːp/ NAmE /piːp/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to look quickly and secretly at something, especially through a small openingWe caught her peeping through the keyhole. Could I just peep inside? He was peeping at her through his fingers. 2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to be just visibleThe tower peeped above the trees. The sun peeped out from behind the clouds. 3 [intransitive, transitive] peep (something) to make a short high sound; to make something make this sound.▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He peeped out cautiously from behind the door.She was tempted to peep at the letter.The child peeped through a crack in the door.The little boy was peeping at her through his fingers.

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Damp

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damp  ​adjective BrE /dæmp/ NAmE /dæmp/ (damp·er, damp·est) slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasantThe cottage was cold and damp. It feels damp in here. damp clothesWipe the surface with a damp cloth. ▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsa damp ˈsquib(British English, informal) an event that is disappointing because it is not as exciting or impressive as expectedThe celebrations were a bit of a damp squib.

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Gust

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gust  ​noun BrE /ɡʌst/ NAmE /ɡʌst/ 1 a sudden strong increase in the amount and speed of wind that is blowingA gust of wind blew his hat off. The wind was blowing in gusts. ▶ Wordfinder2 a sudden strong expression of emotiona gust of laughter▼ Extra examples    The hurricaneʼs wind gusts topped 110 miles an hour.The wind came in great gusts off the Pacific.a sudden gust of wind

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Tangled

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tan·gled  ​adjective NAmE /ˈtæŋɡld/ 1 twisted together in an untidy waytangled hair/​bed clothes2 complicated, and not easy to understandtangled financial affairs▼ Extra examples    My hair had got all tangled.My legs got hopelessly tangled in the rope.Your hair looks a bit tangled.Diplomacy can be such a tangled web.He spent the next few days wrestling with very tangled emotions.Her hair was a tangled mass of damp curls.The series involves the tangled relationships of two London families.They had to fight their way through the tangled undergrowth.Three people were cut from the tangled wreckage of the train.

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Stem

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stem  ​noun BrE /stem/ NAmE /stem/ 1 the main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow; a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaveslong, trailing stems of ivya tall plant with branching stemsThere are several leaves on each stem.When the bush has finished flowering, cut back all the stems.2 the long thin part of a wine glass between the bowl and the base3 the thin tube of a tobacco pipe4 -stemmed (in adjectives) having one or more stems of the type mentioneda long-stemmed roseslender-stemmed wine glasses5 (grammar) the main part of a word that stays the same when endings are added to it‘Writʼ is the stem of the forms ‘writesʼ, ‘writingʼ and ‘writtenʼ. ▶ Word OriginIdiomsfrom ˌstem to ˈsternall the way from the front of a ship to the back

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Shoot

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shoot  ​noun BrE /ʃuːt/ NAmE /ʃuːt/ plant1 the part that grows up from the ground when a plant starts to grow; a new part that grows on plants or treesnew green shootsbamboo shootsfilm/​photographs2 an occasion when somebody takes professional photographs for a particular purpose or makes a film/​moviea fashion shoot➔ SEE ALSO  ​photo shootfor sport3 (especially British English) an occasion when a group of people hunt and shoot animals or birds for sport; the land where this happens▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He goes out on shoots with very little equipment.He was shot in the face while on a game shoot.Keep the bulbs in a cool dark place until shoots appear.These shrubs will need more light to produce flowering shoots.This plant has no shoots yet.This plant hasnʼt got any shoots yet.a cover shoot for the September issue of Cosmopolitana five-day photo shoot in Cyprus

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Aesthetic

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aes·thet·ic  ​adjective (North American English also es·thet·ic)BrE /iːsˈθetɪk/ , /esˈθetɪk/ NAmE /esˈθetɪk/ 1 concerned with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful thingsan aesthetic appreciation of the landscapeThe works of art are judged on purely aesthetic groundsThe benefits of conservation are both financial and aesthetic. 2 made in an artistic way and beautiful to look atTheir furniture was more aesthetic than functional.

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Poly

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ploy  ​noun BrE /plɔɪ/ NAmE /plɔɪ/ words or actions that are carefully planned to get an advantage over somebody else ➔ SYNONYM  ​manoeuvrea clever marketing ployploy to do something It was all a ploy to distract attention from his real aims. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a ploy for deflecting criticismDonʼt take any notice of her—itʼs just a ploy.It was a deliberate ploy to smear his opponents.It was all a ploy to distract attention away from his real aims.Maybe itʼs a ploy to throw us off our guard.

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Palette

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pal·ette  ​noun BrE /ˈpælət/ NAmE /ˈpælət/ 1 a thin board with a hole in it for the thumb to go through, used by an artist for mixing colours on when painting2 [usually singular] (specialist) the colours used by a particular artistGreens and browns are typical of Riberaʼs palette.

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Fury

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fury  ​noun BrE /ˈfjʊəri/ NAmE /ˈfjʊri/ 1 [uncountable] extreme anger that often includes violent behaviour ➔ SYNONYM  ​rageHer eyes blazed with fury. Fury over tax increases (= as a newspaper headline). (figurative) There was no shelter from the fury of the storm. 2 [singular] a state of being extremely angry about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​rageHe flew into a fury when I refused. 3 the Furies [plural] (in ancient Greek stories) three goddesses who punish people for their crimes➔ SEE ALSO  ​furious▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomshell hath no ˈfury (like a woman ˈscorned)used to refer to somebody, usually a woman, who has reacted very angrily to something, especially the fact that her husband or lover has been unfaithfullike fury(informal) with great effort, power, speed, etc.

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Dastardly

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das·tard·ly  ​adjective BrE /ˈdæstədli/ NAmE /ˈdæstərdli/ (old-fashioned)evil and cruel

a dastardly plot to assassinate the king

My first part was Captain OʼHagarty, a dastardly villain in a childrenʼs play.

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Scaly

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scaly  ​adjective BrE /ˈskeɪli/ NAmE /ˈskeɪli/ (scali·er, scali·est)(of skin) covered with scales (8), or hard and dry, with small pieces that come offTypical symptoms are redness, acne, dry scaly skin and rashes.

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Glitch

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glitch  ​verb BrE /ɡlɪtʃ/ NAmE /ɡlɪtʃ/ (informal)[intransitive]▶ Verb Forms(of a machine or system) to suffer a sudden fault and fail to work correctlyThe screen glitched.The instrument panel began glitching back in March.

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Steering

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steer·ing  ​noun BrE /ˈstɪərɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈstɪrɪŋ/ [uncountable]the machinery in a vehicle that you use to control the direction it goes in ➔ SEE ALSO  ​power steering

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Helm

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helm  ​noun BrE /helm/ NAmE /helm/ a handle or wheel used for steering a boat or ship ➔ COMPARE  ​tiller▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsat the ˈhelm1 in charge of an organization, project, etc.2 steering a boat or shiptake the ˈhelm1 to take charge of an organization, project, etc.2 to begin steering a boat or ship

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Bent

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bent  ​adjective BrE /bent/ NAmE /bent/ ➔ SEE ALSO  ​bend1 not straighta piece of bent wireDo this exercise with your knees bent (= not with your legs straight). 2 (of a person) not able to stand up straight, usually as a result of being old or ill/​sicka small bent old womanHe was bent double with laughter. 3 (British English, informal) (of a person in authority) dishonest▼ Extra examples    The lamp post got bent in the crash.The man shuffled back a few paces, bent almost double.Do this exercise with your knees bent.He tried to pick the lock with a piece of bent wire.She whirled around to see a small, bent old woman leaning on a cane. Idiomsˈbent on something/​on doing somethingdetermined to do something (usually something bad)She seems bent on making life difficult for me. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​hell-bentget bent out of ˈshape (about/​over something)(North American English, informal) to become angry, anxious or upsetDonʼt get bent out of shape about it. It was just a mistake!

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Buckle

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buckle  ​verb BrE /ˈbʌkl/ NAmE /ˈbʌkl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] to fasten something or be fastened with a bucklebuckle (something) She buckled her belt. buckle (something on/​up) He buckled on his sword. These shoes buckle at the side. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to become crushed or bent under a weight or force; to crush or bend something in this wayThe steel frames began to buckle under the strain. (figurative) A weaker man would have buckled under the pressure. buckle something The crash buckled the front of my car. 3 [intransitive] when your knees or legs buckle or when you buckle at the knees, your knees become weak and you start to fall▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌbuckle ˈdown (to something)(informal) to start to do something seriouslyIʼd better buckle down to those reports. ˌbuckle ˈup(North American English)(British English ˌbelt ˈup)(informal) to fasten your seat belt (= a belt worn by a passenger in a vehicle)

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Bunch

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bunch  ​verb BrE /bʌntʃ/ NAmE /bʌntʃ/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive, transitive] to become tight or to form tight folds; to make something do thisHis muscles bunched under his shirt. bunch (something) up Her skirt had bunched up round her waist. bunch something His forehead was bunched in a frown. ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌbunch ˈup/​toˈgether | ˌbunch somebody/​something ˈup/​toˈgetherto move closer and form into a group; to make people or things do thisThe sheep bunched together as soon as they saw the dog.

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Harpoon

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har·poon  ​noun BrE /hɑːˈpuːn/ NAmE /hɑːrˈpuːn/ a weapon like a spear that you can throw or fire from a gun and is used for catching large fish, whales, etc.They hunt whales with harpoons.

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Reel

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reel  verbBrE /riːl/ NAmE /riːl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to move in a very unsteady way, for example because you are drunk or have been hit ➔ SYNONYM  ​staggerI punched him on the chin, sending him reeling backwards. She was reeling after several glasses of wine.He reeled under the blow.2 [intransitive] reel (at/​from/​with something) to feel very shocked or upset about somethingI was still reeling from the shock. 3 [intransitive] to seem to be spinning around and aroundWhen he opened his eyes, the room was reeling. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He reeled back against the wall.He reeled under the painful blows.Her mind reeled at the possibilities.I was reeling with shock.My brain was still reeling under the impact of this news.She reeled away from us.The blow sent him reeling backwards.The country was still reeling from the earthquake.The mixture of sights and smells made her senses reel.He was reeling now, clutching the table to stop himself from falling.I hit him hard, sending him reeling backwards.The pair went reeling along the street. Phrasal Verbsˌreel something ˈin/​ˈoutto wind something on/​off a reelI slowly reeled the fish in. ˌreel something ˈoffto say or repeat something quickly without having to stop or think about itShe immediately reeled off several names.

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Jeepers

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jee·pers  ​exclamation BrE /ˈdʒiːpəz/ NAmE /ˈdʒiːpərz/ (also ˌjeepers ˈcreepers)(especially North American English, informal)used to express surprise or shockJeepers! That car nearly hit us!

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Meddling

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med·dling  ​noun BrE /ˈmedlɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈmedlɪŋ/ [uncountable](disapproving)meddling (in something)involvement in something that does not concern you ➔ SYNONYM  ​interferenceThe government is completely opposed to outside meddling in domestic affairs.bureaucratic meddling

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Battered

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bat·tered  ​adjective BrE /ˈbætəd/ NAmE /ˈbætərd/ 1 old, used a lot, and not in very good conditiona battered old car2 [usually before noun] attacked violently and injured; attacked and badly damaged by weapons or by bad weatherbattered women/​childrenThe child had suffered what has become known as ‘battered baby syndrome.ʼ Rockets and shells continued to hit the battered port. After the hurricane, thousands were rescued from the battered coastal towns.▼ Extra examples    She felt emotionally battered.She wore a battered old robe.The team is feeling a little battered and bruised right now.

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Savvy

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savvy  ​noun BrE /ˈsævi/ NAmE /ˈsævi/ [uncountable] (informal) practical knowledge or understanding of somethingpolitical savvySkill isnʼt enough—you need savvy too.

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Offence

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of·fense  ​noun BrE /əˈfens/ NAmE /əˈfens/ 1 [countable] offence (against somebody/​something) an illegal act ➔ SYNONYM  ​crimea criminal/​serious/​minor/​sexual, etc. offencea first offence (= the first time that somebody has been found guilty of a crime)a capital offence (= one for which somebody may be punished by death)He was not aware that he had committed an offence. an offence against society/​humanity/​the stateNew legislation makes it an offence to carry guns. ▶ Wordfinder2 [uncountable] the act of upsetting or insulting somebodyIʼm sure he meant no offence when he said that. The photo may cause offence to some people. No one will take offence (= feel upset or insulted) if you leave early. Donʼt be so quick to take offence. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsno ofˈfence(informal) used to say that you do not mean to upset or insult somebody by something you say or doNo offence, but Iʼd really like to be on my own.

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Distinctly

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dis·tinct·ly  ​adverb BrE /dɪˈstɪŋktli/ NAmE /dɪˈstɪŋktli/ 1 in a way that is easily or clearly heard, seen, felt, etc.I distinctly heard someone calling me. He could remember everything very distinctly. 2 in a way that shows a quality that is easy to recognizea distinctly Australian accentThe two techniques are distinctly different.3 (used with an adjective) definitely or extremelyIt is distinctly possible that she will lose.He looked distinctly uncomfortable.

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Underwhelmed

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under·whelmed  ​adjective BrE /ˌʌndəˈwelmd/ NAmE /ˌʌndərˈwelmd/ (informal, humorous)not impressed with or excited about something at allWe were distinctly underwhelmed by the directorʼs speech. ➔ COMPARE  ​overwhelm

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Yikes

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yikes  ​exclamation BrE /jaɪks/ NAmE /jaɪks/ (informal)used to show that you are surprised or suddenly afraid

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Merrily

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mer·rily  ​adverb BrE /ˈmerəli/ NAmE /ˈmerəli/ 1 in a happy, cheerful wayThey chatted merrily. 2 without thinking about the problems that your actions might cause ➔ SYNONYM  ​gailyShe carried on merrily, not realizing the offence she was causing.

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Shade

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shade  ​noun BrE /ʃeɪd/ NAmE /ʃeɪd/ out of sun1 [uncountable] shade (of something) an area that is dark and cool under or behind something, for example a tree or building, because the sunʼs light does not get to itWe sat down in the shade of the wall. The temperature can reach 40°C in the shade. The trees provide shade for the animals in the summer. These plants grow well in sun or shade.➔ SEE ALSO  ​shady▶ Which Word?on lamp, etc.2 [countable] a thing that you use to prevent light from coming through or to make it less brightI bought a new shade for the lamp. an eyeshade➔ SEE ALSO  ​lampshade, sunshadeon window3 [countable] (also ˈwindow shade) (both North American English) ➔ =  ​blindof colour4 [countable] shade (of something) a particular form of a colour, that is, how dark or light it isa delicate/​pale/​rich/​soft shade of blueCool pastel shades are just right for summer. ▶ Synonymsin picture5 [uncountable] the dark areas in a picture, especially the use of these to produce varietyThe painting needs more light and shade. of opinion/​feeling6 [countable, usually plural] shade of something a different kind or level of opinion, feeling, etc.politicians of all shades of opinionThe word has many shades of meaning. slightly7 a shade [singular] a little; slightly ➔ SYNONYM  ​touchHe was feeling a shade disappointed. Her skirt was a shade too short.for eyes8 shades [plural] (informal) ➔ =  ​sunglassesghost9 [countable] (literary) the spirit of a dead person; a ghost▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He threw out his old suits, all in various shades of brown.His face turned an even deeper shade of red.His room was dark, the shades pulled to block out the sun.I searched for a patch of shade to rest in.I was sitting in the shade.Letʼs move into the shade.The huge trees offered shade from the sun.The ocean glistened in shades of blue and emerald.The rooms were decorated in delicate pastel shades.They were sitting under the shade of an umbrella.This wool is available in 18 stunning shades.Towels in warm shades can soften the room.a plant that grows well in shadea room painted in startling shades of pink and orangea word with various shades of meaninggiving shade for cattlein the leafy shade of a fig treeour new range of shades for lips and eyesreformers of all political shadesthe need to ensure adequate shade for coffee plantsvarious shades of greenHer eyes were a delicate shade of green.The painting needs more light and shade.The sun peered through the shades in the hotel room.The temperature can reach 40°C in the shade.Use different shades of the same colour, rather than lots of different colours.We sat down in the shade of the tree. Idiomsput somebody/​something in the ˈshadeto be much better or more impressive than somebody/​somethingI tried hard but her work put mine in the shade. shades of somebody/​something(informal) used when you are referring to things that remind you of a particular person, thing or timeshort skirts and long boots—shades of the 1960s

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Tractor

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trac·tor  ​noun BrE /ˈtræktə(r)/ NAmE /ˈtræktər/ 1 a powerful vehicle with two large and two smaller wheels, used especially for pulling farm machinerya farmer on his tractorthe sound of a tractor ploughing in the field nearby2 (North American English) the front part of a tractor-trailer, where the driver sits

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Intrigue

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in·trigue  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ NAmE /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, often passive] intrigue somebody | it intrigues somebody that… to make somebody very interested and want to know more about somethingThe idea intrigued her.Youʼve really intrigued me—tell me more! There was something about him that intrigued her.2 [intransitive] intrigue (with somebody) (against somebody) (formal) to secretly plan with other people to harm somebody

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Waiver

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waiver  ​noun BrE /ˈweɪvə(r)/ NAmE /ˈweɪvər/ (law)a situation in which somebody gives up a legal right or claim; an official document stating this

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Hippie

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hip·pie (also hippy)  ​noun BrE /ˈhɪpi/ NAmE /ˈhɪpi/ (pl. hip·pies)a person who rejects the way that most people live in Western society, often having long hair, wearing brightly coloured clothes and taking illegal drugs. The hippie movement was most popular in the 1960s.

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Bum

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bum  ​verb BrE /bʌm/ NAmE /bʌm/ ▶ Verb Forms1 bum something (off somebody) (informal) to get something from somebody by asking ➔ SYNONYM  ​cadgeCan I bum a cigarette off you? 2 bum somebody (out) (North American English, informal) to make somebody feel upset or disappointed▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌbum aˈround/​aˈbout(informal) to travel around or spend your time with no particular plansHe bummed around the world for a year.

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Crooked

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crooked  ​adjective BrE /ˈkrʊkɪd/ NAmE /ˈkrʊkɪd/ 1 not in a straight line; bent or twisteda crooked nose/​smilea village of crooked streetsYour glasses are on crooked. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​straight2 dishonesta crooked businessman/​dealAll the officials are crooked.3 crooked (on somebody) (Australian English, informal) annoyedItʼs not you Iʼm crooked on, itʼs him. ▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The top looks a bit crooked: I donʼt think itʼs on right.She flashed him a crooked smile.She had prim lips and, above them, a slightly crooked nose.The old part of the city is a maze of crooked streets and small alleys.The president has vowed to jail crooked executives.

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Streak

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streak  ​verb BrE /striːk/ NAmE /striːk/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] to mark or cover something with streaksstreak something Tears streaked her face. Sheʼs had her hair streaked (= had special chemicals put on her hair so that it has attractive coloured lines in it). streak something with something His face was streaked with mud. The sunset streaked the sky with brilliant colours.2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move very fast in a particular direction ➔ SYNONYM  ​speedA car pulled out and streaked off down the road. She streaked home in under 54 seconds.A police car streaked by, lights flashing.Some kind of animal leaped out of the grass and streaked across the meadow.3 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (informal) to run through a public place with no clothes on as a way of getting attention

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Stiff

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stiff  ​adjective BrE /stɪf/ NAmE /stɪf/ (stiff·er, stiff·est)difficult to bend/​move1 firm and difficult to bend or movestiff cardboarda stiff brushThe windows were stiff and she couldnʼt get them open. muscles2 when a person is stiff, their muscles hurt when they move themIʼm really stiff after that bike ride yesterday. Iʼve got a stiff neck. mixture3 thick and almost solid; difficult to stirWhisk the egg whites until stiff. difficult/​severe4 more difficult or severe than usualIt was a stiff climb to the top of the hill. The company faces stiff competition from its rivals. The new proposals have met with stiff opposition. There are stiff fines for breaking the rules. a stiff breeze/​wind (= one that blows strongly)not friendly5 (of a person or their behaviour) not friendly or relaxedThe speech he made to welcome them was stiff and formal. price6 (informal) costing a lot or too muchThereʼs a stiff $30 entrance fee to the exhibition. alcoholic drink7 [only before noun] strong; containing a lot of alcohola stiff whisky‘What you need is a stiff drink,ʼ he told her.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He felt stiff all over.His manner seemed rather stiff and impersonal.I was stiff from kneeling.My armʼs gone all stiff.My fingers had gone stiff with cold.My trousers were getting stiff with mud.She lay stiff and still beside him.She was aware that her words sounded stiff.The captain stood as stiff as a board.The clothes were stiff with dust and grease.Their punishment seemed rather stiff.Youʼll get stiff if you donʼt have a hot bath.in the face of some very stiff competitionHe had the accent and the stiff manner of a school house master.Iʼve got a stiff neck from sleeping in a draught.It was an old blanket, frayed and stiff with dirt.Scrub away any residue with a stiff brush.The brown hair was coarse and stiff.The course represents a stiff test of a golferʼs skills.The windows were stiff and she couldnʼt get them open.a sheet of stiff black cardboard Idioms(keep) a stiff upper ˈlipto keep calm and hide your feelings when you are in pain or in a difficult situationHe was taught to keep a stiff upper lip and never to cry in public.Their reaction contrasts sharply with the stiff upper lip of the English.

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Howl

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howl  ​verb BrE /haʊl/ NAmE /haʊl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (of a dog, wolf, etc.) to make a long, loud crythe sound of wolves howling in the night2 [intransitive] howl (in/​with something) to make a loud cry when you are in pain, angry, amused, etc.to howl in painWe howled with laughter. The baby was howling (= crying loudly) all the time I was there. 3 [intransitive] (of the wind) to blow hard and make a long loud noiseThe wind was howling around the house. 4 [transitive] howl something | + speech to say something loudly and angrilyThe crowd howled its displeasure. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    ‘Ouch!ʼ howled Ricky.The baby was howling all the time I was there.The child howled in pain. Phrasal Verbsˌhowl somebody ˈdownto prevent a speaker from being heard by shouting angrily ➔ SYNONYM  ​shout somebody downThe government spokesman was howled down by the audience.

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Tiptoe

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tip·toe  ​verb BrE /ˈtɪptəʊ/ NAmE /ˈtɪptoʊ/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to walk using the front parts of your feet only, so that other people cannot hear youI tiptoed over to the window. I let myself in with my key and tiptoed up the stairs.She tiptoed back into the room when he was asleep.

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Glimmer

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Glimmerglim·mer  ​noun BrE /ˈɡlɪmə(r)/ NAmE /ˈɡlɪmər/ 1 a faint unsteady lightWe could see a glimmer of light on the far shore. 2 (also glim·mer·ing) a small sign of somethinga glimmer of hopeI caught the glimmer of a smile in his eyes. the glimmering of an idea▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The faint glimmer of an idea had crept into his mind.There was the glimmer of tears in his eyes.We saw the glimmer of a distant torch.

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Hearth

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hearth  ​noun BrE /hɑːθ/ NAmE /hɑːrθ/ 1 the floor at the bottom of a fireplace (= the space for a fire in the wall of a room); the area in front of thisA log fire roared in the open hearth. The cat dozed in its favourite spot on the hearth. 2 (literary) home and family lifea longing for hearth and home

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Creep

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creep  ​verb BrE /kriːp/ NAmE /kriːp/     In the phrasal verb creep somebody out, creeped is used for the past simple and past participle. ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (of people or animals) to move slowly, quietly and carefully, because you do not want to be seen or heardI crept up the stairs, trying not to wake my parents. I heard someone creeping around the house.2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (North American English) to move with your body close to the ground; to move slowly on your hands and knees ➔ SYNONYM  ​crawl3 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to move or develop very slowlyHer arms crept around his neck. A slight feeling of suspicion crept over me. 4 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (of plants) to grow along the ground or up walls using long stems or roots ➔ SEE ALSO  ​creeper5 [intransitive] creep (to somebody) (British English, informal, disapproving) to be too friendly or helpful to somebody in authority in a way that is not sincere, especially in order to get an advantage from them▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A feeling of dread crept over him.Fatigue was creeping up on her.He crept stealthily along the corridor.He crept up behind me.I could hear someone creeping around downstairs.Suspicion crept into her voice.The cat quietly crept up on the pigeon.Donʼt creep up on me like that!He crept forward towards the sound of voices.She crept into her sisterʼs room.The cat was creeping stealthily through the long grass.Trucks are creeping along Interstate 70 in convoys. Idiomsmake your ˈflesh creepto make you feel afraid or full of disgustJust the sight of him makes my flesh creep.Phrasal Verbsˌcreep ˈin/​ˈinto somethingto begin to happen or affect somethingAs she became more tired, errors began to creep into her work. ˌcreep somebody ˈout(North American English, informal) to make somebody feel afraid, uncomfortable or disgustedHe said the empty streets creeped him out. Itʼs something that just plain creeps me out.ˌcreep ˈupto gradually increase in amount, price, etc.House prices are creeping up again. ˌcreep ˈup on somebody1 to move slowly nearer to somebody, usually from behind, without being seen or heardDonʼt creep up on me like that! 2 to begin to affect somebody, especially before they realize itTiredness can easily creep up on you while youʼre driving.

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Bum

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bum  ​verb BrE /bʌm/ NAmE /bʌm/

1 bum something (off somebody) (informal) to get something from somebody by asking ➔ SYNONYM  ​cadge

Can I bum a cigarette off you?

2 bum somebody (out) (North American English, informal) to make somebody feel upset or disappointed▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌbum aˈround/​aˈbout(informal) to travel around or spend your time with no particular plansHe bummed around the world for a year.

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Beam

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beam  ​verb BrE /biːm/ NAmE /biːm/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 [intransitive, transitive, no passive] to have a big happy smile on your facebeam (at somebody) He beamed at the journalists. beam (with something) She was positively beaming with pleasure. beam something (at somebody) The barman beamed a warm smile at her. His broad face beamed a hearty welcome.‘Iʼd love to come,ʼ she beamed (= said with a large smile). 2 [transitive] + adv./​prep. to send radio or television signals over long distances using electronic equipmentLive pictures of the ceremony were beamed around the world. 3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to produce a stream of light and/​or heatThe morning sun beamed down on us. Light beamed through a hole in the curtain. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He beamed broadly at them, clearly very pleased to see them.His face beamed with pleasure.She beamed happily at Maxim.She positively beamed with satisfaction.‘Iʼd love to come,ʼ she beamed. Idiomssmile/​grin/​beam from ear to ˈearto be smiling, etc. a lot because you are very pleased about somethingPhrasal Verbsˌbeam somebody ˈdown/​ˈup(in science fiction stories) to transport somebody to or from a spaceship using special electronic equipment     From the American television series Star Trek.

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Autonomous

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au·tono·mous  ​adjective BrE /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/ NAmE /ɔːˈtɑːnəməs/ 1 (of a country, a region or an organization) able to govern itself or control its own affairs ➔ SYNONYM  ​independentan autonomous republic/​state/​provincea federation of autonomous groups2 (of a person) able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone elseTeachers aim to help children become autonomous learners.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Higher education is relatively autonomous from the government.Teachers help children to become autonomous learners.an autonomous republic/​​state/​​province

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Culprit

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cul·prit  ​noun BrE /ˈkʌlprɪt/ NAmE /ˈkʌlprɪt/ 1 a person who has done something wrong or against the lawThe police quickly identified the real culprits. Police hunting the culprits have condemned the attack.2 a person or thing responsible for causing a problemThe main culprit in the current crisis seems to be modern farming techniques. Keep the kitchen clear of all sources of bacteria, not forgetting the biggest culprit of all—the dishcloth.

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Trace

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trace  ​noun BrE /treɪs/ NAmE /treɪs/ 1 [countable, uncountable] a mark, an object or a sign that shows that somebody/​something existed or was presentItʼs exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations. Police searched the area but found no trace of the escaped prisoners. Years of living in England had eliminated all trace of her American accent. The ship had vanished without (a) trace.2 [countable] trace of something a very small amount of somethingThe post-mortem revealed traces of poison in his stomach. She spoke without a trace of bitterness. 3 [countable] (specialist) a line or pattern on paper or a screen that shows information that is found by a machineThe trace showed a normal heart rhythm. 4 [countable] trace on somebody/​something a search to find out information about the identity of somebody/​something, especially what number a telephone call was made fromThe police ran a trace on the call. Detectives are doing a trace on the vehicle.5 [countable, usually plural] one of the two long pieces of leather that fasten a carriage or cart to the horse that pulls it▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Kelp is rich in vitamins and trace elements.Little trace is left of how Stone Age people lived.Remove all traces of rust with a small wire brush.The burglar had left several traces of his presence.The plane was lost without a trace over the Atlantic.The search party had found no trace of the missing climbers.The ship seems to have sunk without trace.The water was found to contain traces of cocaine.There was not the faintest trace of irony in her voice.Traces still remain of the long-defunct Surrey Iron Railway.Traces still remain of the old brewery.a trace of amusement/​​anxiety/​​a smileHe spoke in English with only the trace of an accent.Itʼs exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations.The police found traces of blood in the bathroom.The ship had vanished without (a) trace.There was no trace of a smile on his face.There was no trace of humour in his expression. Idiomskick over the ˈtraces(old-fashioned, British English) to start to behave badly and refuse to accept any discipline or control

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Rap

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rap  ​noun BrE /ræp/ NAmE /ræp/ 1 [countable] a quick sharp hit or knockThere was a sharp rap on the door. 2 [uncountable] a type of popular music with a fast strong rhythm and words which are spoken fast, not sunga rap song/​artist▶ Culture3 [countable] a rap song4 [countable] (North American English, informal) a criminal conviction (= the fact of being found guilty of a crime)a police rap sheet (= a record of the crimes somebody has committed)5 [singular] (North American English, informal) an unfair judgement on something or somebodyHe denounced the criticisms as ‘just one bum rap after another.ʼ Wolves get a bad rap, says a woman who owns three. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a rap on the knucklesone of the biggest artists on the rap sceneHe denounced the criticisms as ‘just one bum rap after anotherʼ.Wolves get a bad rap, says a woman who owns three. Idiomsbeat the ˈrap(North American English, slang) to escape without being punished(give somebody/​get) a rap on/​over/​across the ˈknuckles(informal) (to give somebody/​receive) strong criticism for somethingWe got a rap over the knuckles for being late. She was rapped over the knuckles by her boss for criticizing the company in the press.take the ˈrap (for somebody/​something)(informal) to be blamed or punished, especially for something you have not done ➔ SYNONYM  ​blameShe was prepared to take the rap for the shoplifting, though it had been her sisterʼs idea.

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Tatty

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tatty  ​adjective BrE /ˈtæti/ NAmE /ˈtæti/ (informal, especially British English)(tat·tier, tat·ti·est)in a bad condition because it has been used a lot or has not been cared for well ➔ SYNONYM  ​shabbya tatty carpet

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Retrive

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re·trieve  ​verb BrE /rɪˈtriːv/ NAmE /rɪˈtriːv/ ▶ Verb Forms1 (formal) to bring or get something back, especially from a place where it should not be ➔ SYNONYM  ​recoverretrieve something from somebody/​something She bent to retrieve her comb from the floor. The dog retrieved the ball from the water.He bent to retrieve his hat from the mud.retrieve something The police have managed to retrieve some of the stolen money. 2 (computing) to find and get back data or information that has been stored in the memory of a computerretrieve something from somebody/​something to retrieve information from the databaseretrieve something The program allows you to retrieve items quickly by searching under a keyword. ▶ Wordfinder3 retrieve something to make a bad situation better; to get back something that was lostYou can only retrieve the situation by apologizing. Employers are anxious to retrieve the investment they have made in training their employees.

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Canine

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ca·nine  ​noun BrE /ˈkeɪnaɪn/ NAmE /ˈkeɪnaɪn/ 1 (also ˈcanine tooth) one of the four pointed teeth in the front of a humanʼs or animalʼs mouth ➔ COMPARE  ​incisor, molar2 (formal) a dog

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Flourish

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flour·ish  ​verb BrE /ˈflʌrɪʃ/ NAmE /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to develop quickly and be successful or common ➔ SYNONYM  ​thriveFew businesses are flourishing in the present economic climate. The arts began to flourish at that time.There was a flourishing black market.2 [intransitive] to grow well; to be healthy and happy ➔ SYNONYM  ​thriveThese plants flourish in a damp climate. (especially British English) Iʼm glad to hear youʼre all flourishing. 3 [transitive] flourish something to wave something around in a way that makes people look at itHe rushed into the room flourishing the newspaper.▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

    The company has continued to flourish over the years.His international career has flourished under captain James Murray.I hope the grandchildren are flourishing.Olten is a lively and flourishing town.The plants flourish in a damp climate.The town still flourishes as a fishing port.Their relationship flourished for forty years.This tradition of singing is flourishing.

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Craven

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cra·ven  ​adjective BrE /ˈkreɪvn/ NAmE /ˈkreɪvn/ (formal, disapproving)lacking courage ➔ SYNONYM  ​cowardly➔ OPPOSITE  ​brave

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Ineptitude

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in·epti·tude  ​noun BrE /ɪˈneptɪtjuːd/ NAmE /ɪˈneptɪtuːd/ [uncountable]lack of skillthe ineptitude of the police in handling the situation

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Imbecile

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im·be·cile  ​adjective BrE /ˈɪmbəsiːl/ NAmE /ˈɪmbəsl/ (also im·be·cil·ic)[usually before noun]1 very stupid ➔ SYNONYM  ​idioticimbecile remarks2 (old-fashioned, offensive) having a very low level of intelligence

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Moron

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moron  ​noun BrE /ˈmɔːrɒn/ NAmE /ˈmɔːrɑːn/ (informal)an offensive way of referring to somebody that you think is very stupidTheyʼre a bunch of morons. You moron—now look what youʼve done! The people responsible for this are mindless morons.

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Perpetrator

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per·pet·ra·tor  ​noun BrE /ˈpɜːpətreɪtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ (also North American English, informal perp)a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evilthe perpetrators of the crimeWe will do everything in our power to bring the perpetrators to justice.

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Dim-witted

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ˌdim-ˈwitted  ​adjective BrE NAmE (informal)stupida dim-witted child

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Awkward

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awk·ward  ​adjective BrE /ˈɔːkwəd/ NAmE /ˈɔːkwərd/ 1 making you feel embarrassedThere was an awkward silence. I felt awkward because they obviously wanted to be alone. 2 difficult to deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​difficultDonʼt ask awkward questions. Youʼve put me in an awkward position. an awkward customer (= a person who is difficult to deal with)Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come. It makes things awkward for everyone when you behave like that.3 not convenient ➔ SYNONYM  ​inconvenientHave I come at an awkward time? 4 difficult or dangerous because of its shape or designThis box is very awkward for one person to carry. This tool will reach into awkward corners, such as under kitchen units. 5 not moving in an easy way; not comfortableHe tried to dance, but he was too clumsy and awkward. I must have slept in an awkward position—Iʼm aching all over. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He always sounded awkward on the phone.He could make things very awkward for me if he wanted to.He was embarrassed, which made him awkward.I was the most socially awkward person you could imagine.She asked some rather awkward questions.She is awkward with people she doesnʼt know.They felt awkward about having to leave so soon.Donʼt ask awkward questions.He can be an awkward customer.He was in an awkward situation and I thought he handled it very well.Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come.Thatʼs a bit awkward for me—could we make it earlier?There was an awkward moment when they asked about his wife.Youʼve put me in an awkward position.

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Brute

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brute  ​noun BrE /bruːt/ NAmE /bruːt/ 1 (sometimes humorous) a man who treats people in an unkind, cruel wayHis father was a drunken brute. Youʼve forgotten my birthday again, you brute! an ugly brute2 a large strong animal3 a thing which is awkward and unpleasant

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Ghastly

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ghastly  ​adjective BrE /ˈɡɑːstli/ NAmE /ˈɡæstli/ (ghast·lier, ghast·li·est)1 (of an event) very frightening and unpleasant, because it involves pain, death, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​horriblea ghastly crime/​murderShe woke up in the middle of a ghastly nightmare.2 (informal) (of an experience or a situation) very bad; unpleasant ➔ SYNONYM  ​terribleThe weather was ghastly. Itʼs all been a ghastly mistake. When she mentioned redundancies, for one ghastly moment, I thought she meant me.3 (informal) (of a person or thing) that you find unpleasant and dislike very much ➔ SYNONYM  ​horribleher ghastly husbandThis lipstick is a ghastly colour. I look ghastly in red.4 [not usually before noun] ill/​sick or upset ➔ SYNONYM  ​terribleI felt ghastly the next day. Do I look as ghastly as I feel?5 (literary) very pale in appearance, like a dead personHis face was ghastly white. She had a ghastly pallor.▶ Word Origin

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Tidy

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tidy  ​verb BrE /ˈtaɪdi/ NAmE /ˈtaɪdi/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive, transitive] (especially British English) to make something look neat by putting things in the place where they belongI spent all morning cleaning and tidying. tidy up When you cook, could you please tidy up after yourself. tidy something (up) to tidy (up) a room▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˌtidy something aˈway(British English) to put things in the place where they belong, especially where they cannot be seen, so that a room appears tidyCan you tidy away your clothes, please?ˌtidy something ˈupto arrange or deal with something so that it is well or correctly finishedI tidied up the report before handing it in.

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Nutrition

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nu·tri·tion  ​noun BrE /njuˈtrɪʃn/ NAmE /nuˈtrɪʃn/ [uncountable]the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthyadvice on diet and nutritionto study food science and nutritionNutrition information is now provided on the back of most food products.➔ COMPARE  ​malnutrition

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Follow up

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ˈfollow-up  ​noun BrE /ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/ NAmE /ˈfɑːloʊ ʌp/ [countable, uncountable]an action or a thing that continues something that has already started or comes after something similar that was done earlierThe book is a follow-up to her excellent television series. Despite the success of his last album, there are as yet no plans for any follow-ups.▼ Extra examples    Always make a follow-up telephone call.She is writing a follow-up to her best-selling novel.They were attending hospital for follow-up treatment.We are planning a follow-up to todayʼs event.You will receive a follow-up visit from the person conducting the assessment.a follow-up operation to consolidate military successesa long-term follow-up study of all children born in Great Britain in one week

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harness

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harnesshar·ness  ​verb BrE /ˈhɑːnɪs/ NAmE /ˈhɑːrnɪs/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to put a harness on a horse or other animal; to attach a horse or other animal to something with a harnessharness something to harness a horseharness something to something We harnessed two ponies to the cart. (figurative) In some areas, the poor feel harnessed to their jobs. 2 harness something to control and use the force or strength of something to produce power or to achieve somethingattempts to harness the sunʼs rays as a source of energyWe must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce. How can this energy be harnessed effectively for the good of humankind?They are attempting to harness the power of the sun.

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Utility

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util·ity  ​adjective BrE /juːˈtɪləti/ NAmE /juːˈtɪləti/ [only before noun] that can be used for several different purposesan all-round utility player (= one who can play equally well in several different positions in a sport

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Pouch

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pouch  ​noun BrE /paʊtʃ/ NAmE /paʊtʃ/ 1 a small bag, usually made of leather, and often carried in a pocket or attached to a belta tobacco pouchShe kept her money in a pouch around her neck. 2 a large bag for carrying letters, especially official ones ➔ SEE ALSO  ​diplomatic pouch3 a pocket of skin on the stomach of some female marsupial animals, such as kangaroos, in which they carry their young4 a pocket of skin in the cheeks of some animals, such as hamsters, in which they store food

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Lad

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lad  ​noun BrE /læd/ NAmE /læd/ 1 [countable] (old-fashioned or informal) a boy or young manThings have changed since I was a lad. Heʼs a nice lad. Hurry up, lad.➔ COMPARE  ​lass2 the lads [plural] (British English, informal) a group of friends that a man works with or spends free time withto go to the pub with the lads3 [countable, usually singular] (British English, informal) a lively young man, especially one who is very interested in women and having sex, drinks a lot of alcohol and enjoys sportTony was a bit of a lad—always had an eye for the women. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​laddish4 [countable] (British English) a person who works in a stable▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Theyʼre a nice bunch of lads.Heʼs a nice lad.Heʼs a strapping lad—already bigger than his father.

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Harsh

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harsh  ​adjective BrE /hɑːʃ/ NAmE /hɑːrʃ/ (harsh·er, harsh·est)1 cruel, severe and unkindThe punishment was harsh and unfair. The minister received some harsh criticism. the harsh treatment of slavesHe regretted his harsh words. We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later. 2 (of weather or living conditions) very difficult and unpleasant to live ina harsh winter/​wind/​climatethe harsh conditions of poverty which existed for most people at that time▶ Wordfinder3 too strong and bright; ugly or unpleasant to look atharsh coloursShe was caught in the harsh glare of the headlights. the harsh lines of concrete buildings➔ OPPOSITE  ​soft4 unpleasant to listen toa harsh voice5 too strong and rough and likely to damage somethingharsh detergentsOrdinary soap can be too harsh for delicate skin.▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

  It may seem harsh to criticize him after his death.‘Stop it!ʼ she said in a harsh voice.He later regretted his harsh words.He stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.Life expectancy is extremely low due to the harsh conditions.Many of the prisoners died during the harsh winter of 1683.Nothing can justify such harsh treatment of prisoners.The minister received some harsh criticism.The view was spoiled by the harsh lines of concrete towers.These plants will not grow in this harsh climate.Theyʼve painted the walls with harsh bright colours

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Amazement

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amaze·ment  ​noun BrE /əˈmeɪzmənt/ NAmE /əˈmeɪzmənt/ [uncountable]a feeling of great surpriseTo my amazement, he remembered me. She looked at him in amazement. ▼ Extra examples    He expressed amazement at being left out of the match.He stared at the animal in amazement.Laura looked around her with amazement.She raised her eyebrows in mock amazement.To her amazement she got the job.She looked at him in amazement.To my amazement, he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.

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Chatter

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chat·ter  ​verb BrE /ˈtʃætə(r)/ NAmE /ˈtʃætər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] chatter (away/​on) (to somebody) (about something) to talk quickly and continuously, especially about things that are not importantThey chattered away happily for a while. The children chattered to each other excitedly about the next dayʼs events. 2 [intransitive] (of teeth) to knock together continuously because you are cold or frightenedHer teeth chattered as she dressed.3 [intransitive] (of birds or monkeys) to make a series of short high soundsThe only sounds we could hear were the birds chattering in the trees.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He chattered excitedly to his friends.He chattered on happily for about half an hour.We chattered about work.chattering excitedly to her friendsThe children chattered to each other excitedly about the next dayʼs events. Idiomsthe ˈchattering classes(British English, usually disapproving) the people in society who like to give their opinions on political or social issuesConstitutional reform is popular among the chattering classes.

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Plump

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plump  ​adjective BrE /plʌmp/ NAmE /plʌmp/ (plump·er, plump·est)1 having a soft, round body; slightly fata short, plump womana plump face2 looking soft, full and attractive to use or eatplump cushionsplump tomatoes▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    That dress makes you look rather plump.His plump face was pink with embarrassment.Our new teacher was a short, plump woman.

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Fling

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fling  ​verb BrE /flɪŋ/ NAmE /flɪŋ/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they fling BrE /flɪŋ/ ; NAmE /flɪŋ/ he /​ she /​ it flings BrE /flɪŋz/ ; NAmE /flɪŋz/ past simple: flung BrE /flʌŋ/ ; NAmE /flʌŋ/ past participle: flung BrE /flʌŋ/ ; NAmE /flʌŋ/ -ing form: flinging BrE /ˈflɪŋɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈflɪŋɪŋ/   1 fling somebody/​something + adv./​prep. to throw somebody/​something somewhere with force, especially because you are angry ➔ SYNONYM  ​hurlSomeone had flung a brick through the window. He flung her to the ground. The door was suddenly flung open. I was flung forward by the impact.He had his enemies flung into prison. ▶ Synonyms2 fling yourself/​something + adv./​prep. to move yourself or part of your body suddenly and with a lot of forceShe flung herself onto the bed. He flung out an arm to stop her from falling. 3 fling something (at somebody) | + speech to say something to somebody in an aggressive way ➔ SYNONYM  ​hurlThey were flinging insults at each other. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​far-flung▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    ‘Hey, catch!ʼ she said, flinging him a towel.I flung a few clothes into a bag.She flung the letter down onto the table. Phrasal Verbsˈfling yourself at somebody(informal, disapproving) to make it too obvious to somebody that you want to have a sexual relationship with themˈfling yourself into somethingto start to do something with a lot of energy and enthusiasmThey flung themselves into the preparations for the party. ˌfling something ˈoff/​ˈon(informal) to take off or put on clothing in a quick and careless wayHe flung off his coat and collapsed on the sofa. ˌfling somebody ˈout(British English, informal) to make somebody leave a place suddenly ➔ SYNONYM  ​throw somebody out (of…)ˌfling something ˈout(British English, informal) to get rid of something that you do not want any longer➔ SYNONYM  ​throw something out

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Flee

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flee  ​verb BrE /fliː/ NAmE /fliː/ [intransitive, transitive, no passive]▶ Verb Formsto leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible dangerShe burst into tears and fled. flee from somebody/​something a camp for refugees fleeing from the warflee to…/​into… He fled to London after an argument with his family. flee something He was caught trying to flee the country. The driver had already fled the scene of the accident.➔ COMPARE  ​fly▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She dropped the phone and fled from the office.She had to flee for her life when soldiers attacked her town.The children fled in terror as the hay caught fire.The family managed to flee to safety.They fled to Britain when the war started.They turned and fled when they saw the gang approaching.They turned and fled when they saw the gang of youths approaching them.They were forced to flee the country.When danger threatens, collect your possessions and flee like the wind.When the police arrived the burglars fled empty-handed.All my family fled across the border into Thailand.He fled into exile and never returned.Hundreds of people were forced to flee their homes.People fled for their lives.People fled in terror as the bomb exploded.Refugees fled from the city.The man looked at me in horror, and then turned and fled.The robbers fled empty-handed from the shop.They fled the country in 1987.

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Summons

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sum·mons  ​noun BrE /ˈsʌmənz/ NAmE /ˈsʌmənz/ (pl. sum·monses BrE /ˈsʌmənzɪz/ ; NAmE /ˈsʌmənzɪz/ )1 (North American English also cit·ation) an order to appear in courtto issue a summons against somebodyThe police have been unable to serve a summons on him. She received a summons to appear in court the following week. 2 an order to come and see somebodyto obey a royal summons▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He received a summons to appear before the committee.Her neighbours took out a summons against her for noise nuisance.I received an urgent summons to her office.I stayed at home that night awaiting her summons.She received a summons to appear in court.She responded immediately to the summons from her boss.She was ready when the summons came.The landlord issued a summons against her for non-payment of rent.The summons can be served on either of the partners in the business.

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Monumental

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monu·men·tal  ​adjective BrE /ˌmɒnjuˈmentl/ NAmE /ˌmɑːnjuˈmentl/ 1 [usually before noun] very important and having a great influence, especially as the result of years of work ➔ SYNONYM  ​historicGibbonʼs monumental work ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empireʼ2 [only before noun] very large, good, bad, stupid, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​majora book of monumental significanceWe have a monumental task ahead of us. It seems like an act of monumental folly. We must act now to avert a disaster of monumental proportions.3 [only before noun] appearing in or serving as a monumenta monumental inscription/​tomba monumental mason (= a person who makes monuments)▼ Extra examples    This book is a work of monumental significance.a monumental error/​​disaster/​​cock-upan act of monumental follymonumental incompetence

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Impostor . Imposter

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im·pos·tor (British English also im·pos·ter)  ​noun BrE /ɪmˈpɒstə(r)/ NAmE /ɪmˈpɑːstər/ a person who pretends to be somebody else in order to trick people

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Manifest. Adj

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mani·fest  ​adjective BrE /ˈmænɪfest/ NAmE /ˈmænɪfest/ manifest (to somebody) (in something) (formal) easy to see or understand ➔ SYNONYM  ​clearHis nervousness was manifest to all those present. The anger he felt is manifest in his paintings.

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Sleigh

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sleigh  ​noun BrE /sleɪ/ NAmE /sleɪ/ a sledge (= a vehicle that slides over snow), especially one pulled by horsesa sleigh ride

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Bulbous

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bulb·ous  ​adjective BrE /ˈbʌlbəs/ NAmE /ˈbʌlbəs/ shaped like a bulb; round and fat in an ugly waya bulbous red nose

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Bulbous

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bulb·ous  ​adjective BrE /ˈbʌlbəs/ NAmE /ˈbʌlbəs/ shaped like a bulb; round and fat in an ugly waya bulbous red nose

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Bulbous

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bulb·ous  ​adjective BrE /ˈbʌlbəs/ NAmE /ˈbʌlbəs/ shaped like a bulb; round and fat in an ugly waya bulbous red nose

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Bobby pin

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ˈbobby pin  ​noun BrE NAmE (North American English)(British English hair·grip, grip, kirby grip)a small thin piece of metal or plastic folded in the middle, used by women for holding their hair in place ➔ COMPARE  ​hairpin

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Bobby pin

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ˈbobby pin  ​noun BrE NAmE (North American English)(British English hair·grip, grip, kirby grip)a small thin piece of metal or plastic folded in the middle, used by women for holding their hair in place ➔ COMPARE  ​hairpin

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Rig

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rig  ​verb BrE /rɪɡ/ NAmE /rɪɡ/ [usually passive]▶ Verb Forms1 rig something to arrange or influence something in a dishonest way in order to get the result that you want ➔ SYNONYM  ​fixHe said the election had been rigged. A commission was appointed to ensure the lottery was not rigged.to rig the market (= to cause an artificial rise or fall in prices, in order to make a profit)a rigged match2 rig something (with something) to provide a ship or boat with ropes, sails, etc.; to fit the sails, etc. in positionThe ships were rigged with a single square sail.The sails were kept rigged, ready for action.3 rig something (up) (with something) to fit equipment somewhere, sometimes secretlyThe lights had been rigged (up) but not yet tested.The car had been rigged with about 300 lbs of explosive. I was rigged up to a machine that monitored the babyʼs heartbeat.▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌrig somebody/​something/​yourself ˈout (in/​with something)[often passive] (old-fashioned) to provide somebody/​something with a particular kind of clothes or equipmentI was accepted for the job and rigged out in a uniform. The van was rigged out with a small bed in the back.ˌrig something ˈupto make or to build something quickly, using whatever materials are availableWe managed to rig up a shelter for the night.

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Rig

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rig  ​verb BrE /rɪɡ/ NAmE /rɪɡ/ [usually passive]▶ Verb Forms1 rig something to arrange or influence something in a dishonest way in order to get the result that you want ➔ SYNONYM  ​fixHe said the election had been rigged. A commission was appointed to ensure the lottery was not rigged.to rig the market (= to cause an artificial rise or fall in prices, in order to make a profit)a rigged match2 rig something (with something) to provide a ship or boat with ropes, sails, etc.; to fit the sails, etc. in positionThe ships were rigged with a single square sail.The sails were kept rigged, ready for action.3 rig something (up) (with something) to fit equipment somewhere, sometimes secretlyThe lights had been rigged (up) but not yet tested.The car had been rigged with about 300 lbs of explosive. I was rigged up to a machine that monitored the babyʼs heartbeat.▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˌrig somebody/​something/​yourself ˈout (in/​with something)[often passive] (old-fashioned) to provide somebody/​something with a particular kind of clothes or equipmentI was accepted for the job and rigged out in a uniform. The van was rigged out with a small bed in the back.ˌrig something ˈupto make or to build something quickly, using whatever materials are availableWe managed to rig up a shelter for the night.

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Patch

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patch  ​verb BrE /pætʃ/ NAmE /pætʃ/ ▶ Verb Formspatch something (with something) to cover a hole or a worn place, especially in clothes, with a piece of cloth or other material ➔ SYNONYM  ​mendpatched jeansto patch a hole in the roof▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˌpatch somebody/​something ˈthrough (to somebody/​something)to connect telephone or electronic equipment temporarilyShe was patched through to London on the satellite link. ˌpatch something toˈgetherto make something from several different parts, especially in a quick careless wayThey hope to be able to patch together a temporary settlement. ˌpatch something/​somebody ˈup(rather informal)1 to repair something, especially in a temporary way by adding a new piece of material or a patchJust to patch the boat up will cost £10 000. 2 to treat somebodyʼs injuries, especially quickly or temporarilyThe doctor will soon patch you up. 3 to try to stop arguing with somebody and be friends againTheyʼve managed to patch up their differences. Have you tried patching things up with her? 4 to agree on something, especially after long discussions and even though the agreement is not exactly what everyone wantsThey managed to patch up a deal.

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Conquer

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con·quer  ​verb BrE /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ NAmE /ˈkɑːŋkər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 conquer somebody/​something to take control of a country or city and its people by forceThe Normans conquered England in 1066. In 330 BC Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great.conquered peoples/​races/​territories2 conquer somebody to defeat somebody, especially in a competition, race, etc.The world champion conquered yet another challenger last night. 3 conquer something to succeed in dealing with or controlling somethingThe only way to conquer a fear is to face it. Mount Everest was conquered (= successfully climbed) in 1953. 4 conquer something to become very popular or successful in a placeThe band is now setting out to conquer the world. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He will need to conquer his nerves to progress in this competition.The Roman empire offered citizenship to its conquered peoples.This is a British film which could conquer the US market.

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Conquer

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con·quer  ​verb BrE /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ NAmE /ˈkɑːŋkər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 conquer somebody/​something to take control of a country or city and its people by forceThe Normans conquered England in 1066. In 330 BC Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great.conquered peoples/​races/​territories2 conquer somebody to defeat somebody, especially in a competition, race, etc.The world champion conquered yet another challenger last night. 3 conquer something to succeed in dealing with or controlling somethingThe only way to conquer a fear is to face it. Mount Everest was conquered (= successfully climbed) in 1953. 4 conquer something to become very popular or successful in a placeThe band is now setting out to conquer the world. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He will need to conquer his nerves to progress in this competition.The Roman empire offered citizenship to its conquered peoples.This is a British film which could conquer the US market.

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Sentiment

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sen·ti·ment  ​noun BrE /ˈsentɪmənt/ NAmE /ˈsentɪmənt/ 1 [countable, uncountable] (formal) a feeling or an opinion, especially one based on emotionsthe spread of nationalist sentimentsThis is a sentiment I wholeheartedly agree with. Public sentiment is against any change to the law. My sentiments exactly! (= I agree)2 [uncountable] (sometimes disapproving) feelings of pity, romantic love, sadness, etc. which may be too strong or not appropriateThere was no fatherly affection, no display of sentiment. There is no room for sentiment in business. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    All these noble sentiments have little chance of being put into practice.Even though I disagree with you, I appreciate the sentiments that prompt you to speak out.He agrees with the sentiments expressed in the editorial.I think his view reflects the sentiment of a lot of fans.In the 19th century, anti-Catholic sentiment ran high.It would be a mistake to ignore their strong sentiments on the issue.The killings at the weekend helped arouse popular sentiment against the organization.The killings helped arouse popular sentiment against the organization.The new movie is to be applauded for refusing to drift into mawkish sentiment.The people are renowned for their deep religious sentiment.There was a steep rise in bullish sentiment as foreign investors rushed in.These actions are likely to inflame anti-Western sentiment.anti-war sentiment among the civilian populationcritical sentiment towards/​​toward government policypublic sentiment in favour of state ownership‘I think he should give back everything he took.ʼ ‘My sentiments exactly,ʼ said my father.He was not afraid to put financial exigency before personal sentiment.Nationalist sentiment spread quickly, especially in the cities.The president has distanced himself from the sentiments expressed by the vice-president.The sentiments of young people about the matter are often ignored.This is a sentiment that I totally agree with.

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Hell

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hell  ​noun BrE /hel/ NAmE /hel/ 1 [singular] (also Hell) (used without a or the) in some religions, the place believed to be the home of devils and where bad people go after death2 [uncountable, singular] a very unpleasant experience or situation in which people suffer very muchThe last three months have been hell. He went through hell during the trial. Her parents made her life hell. Being totally alone is my idea of hell on earth. 3 [uncountable] a swear word that some people use when they are annoyed or surprised or to emphasize something. Its use is offensive to some peopleOh hell, Iʼve burned the pan. What the hell do you think you are doing? Go to hell! I canʼt really afford it, but, what the hell (= it doesnʼt matter), Iʼll get it anyway. Heʼs as guilty as hell. (North American English) ‘Do you understand?ʼ ‘Hell, no. I donʼt.ʼ ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    For someone who doesnʼt like heat, Florida would be hell on earth.He was terrified of going to hell when he died.Her boss is making her life hell.Iʼm never going to escape this hell.It really was the holiday from hell—it rained all the time, we all got colds, and we missed the plane home.It was sheer hell having to sit through hours of boring lectures!Lava poured out of the volcano, glowing like the fires of hell.Sheʼd been going through her own personal hell over the last month.Sheʼs been going through hell with that bad tooth.Sheʼs the girlfriend from hell—I donʼt know know why he puts up with her.The last few weeks have been a living hell for the refugees.tormented souls in hell Idiomsall ˈhell broke loose(informal) suddenly there was a lot of noise, arguing, fighting or confusionThere was a loud bang and then all hell broke loose. beat/​kick (the) ˈhell out of somebody/​something, knock ˈhell out of somebody/​something(informal) to hit somebody/​something very hardHe was a dirty player and loved to kick hell out of the opposition. ˌbug the ˈhell/​ˈcrap/​ˈ**** out of somebody(taboo, slang) to annoy somebody very muchThe song just bugs the hell out of me. Those two idiots bug the **** out of me.the ˈdevil/​ˈhell to pay(informal) a lot of troubleThereʼll be hell to pay when he finds out. (just) for the ˈhell of it(informal) just for fun; for no real reasonThey stole the car just for the hell of it. from ˈhell(informal) used to describe a very unpleasant person or thing; the worst that you can imagineThey are the neighbours from hell. get the hell ˈout (of…)(informal) to leave a place very quicklyLetʼs get the hell out of here. ˈget it(also catch ˈhell) (both North American English)(British English ˈcatch it)(informal) to be punished or spoken to angrily about somethinggive somebody ˈhell(informal)1 to make life unpleasant for somebodyHe used to give his mother hell when he was a teenager. My new shoes are giving me hell (= are hurting me). 2 to shout at or speak angrily to somebodyDad will give us hell when he sees that mess. go to hell in a ˈhandbasket(North American English, informal) ➔ =  ​go to the dogshell for ˈleather(old-fashioned, British English, informal) as quickly as possibleto ride hell for leatherhell hath no ˈfury (like a woman ˈscorned)used to refer to somebody, usually a woman, who has reacted very angrily to something, especially the fact that her husband or lover has been unfaithfula/​one hell of a…, a/​one helluva…BrE /ˈheləvə/ NAmE /ˈheləvə/ (slang) used to give emphasis to what a person is sayingThe firm was in a hell of a mess when he took over. This holiday is going to cost a hell of a lot of money.It must have been one hell of a party. Itʼs taken him a hell of a long time to get here.Thatʼs one helluva big house youʼve got. (come) hell or high ˈwaterdespite any difficultiesI was determined to go, come hell or high water. Hellʼs ˈteeth(old-fashioned, British English, informal) used to express anger or surpriseHellʼs teeth, I promised Iʼd be back by two.hold out little, etc. ˈhope (of something/​that…), not hold out any, much, etc. ˈhope (of something/​that…)to offer little, etc. reason for believing that something will happenThe doctors did not hold out much hope for her recovery. like a bat out of ˈhell(informal) very fastShe was driving like a bat out of hell.like ˈhell1 (informal) used for emphasisShe worked like hell for her exams. My broken finger hurt like hell. 2 (informal) used when you are refusing permission or saying that something is not true‘Iʼm coming with you.ʼ ‘Like hell you areʼ (= you certainly are not). not have/​stand a cat in ˈhellʼs chance (of doing something)to have no chance at allnot have a ˌsnowballʼs chance in ˈhell(informal) to have no chance at allplay (merry) ˈhell with something/​somebody(British English, informal) to affect something/​somebody badlyDriving on these rough roads has played hell with my tyres.raise ˈhell(informal) to protest angrily, especially in a way that causes trouble for somebodythe road to ˌhell is paved with good inˈtentions(saying) it is not enough to intend to do good things; you must actually do themscare, annoy, etc. the ˈhell out of somebody(informal) to scare, annoy, etc. somebody very muchto ˈhell and back(informal) used to say that somebody has been through a difficult situationWeʼd been to hell and back together and we were still good friends. to ˈhell with somebody/​something(informal) used to express anger or dislike and to say that you no longer care about somebody/​something and will take no notice of them‘To hell with him,ʼ she thought, ‘Iʼm leaving.ʼ

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Ensue

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ensue  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈsjuː/ NAmE /ɪnˈsuː/ [intransitive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto happen after or as a result of another event ➔ SYNONYM  ​followAn argument ensued. The riot police swooped in and chaos ensued.▶ Word Origin

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Cross

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verb cross- cross  ​adjective BrE /krɒs/ NAmE /krɔːs/ (cross·er, cross·est) cross (with somebody) (especially British English) annoyed or quite angryI was cross with him for being late. Please donʼt get cross. Let me explain. ▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Iʼm going to get very cross before long.It really makes me cross to see people dropping litter in the street.She was quite cross with him for being late.She was very cross at the way sheʼd been treated.If you donʼt do as youʼre told I shall get very cross.She was so cross she couldnʼt speak.

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Exaggerate

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ex·ag·ger·ate  ​verb BrE /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ NAmE /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ [intransitive, transitive]▶ Verb Formsto make something seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really isThe hotel was really filthy and Iʼm not exaggerating. exaggerate something He tends to exaggerate the difficulties. Iʼm sure he exaggerates his Irish accent (= tries to sound more Irish than he really is). Demand for the product has been greatly exaggerated. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    John does tend to exaggerate slightly.The allegations were highly exaggerated.The historical significance of these events can be easily exaggerated.These figures have been greatly exaggerated.Demand for satellite television has been greatly exaggerated.Iʼm sure he exaggerates his Irish accent.The hotel was really filthy and Iʼm not exaggerating.

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flatulent

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flatu·lent  ​adjective BrE /ˈflætjʊlənt/ NAmE /ˈflætʃələnt/ 1 (disapproving) sounding important and impressive in a way that exaggerates the truth or facts

2. suffering from too much gas in the stomach

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Fleabag

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flea·bag  ​noun BrE /ˈfliːbæɡ/ NAmE /ˈfliːbæɡ/ (informal)1 a person who looks poor and does not take care of their appearance2 an animal that is in poor condition3 (especially North American English) a hotel that is cheap and dirtya fleabag motel

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Accentuate

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ac·cen·tu·ate  ​verb BrE /əkˈsentʃueɪt/ NAmE /əkˈsentʃueɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsaccentuate something to emphasize something or make it more noticeableHer short hair accentuated her huge eyes.The fundamental patterns of inequality have remained and have been accentuated by the war.When talks did occur, they tended to accentuate differences between the two groups.

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Flaw

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flaw  ​noun BrE /flɔː/ NAmE /flɔː/ 1 a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly ➔ SYNONYM  ​defect, faultThe argument is full of fundamental flaws. flaw in something The report reveals fatal flaws in security at the airport. There is still a basic flaw in your selection procedure.2 flaw (in something) a crack or fault in something that makes it less attractive or valuableThe vase is in excellent condition except for a few small flaws in its base.3 flaw (in somebody/​something) a weakness in somebodyʼs characterThere is always a flaw in the character of a tragic hero. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Flaws have appeared in the new version of the software.It took me a long time to find the flaw in her logic.The markets have exposed the fatal flaw in the governmentʼs economic policy.Unfortunately, this plate has a slight flaw in it.one of the major flaws in his characterA fundamental flaw had been discovered in the planning of the new system.After a short time, the flaws in his new brideʼs character became more apparent.Engineers have detected serious design flaws.The heroʼs fatal flaw is ambition.The report revealed serious flaws in security at the airport.There are some very basic flaws in his argument.

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Cheek

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cheek  ​noun BrE /tʃiːk/ NAmE /tʃiːk/ 1 [countable] either side of the face below the eyeschubby/​rosy/​pink cheeksHe kissed her on both cheeks. Couples were dancing cheek to cheek. ▶ Collocations2 -cheeked (in adjectives) having the type of cheeks mentionedchubby-cheeked/​rosy-cheeked/​hollow-cheeked▶ More Like This3 [countable] (informal) either of the buttocks4 [uncountable, singular] (British English) talk or behaviour that people think is annoying, rude or lacking in respect ➔ SYNONYM  ​nerveWhat a cheek! He had the cheek to ask his ex-girlfriend to babysit for them. I think theyʼve got a cheek making you pay to park the car. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Colour/​​Color flooded to her cheeks when she realized she was being watched.He asked you for money? Of all the cheek!He felt his cheeks burning with shame.He kissed her on both cheeks and got on the train.He rested his cheek on her shoulder.Heʼs got a cheek, making you wait outside his office.Her cheeks were wet with tears.His red-rimmed eyes and sunken cheeks betrayed his lack of sleep.Itʼs an awful cheek, the way he keeps asking you to lend him money.She dabbed at her cheeks with a handkerchief.She gave him a peck on the cheek and said goodbye.She gave him a sharp slap across his cheek.She had a healthy bloom in her cheeks.She laid her cheek against his.She proffered her cheek to kiss.She smiled at him and the colour/​​color rose to his cheeks.The colour flooded to his cheeks when he realized he was being watched.I think theyʼve got a cheek making you pay to park the car.Of all the damned cheek! Make your own coffee!What struck him most was the colossal cheek of it all. Idiomsˌcheek by ˈjowl (with somebody/​something)very close to somebody/​somethingThe guests, packed cheek by jowl, parted as he entered.put ˈroses in somebodyʼs cheeks(British English, informal) to make somebody look healthyturn the other ˈcheekto make a deliberate decision to remain calm and not to act in an aggressive way when somebody has hurt you or made you angrywith your tongue in your ˈcheek, with tongue in ˈcheekif you say something with your tongue in your cheek, you are not being serious and mean it as a joke

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Strap

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strap  ​noun BrE /stræp/ NAmE /stræp/ a strip of leather, cloth or other material that is used to fasten something, keep something in place, carry something or hold onto somethingthe shoulder straps of her dressa watch with a leather strap▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His binoculars were on a strap around his neck.She had a wide leather strap around her wrist.The bag comes with a removable shoulder strap.The bag comes with detachable straps.The camera was fitted with a strap.a portable radio with a carrying strap

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Hood

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hood  ​noun BrE /hʊd/ NAmE /hʊd/ 1 a part of a coat, etc. that you can pull up to cover the back and top of your heada jacket with a detachable hood2 a piece of cloth put over somebodyʼs face and head so that they cannot be recognized or so that they cannot see3 a piece of coloured silk or fur worn over an academic gown to show the kind of degree held by the person wearing it4 (especially British English) a folding cover over a car, etc.We drove all the way with the hood down. 5 (North American English) (British English bon·net) the metal part over the front of a vehicle, usually covering the engine6 a cover placed over a device or machine, for example, to protect ita lens hoodan extractor hood (= one that removes cooking smells from a kitchen)7 (slang, especially North American English) ➔ =  ​hoodlum8 (also ʼhood) (slang, especially North American English) a neighbourhood, especially a personʼs own neighbourhood▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was wearing a blue anorak with the hood up.She put up her hood when it started to rain.The sound of a bird hitting the hood of the carThe victim was sitting tied to a chair with a black hood over her head.You can always put your hood up if it rains.

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Geothermal

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geo·ther·mal  ​adjective BrE /ˌdʒiːəʊˈθɜːml/ NAmE /ˌdʒiːoʊˈθɜːrml/ (geology)connected with the natural heat of rock deep in the groundgeothermal energy

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Vent

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vent  ​noun BrE /vent/ NAmE /vent/ 1 an opening that allows air, gas or liquid to pass out of or into a room, building, container, etc.air/​heating vents➔ COMPARE  ​register2 (specialist) the opening in the body of a bird, fish, reptile or other small animal, through which waste matter is passed out3 a long thin opening at the bottom of the back or side of a coat or jacket▶ Word OriginIdiomsgive (full) vent to something(formal) to express a feeling, especially anger, stronglyChildren give vent to their anger in various ways.She gave full vent to her feelings in a violent outburst.

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Whip

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whip  ​verb BrE /wɪp/ NAmE /wɪp/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] whip somebody/​something to hit a person or an animal hard with a whip, as a punishment or to make them go faster or work harder2 [intransitive, transitive] to move, or make something move, quickly and suddenly or violently in a particular direction+ adv./​prep. A branch whipped across the car window. Her hair whipped around her face in the wind. whip something The waves were being whipped by 50 mile an hour winds. 3 [transitive] whip something + adv./​prep. to remove or pull something quickly and suddenlyShe whipped the mask off her face. The man whipped out a knife. 4 [transitive] to stir cream, etc. very quickly until it becomes stiffwhip something Serve the pie with whipped cream. whip something up Whip the egg whites up into stiff peaks. 5 [transitive] whip somebody/​something (North American English, informal) to defeat somebody very easily in a gameThe team whipped its opponents by 35 points. They whipped Australia 18–3 in the final game.➔ COMPARE  ​thrash6 [transitive] whip something (British English, informal) to steal something▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˌwhip ˈthrough something(informal) to do or finish something very quicklyWe whipped through customs in ten minutes. ˌwhip somebody/​something ˈup1 to deliberately try and make people excited or feel strongly about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​rouseThe advertisements were designed to whip up public opinion. He was a speaker who could really whip up a crowd. 2 to quickly make a meal or something to eatShe whipped up a delicious lunch for us in 15 minutes.

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Constantly

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con·stant·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈkɒnstəntli/ NAmE /ˈkɑːnstəntli/ all the time; repeatedlyFashion is constantly changing. Heat the sauce, stirring constantly. We are constantly on the lookout for new ideas.

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Malarkey

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ma·lar·key  ​noun BrE /məˈlɑːki/ NAmE /məˈlɑːrki/ [uncountable](informal, disapproving)behaviour or an idea that you think is nonsense or has no meaning▶ Word Origin

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Captive

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cap·tive  ​adjective BrE /ˈkæptɪv/ NAmE /ˈkæptɪv/ 1 kept as a prisoner or in a confined space; unable to escapecaptive animalsThey were taken captive by masked gunmen. captive breeding (= the breeding of wild animals in zoos, etc.)She was held captive in a castle.2 [only before noun] not free to leave a particular place or to choose what you want do toA salesman loves to have a captive audience (= listening because they have no choice). ▶ Word Origin

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Pound

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pound  ​verb BrE /paʊnd/ NAmE /paʊnd/ ▶ Verb Formshit1 [intransitive, transitive] to hit something/​somebody hard many times, especially in a way that makes a lot of noise ➔ SYNONYM  ​hammerpound at/​against/​on something Heavy rain pounded on the roof. All she could hear was the sound of waves pounding against the cliffs.Someone was pounding at the door. pound away (at/​against/​on something) The factoryʼs machinery pounded away day and night. pound somebody/​something (with something) She pounded him with her fists. ▶ Synonymswalk noisily2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move with noisy stepsShe pounded along the corridor after him. of heart/​blood3 [intransitive] to beat quickly and loudlyHer heart was pounding with excitement. The blood was pounding (= making a beating noise) in his ears. Her head began to pound. a pounding headachebreak into pieces4 [transitive] pound something (to/​into something) to hit something many times in order to break it into smaller piecesThe seeds were pounded to a fine powder. attack with bombs5 [transitive] pound something to attack an area with a large number of bombs over a period of timeThe area is still being pounded by rebel guns. of music6 [intransitive] pound (out) to be played loudlyRock music was pounding out from the jukebox. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His heart began to pound against his ribs.She could hear music pounding away in the room below.She pounded the desk with her fist.Someone was pounding on the door.A group of men on horseback came pounding across the field.Her heart was pounding with fear.I could hear the sound of pounding footsteps.The blood was pounding in his ears.The machines pounded away day and night. Phrasal Verbsˌpound something ˈoutto play music loudly on a musical instrumentto pound out a tune on the piano

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Pipsqueak

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pip·squeak  ​noun BrE /ˈpɪpskwiːk/ NAmE /ˈpɪpskwiːk/ (old-fashioned, informal)a person that you think is unimportant or does not deserve respect because they are small or young

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Pituitary

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pi·tu·it·ary  ​noun BrE /pɪˈtjuːɪtəri/ NAmE /pɪˈtuːəteri/ (also piˈtuitary gland)a small organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that influence growth and sexual development

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Dang

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dang  ​adjective, exclamation BrE /dæŋ/ NAmE /dæŋ/ (North American English, informal)a mild swear word, used instead of damnItʼs just dang stupid!

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Dope

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dope  ​noun BrE /dəʊp/ NAmE /doʊp/ 1 [uncountable] (informal) a drug that is taken illegally for pleasure, especially cannabis or, in the US, herointo peddle/​smoke dopeHe has admitted smoking dope as a teenager.2 [uncountable] a drug that is taken by a person or given to an animal to affect their performance in a race or sportThe athlete failed a dope test (= a medical test showed that he had taken such drugs). 3 [countable] (informal) a stupid person ➔ SYNONYM  ​idiot4 [uncountable] the dope (on somebody/​something) (informal) information on somebody/​something, especially details that are not generally knownGive me the dope on the new boss.

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Anachronistic

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ana·chron·is·tic  ​adjective BrE /əˌnækrəˈnɪstɪk/ NAmE /əˌnækrəˈnɪstɪk/ 1 used to describe a person, a custom or an idea that seems old-fashioned and does not belong to the presentThe daily publication of print media seems anachronistic today. 2 used to describe something that is placed, for example in a book or play, in the wrong period of historyThe costumes were anachronistic for a Victorian play.

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Firm

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firm  ​noun BrE /fɜːm/ NAmE /fɜːrm/ a business or companyan engineering firma firm of accountants▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Local firms are finding it difficult to compete in the international market.She hired a firm of private detectives to follow him.She set up her own software firm.The firm employs 85 000 people around the world.The firm was taken over by a multinational consultancy.The well-established firm closed down with the loss of 600 jobs.They are likely to merge with a bigger firm.US firms operating in Chinaa firm called Data Inc., based in Chicagoa firm specializing in high-tech productsstart-up firms in the booming computer marketthe decision to close down the firmthe different departments within the firmHe got a job with a London engineering firm.Iʼm working for a firm of accountants.a firm of accountants/​​consultants/​​lawyers/​​solicitorsa/​​an engineering/​​law/​​consulting/​​insurance/​​security firma/​​an old/​​long-established/​​old-fashioned/​​reputable/​​renowned firma/​​the family firmhis fatherʼs firmthe cityʼs oldest and most prestigious law firm

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Thruster

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thrust·er  ​noun BrE /ˈθrʌstə(r)/ NAmE /ˈθrʌstər/ a small engine used to provide extra force, especially on a spacecraft

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Intact

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in·tact  ​adjective BrE /ɪnˈtækt/ NAmE /ɪnˈtækt/ [not usually before noun]complete and not damaged ➔ SYNONYM  ​undamagedMost of the house remains intact even after two hundred years. He emerged from the trial with his reputation intact. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The character of the original house is very much intact.The collection should be kept completely intact.The mill machinery is still intact.The team returns largely intact to defend its title.We found the tomb perfectly intact.a group of old army buildings that had been left largely intacta hero who always escaped by the skin of his teeth, emerging miraculously intact after each cliff-hanging episode

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Quadruple

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adjective quad·ru·ple  ​verb ▶ Verb FormsBrE /kwɒˈdruːpl/ NAmE /kwɑːˈdruːpl/ [intransitive, transitive] quadruple (something) to become four times bigger; to make something four times biggerSales have quadrupled in the last five years. ▶ Word Origin

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Dipstick

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dip·stick  ​noun BrE /ˈdɪpstɪk/ NAmE /ˈdɪpstɪk/ 1 a long straight piece of metal used for measuring the amount of liquid in a container, especially the amount of oil in an engine2 (informal) a stupid person

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Menace

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men·ace  ​verb BrE /ˈmenəs/ NAmE /ˈmenəs/ ▶ Verb Formsmenace something/​somebody (formal) to be a possible danger to something/​somebody ➔ SYNONYM  ​threatenThe forests are being menaced by major development projects. Millions menaced by floods.

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Infringement

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in·fringe·ment  ​noun BrE /ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/ NAmE /ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/ [uncountable, countable](formal)1 an act of breaking a law or rulecopyright infringement2 an act of limiting somebodyʼs legal rightsan infringement of liberty

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Oyster

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Oysteroys·ter  ​noun BrE /ˈɔɪstə(r)/ NAmE /ˈɔɪstər/ a large flat shellfish. Some types of oyster can be eaten and others produce shiny white jewels called pearlsOyster beds, on the mudflats, are a form of fish farming. ▶ Word OriginIdiomsthe ˌworld is your ˈoysterthere is no limit to the opportunities open to youWith talent like that, the world is her oyster.

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Mewling

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mewl·ing  ​noun BrE /ˈmjuːlɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈmjuːlɪŋ/ [uncountable]a weak crying soundSoft mewling came from the next room.

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Cantankerous

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can·tan·ker·ous  ​adjective BrE /kænˈtæŋkərəs/ NAmE /kænˈtæŋkərəs/ bad-tempered and always complaining

a cantankerous old man

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Phantom

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phantom  ​noun BrE /ˈfæntəm/ NAmE /ˈfæntəm/ 1 a ghostthe phantom of his dead father2 a thing that exists only in your imaginationPhantoms and chimeras inhabited her brain.

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Aquarium

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aquar·ium  ​noun BrE /əˈkweəriəm/ NAmE /əˈkweriəm/ (pl. aquar·iums, aqua·ria BrE /əˈkweəriə/ ; NAmE /əˈkweriə/ )1 a large glass container in which fish and other water creatures and plants are kept2 a building where people can go to see fish and other water creatures

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Haunted

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haunt·ed  ​adjective BrE /ˈhɔːntɪd/ NAmE /ˈhɔːntɪd/ 1 (of a building) believed to be visited by ghostsa haunted house2 (of an expression on somebodyʼs face) showing that somebody is very worriedThere was a haunted look in his eyes.

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Snuggle

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snug·gle  ​verb BrE /ˈsnʌɡl/ NAmE /ˈsnʌɡl/ [intransitive, transitive]▶ Verb Formsto get into, or to put somebody/​something into, a warm comfortable position, especially close to somebody+ adv./​prep. The child snuggled up to her mother. He snuggled down under the bedclothes. She snuggled closer. snuggle something + adv./​prep. He snuggled his head onto her shoulder. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He snuggled back under the covers.I snuggled down in my bed.She slipped her arm through his and snuggled close.She snuggled into her sleeping bag and closed her eyes.We snuggled up together on the couch.

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Distract

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dis·tract  ​verb BrE /dɪˈstrækt/ NAmE /dɪˈstrækt/ ▶ Verb Formsdistract somebody/​something (from something) to take somebodyʼs attention away from what they are trying to do ➔ SYNONYM  ​divertYouʼre distracting me from my work. Donʼt talk to her—sheʼs very easily distracted. It was another attempt to distract attention from the truth. Heʼs easily distracted from his workan attempt to distract attention away from the real problems in the country

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Chow

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chow  ​noun BrE /tʃaʊ/ NAmE /tʃaʊ/ 1 [uncountable] (slang) food‘Time for some chow!ʼ2 (also ˈchow chow) [countable] a dog with long thick hair, a curled tail and a blue-black tongue, originally from China

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Farewell

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exclamation fare·well  ​noun BrE /ˌfeəˈwel/ NAmE /ˌferˈwel/ [countable, uncountable] the act of saying goodbye to somebodyShe said her farewells and left. Maria raised her hand in farewell.a farewell party/​drink, etc.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I said a silent farewell to my home as I left for the city.I waved farewell to my friends from the deck of the ship.Is this farewell or will we see each other again?Let me give her a farewell kiss.She was sorry to bid farewell to Portugal.The court dignitaries made their farewells to the emperor.The families made their farewells to each other.The team was given an emotional farewell by a crowd of 500 000.They exchanged fond farewells at the railway station.This famous warplane is about to make its farewell appearance.We bade them a final farewell.a farewell letter to my familythe bandʼs farewell tour

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Riddle

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rid·dle  ​noun BrE /ˈrɪdl/ NAmE /ˈrɪdl/ 1 a question that is difficult to understand, and that has a surprising answer, that you ask somebody as a gameStop talking in riddles (= saying things that are confusing)—say what you mean. to solve the riddle of the Sphinx2 a mysterious event or situation that you cannot explain ➔ SYNONYM  ​mysterythe riddle of how the baby diedThe riddle of his identity was only solved when his brother saw him on TV.

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Void

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void  ​noun BrE /vɔɪd/ NAmE /vɔɪd/ [usually singular] (formal or literary) a large empty spaceBelow him was nothing but a black void. (figurative) The void left by his motherʼs death was never filled. It seemed that nothing could fill the aching black void left by Rachelʼs death.She sat staring into the void, emptying her mind of all thoughts.

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Bond

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bond  ​noun BrE /bɒnd/ NAmE /bɑːnd/ strong connection1 [countable] bond (between A and B) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiencesA bond of friendship had been forged between them. The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries. the special bond between mother and child▶ Wordfindermoney2 [countable] an agreement by a government or a company to pay you interest on the money you have lent; a document containing this agreementgovernment bonds➔ SEE ALSO  ​junk bond▶ Wordfinder3 [uncountable] (law, especially North American English) a sum of money that is paid as bailHe was released on $5 000 bond. 4 [countable] (also ˈmortgage bond) (South African English) a legal agreement by which a bank lends you money to buy a house, etc. which you pay back over many years; the sum of money that is lentto pay off a bondWe had to take out a second bond on the property. bond rates (= of interest)ropes/​chains5 bonds [plural] (formal) the ropes or chains keeping somebody prisoner; anything that stops you from being free to do what you wantto release somebody from their bondsthe bonds of oppression/​injusticelegal agreement6 [countable] (formal) a legal written agreement or promiseWe entered into a solemn bond. join7 [countable] the way in which two things are joined togethera firm bond between the two surfaceschemistry8 [countable] the way in which atoms are held together in a chemical compound▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I decided to invest in some government bonds.She felt a bond of affection for the other girls.The bonds were redeemed in 2002.We try to forge bonds between the different communities.bonds of friendshipthe bond that links usthe high yield on junk bonds Idiomssomebodyʼs word is their ˈbondsomebodyʼs promise can be relied on completely

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Impersonation

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im·per·son·ation  ​noun BrE /ɪmˌpɜːsəˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /ɪmˌpɜːrsəˈneɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]an act of pretending to be somebody in order to trick people or to entertain them ➔ SYNONYM  ​impressionHe did an extremely convincing impersonation of the singer.

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Miscreant

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mis·cre·ant  ​noun BrE /ˈmɪskriənt/ NAmE /ˈmɪskriənt/ (literary)a person who has done something wrong or illegal

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Miscreant

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mis·cre·ant  ​noun BrE /ˈmɪskriənt/ NAmE /ˈmɪskriənt/ (literary)a person who has done something wrong or illegal

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Outrage

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out·rage  ​noun BrE /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/ NAmE /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/ 1 [uncountable] a strong feeling of shock and angerThe judgeʼs remarks caused public outrage. She was filled with an overwhelming sense of outrage.Environmentalists have expressed outrage at the ruling. 2 [countable] an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry ➔ SYNONYM  ​atrocityNo one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

    Media reports generated moral outrage.Much of the outrage was directed at foreign nationals.She was trembling with outrage.Shopkeepers voiced their outrage at the new tax.The announcement provoked howls of outrage.The guests all shouted in outrage.The new law on pensions is an outrage against the elderly.The news was greeted with outrage.There is widespread public outrage over the massacre.the outrages committed by the invading armyShe was filled with an overwhelming sense of moral outrage.The judgeʼs remarks caused public outrage

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Ultimately

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ul·tim·ate·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ NAmE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ 1 in the end; finallyUltimately, youʼll have to make the decision yourself. A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. The campaign was ultimately successful.2 at the most basic and important levelAll life depends ultimately on oxygen.

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Interrogate

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in·ter·ro·gate  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈterəɡeɪt/ NAmE /ɪnˈterəɡeɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 interrogate somebody to ask somebody a lot of questions over a long period of time, especially in an aggressive wayHe was interrogated by the police for over 12 hours. Soon after we arrived, I was interrogated about my parents and our home life.▶ Wordfinder2 interrogate something (specialist) to obtain information from a computer or other machine▼ Word Origin    late 15th cent.: from Latin interrogat- ‘questionedʼ, from the verb interrogare, from inter- ‘betweenʼ + rogare ‘askʼ.

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Prudent

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pru·dent  ​adjective BrE /ˈpruːdnt/ NAmE /ˈpruːdnt/ (formal)sensible and careful when you make judgements and decisions; avoiding unnecessary risksa prudent businessmana prudent decision/​investmentIt might be more prudent to get a second opinion before going ahead. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​imprudent▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    We thought it prudent to telephone first.He had borrowed a little more than was prudent.I think you made a prudent choice.Most prudent employers see the benefit of having an organized workforce.She has always been a prudent businesswoman.The minister had a reputation for being prudent and discreet.What do you think is the most prudent course of action?

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Deem

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deem  ​verb BrE /diːm/ NAmE /diːm/ ▶ Verb Formsdeem something + noun/​adj. | deem something to be something | deem (that)… (formal) (not usually used in the progressive tenses) to have a particular opinion about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​considerThe evening was deemed a great success. I deem it an honour to be invited.She deemed it prudent not to say anything. They would take any action deemed necessary.

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Intimidation

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in·timi·da·tion  ​noun BrE /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃn/ NAmE /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃn/ [uncountable]the act of frightening or threatening somebody so that they will do what you wantthe intimidation of witnesses

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Implicit

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im·pli·cit  ​adjective BrE /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ NAmE /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ 1 implicit (in something) suggested without being directly expressedImplicit in his speech was the assumption that they were guilty. implicit criticismThese assumptions are implicit in his writing.2 implicit (in something) forming part of something (although perhaps not directly expressed)The ability to listen is implicit in the teacherʼs role. 3 complete and not doubted ➔ SYNONYM  ​absoluteShe had the implicit trust of her staff. ➔ COMPARE  ​explicit

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Oppression

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op·pres·sion  ​noun BrE /əˈpreʃn/ NAmE /əˈpreʃn/ [uncountable]cruel and unfair treatment of people, especially by not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other peoplevictims of oppressionthe struggle against racial oppressionThey have freed themselves from oppression.

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Retreat

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re·treat  ​verb BrE /rɪˈtriːt/ NAmE /rɪˈtriːt/ ▶ Verb Formsfrom danger/​defeat1 [intransitive] to move away from a place or an enemy because you are in danger or because you have been defeatedThe army was forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. We retreated back down the mountain. They retreated to a safe distance from the fighting.➔ OPPOSITE  ​advancemove away/​back2 [intransitive] to move away or back ➔ SYNONYM  ​recedeHe watched her retreating figure. The flood waters slowly retreated. change decision3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to change your mind about something because of criticism or because a situation has become too difficult ➔ SYNONYM  ​back off (from something)The government had retreated from its pledge to reduce class sizes. He told them not to retreat in the face of opposition from the public.to quiet place4 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to escape to a place that is quieter or safer ➔ SYNONYM  ​retireBored with the conversation, she retreated to her bedroom. (figurative) He retreated into a world of fantasy. finance5 [intransitive] + noun to lose valueShare prices retreated 45p to 538p. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He retreated behind the table.He retreated hastily back to his car.He retreated in the face of strong opposition.He retreated into his own world.I heard her footsteps retreat down the hall.Sandy retreated slowly, wary of what the man might do.She retreated from the busy office to her own room.The army has been ordered to retreat.They retreated before the Americans.She told them not to retreat in the face of opposition from the public.

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Contest

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con·test  ​noun BrE /ˈkɒntest/ NAmE /ˈkɑːntest/ 1 a competition in which people try to win somethinga singing contesta talent contestto enter/​win/​lose a contest➔ SEE ALSO  ​beauty contest2 contest (for something) a struggle to gain control or powera contest for the leadership of the party▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Both sides are predicting victory in this close contest.During the election contest newspapers are not allowed to publish public opinion polls.He won his opening contest against Costa of Argentina.In the animal kingdom intruders usually lose contests over territories.Jackson has injured his knee and is now out of the contest.Sporting contests are held in the arena.The New Zealanders are looking forward to future contests with South Africa.The contest was too one-sided to be exciting.The contestants are eliminated one by one until the last two compete in a head-to-head contest.The other bidders for the contract complained that it had not been a fair contest.They won the doubles contest against the Williams sisters.This contest is wide open: any of half a dozen teams could win it.We have three major beauty contests a year.the contest between these two great boxersthe contest for the leadership of the partyHe won an amateur talent contest at the age of 15.Her friends persuaded her to enter a beauty contest.It was a close contest between two evenly-matched crews.Sheʼs the favourite for this yearʼs Eurovision Song Contest.To enter the contest, simply send an email to this address…a beauty/​​talent contest Idiomsbe ˌno ˈcontestused to say that one side in a competition is so much stronger or better than the other that it is sure to win easily

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Margin

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mar·gin  ​noun BrE /ˈmɑːdʒɪn/ NAmE /ˈmɑːrdʒən/ [countable]1 the empty space at the side of a written or printed pagethe left-hand/​right-hand margina narrow/​wide marginnotes scribbled in the margin2 [usually singular] the amount of time, or number of votes, etc. by which somebody wins somethingHe won by a narrow margin. She beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds. Members voted by a margin of 7–1 to become a public limited company.3 (business) ➔ =  ​profit marginWhat are your average operating margins? a gross margin of 45%4 [usually singular] an extra amount of something such as time, space, money, etc. that you include in order to make sure that something is successfula safety marginThe narrow gateway left me little margin for error as I reversed the car. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​margin of error5 (formal) the extreme edge or limit of a placethe eastern margin of the Indian Ocean6 [usually plural] the part that is not included in the main part of a group or situation ➔ SYNONYM  ​fringepeople living on the margins of society7 (Australian English, New Zealand English) an amount that is added to a basic wage, paid for special skill or responsibility▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He had an 18-second margin over his nearest rival.He won by the narrowest of margins.Her book outsold his by almost a two-to-one margin.Higher productivity has enabled them to increase their profit margins.How does the company get by with such razor-thin margins?Leave a generous margin on the left.Price rises have eroded profit margins.Sales predictions are open to wide margins of error.She scribbled notes in the margin.She was not daunted by this substantial margin of defeat.She won by a clear margin.Start writing at the left-hand margin.The amendment passed by an overwhelming margin.The company relies on fat margins from luxury models.The device gives a greater margin of safety.The election is likely to be decided by razor-thin margins.The schedule left no margin for error.The winning margin was only 8 seconds.These manufacturers have high gross margins.They are operating at very low margins.They hope to improve their margins on computers.Today, average margins have slipped to just 4%.We have substantial reserves, which provide a good margin for uncertainties.Weʼre working to rather tight profit margins.He won by a narrow margin.The equipment has been designed to give an increased safety margin.The island is on the eastern margin of the Indian Ocean.These are desperate people, often homeless, living on the margins of society.

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Scribble

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scrib·ble  ​verb BrE /ˈskrɪbl/ NAmE /ˈskrɪbl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] to write something quickly and carelessly, especially because you do not have much time ➔ SYNONYM  ​scrawlscribble something He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving. There was a scribbled message on the back of the ticket.scribble something down She scribbled down her phone number and pushed it into his hand. scribble (away) Throughout the interview the journalists scribbled away furiously. 2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to draw marks that do not mean anythingSomeone had scribbled all over the table in crayon. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She hastily scribbled out a note.The students were all scribbling away furiously.He started scribbling on the pad.Throughout the interview, the journalists scribbled away furiously.

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Priority

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pri·or·ity  ​noun BrE /praɪˈɒrəti/ NAmE /praɪˈɔːrəti/ (pl. pri·or·ities)1 [countable] something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with firsta high/​low priorityEducation is a top priority. Our first priority is to improve standards. Financial security was high on his list of priorities. You need to get your priorities right (= decide what is important to you). (North American English) You need to get your priorities straight. 2 [uncountable] priority (over something) the most important place among various things that have to be done or among a group of people ➔ SYNONYM  ​precedenceClub members will be given priority. The search for a new vaccine will take priority over all other medical research. Priority cases, such as homeless families, get dealt with first. 3 [uncountable] (British English) the right of a vehicle to go before other traffic at a particular place on a road ➔ SYNONYM  ​right of wayBuses have priority at this junction. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her family takes priority over her work.List the tasks in order of priority.Material possessions have always been a low priority for Mike.The bank seems to give priority to new customers.The government is giving priority to school leavers in its job-creation programme.To reduce stress you may have to rethink your priorities in life.Using the Internet is one of the companyʼs top strategic priorities.We assign a high priority to research and development.We need to place a higher priority on family and social issues.When hospital funds are being allocated children take priority.You need to sort out your priorities before making a decision about the future.Club members will be given priority.Education is a top priority.Financial security was high on his list of priorities.You need to get your priorities right.a high/​​low priority

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Precariously

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pre·car·ious·ly  ​adverb BrE /prɪˈkeəriəsli/ NAmE /prɪˈkerəriəsli/ 1 in a way that is not safe or certain; dangerouslyThe economy is precariously close to recession. 2 in a way that means something is likely to fall or that might cause somebody to fallHe balanced the glass precariously on the arm of his chair.

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Sign

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sign  ​verb BrE /saɪn/ NAmE /saɪn/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​your name1 [intransitive, transitive] to write your name on a document, letter, etc. to show that you have written it, that you agree with what it says, or that it is genuineSign here, please. sign something Sign your name here, please. You havenʼt signed the letter. to sign a chequeThe treaty was signed on 24 March. The player was signing autographs for a group of fans. sign yourself + noun He signed himself ‘Jimmyʼ. contract2 [transitive, intransitive] to arrange for somebody, for example a sports player or musician, to sign a contract agreeing to work for your company; to sign a contract agreeing to work for a companysign somebody United have just signed a new goalie. sign for something He signed for United yesterday. sign with something The band signed with Virgin Records. make movement/​sound3 [intransitive, transitive] sign (to/​for somebody) (to do something) | sign that… to make a request or tell somebody to do something by using a sign, especially a hand movement ➔ SYNONYM  ​signalThe hotel manager signed to the porter to pick up my case. The police officer signed for us to stop.for deaf person4 [intransitive, transitive] to use sign language to communicate with somebodyShe learnt to sign to help her deaf child. sign something An increasing number of plays are now being signed. ▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsˌsigned and ˈsealed, ˌsigned, ˌsealed and deˈlivereddefinite, because all the legal documents have been signedsign on the dotted ˈline(informal) to sign a document to show that you have agreed to buy something or do somethingJust sign on the dotted line and the car is yours. sign/​take the ˈpledge(old-fashioned) to make a promise never to drink alcoholPhrasal Verbsˌsign something aˈwayto lose your rights or property by signing a documentˈsign for somethingto sign a document to show that you have received somethingSomeone must sign for the package when we deliver it.ˌsign ˈin/​ˈout | ˌsign somebody ˈin/​ˈoutto write your/​somebodyʼs name when you arrive at or leave an office, a club, etc.All visitors must sign in on arrival. You must sign guests out when they leave the club. ˌsign ˈoff1 (British English) to end a letter ➔ SYNONYM  ​finishShe signed off with ‘Yours, Janetʼ. 2 to end a broadcast by saying goodbye or playing a piece of musicˌsign something ˈoffto give your formal approval to something, by signing your nameˌsign ˈoff on something(North American English, informal) to express your approval of something formally and definitelyThe President hasnʼt signed off on this report. ˌsign ˈon(British English, informal) to sign a form stating that you are an unemployed person so that you can receive payment from the governmentˌsign ˈon/​ˈup | ˌsign somebody ˈon/​ˈupto sign a form or contract which says that you agree to do a job or become a soldier; to persuade somebody to sign a form or contract like this ➔ SYNONYM  ​enlistHe signed on for five years in the army. The company has signed up three top models for the fashion show. ˌsign something ˈover (to somebody)to give your rights or property to somebody else by signing a documentShe has signed the house over to her daughter. ˌsign ˈup (for something)to arrange to do a course of study by adding your name to the list of people doing itˌsign ˈup to something1 (British English) to commit yourself to a project or course of action, especially one that you have agreed with a group of other people, countries or organizationsHow many countries have signed up to the Kyoto protocol on climate change? 2 sign up to do something to agree to take part in somethingWe have about 100 people signed up to help so far.

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Unanimous

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unani·mous  ​adjective BrE /juˈnænɪməs/ NAmE /juˈnænɪməs/ 1 if a decision or an opinion is unanimous, it is agreed or shared by everyone in a groupa unanimous voteunanimous supportThe decision was not unanimous. Unanimous agreement must be reached for this plan to go ahead.The jury reached a unanimous verdict of ‘not guiltyʼ.She was the unanimous choice of the selection committee.2 unanimous (in something) if a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about somethingLocal people are unanimous in their opposition to the proposed new road. The committee were unanimous in rejecting the proposal.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The experts are not unanimous on this point.They were unanimous in this decision.The committee was unanimous in rejecting the proposal.a unanimous vote/​​decision/​​verdict

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Stiff

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stiff  ​adjective BrE /stɪf/ NAmE /stɪf/ (stiff·er, stiff·est)difficult to bend/​move1 firm and difficult to bend or movestiff cardboarda stiff brushThe windows were stiff and she couldnʼt get them open. muscles2 when a person is stiff, their muscles hurt when they move themIʼm really stiff after that bike ride yesterday. Iʼve got a stiff neck. mixture3 thick and almost solid; difficult to stirWhisk the egg whites until stiff. difficult/​severe4 more difficult or severe than usualIt was a stiff climb to the top of the hill. The company faces stiff competition from its rivals. The new proposals have met with stiff opposition. There are stiff fines for breaking the rules. a stiff breeze/​wind (= one that blows strongly)not friendly5 (of a person or their behaviour) not friendly or relaxedThe speech he made to welcome them was stiff and formal. price6 (informal) costing a lot or too muchThereʼs a stiff $30 entrance fee to the exhibition. alcoholic drink7 [only before noun] strong; containing a lot of alcohola stiff whisky‘What you need is a stiff drink,ʼ he told her.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He felt stiff all over.His manner seemed rather stiff and impersonal.I was stiff from kneeling.My armʼs gone all stiff.My fingers had gone stiff with cold.My trousers were getting stiff with mud.She lay stiff and still beside him.She was aware that her words sounded stiff.The captain stood as stiff as a board.The clothes were stiff with dust and grease.Their punishment seemed rather stiff.Youʼll get stiff if you donʼt have a hot bath.in the face of some very stiff competitionHe had the accent and the stiff manner of a school house master.Iʼve got a stiff neck from sleeping in a draught.It was an old blanket, frayed and stiff with dirt.Scrub away any residue with a stiff brush.The brown hair was coarse and stiff.The course represents a stiff test of a golferʼs skills.The windows were stiff and she couldnʼt get them open.a sheet of stiff black cardboard Idioms(keep) a stiff upper ˈlipto keep calm and hide your feelings when you are in pain or in a difficult situationHe was taught to keep a stiff upper lip and never to cry in public.Their reaction contrasts sharply with the stiff upper lip of the English.

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Whisk

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whisk  ​verb BrE /wɪsk/ NAmE /wɪsk/ ▶ Verb Forms1 whisk something to mix liquids, eggs, etc. into a stiff light mass, using a fork or special tool ➔ SYNONYM  ​beatWhisk the egg whites until stiff. Lightly whisk the eggs and then add them to the mixture.Whisk all the ingredients together.2 whisk somebody/​something + adv./​prep. to take somebody/​something somewhere very quickly and suddenlyJamie whisked her off to Paris for the weekend. The waiter whisked away the plates before we had finished.

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Momentum

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mo·men·tum  ​noun BrE /məˈmentəm/ NAmE /moʊˈmentəm/ [uncountable]1 the ability to keep increasing or developingThe fight for his release gathers momentum each day. They began to lose momentum in the second half of the game. 2 a force that is gained by movementThe vehicle gained momentum as the road dipped. 3 (specialist) the quantity of movement of a moving object, measured as its mass multiplied by its speed▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She gave fresh momentum to the campaign.The campaign for change now has considerable momentum.The car gathered momentum as it rolled down the hill.The team has lost momentum in recent weeks.Their momentum has gone, and they feel they cannot fight any longer.There is plenty of political momentum behind the proposed changes.Thereʼs no forward momentum in the movie.We have to keep the momentum of our sales operation going.We must keep up the momentum for reform.keeping up the momentum for growththe irresistible momentum towards reunification of the two countriesThe momentum of this success carried the party to victory in the elections.The programme developed a momentum of its own.There was an unstoppable momentum towards German reunification.This deal adds fresh momentum to plans for a new rail link.

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Infrastructure

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in·fra·struc·ture  ​noun BrE /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ NAmE /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ [countable, uncountable]the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and water and power supplies

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Board

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board  ​noun BrE /bɔːd/ NAmE /bɔːrd/ piece of wood, etc.1 [countable, uncountable] a long thin piece of strong hard material, especially wood, used, for example, for making floors, building walls and roofs and making boatsHe had ripped up the carpet, leaving only the bare boards. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​chipboard, floorboard, hardboard, skirting board2 [countable] (especially in compounds) a piece of wood, or other strong material, that is used for a special purposea blackboardIʼll write it up on the board. (British English) a noticeboard(North American English) a bulletin boardThe exam results went up on the board. a diving boardShe jumped off the top board. a chessboardHe removed the figure from the board. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​message boardin water sports3 [countable] ➔ =  ​bodyboard, sailboard, surfboardgroup of people4 [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who have power to make decisions and control a company or other organizationShe has a seat on the board of directors. The board is/​are unhappy about falling sales.members of the boarddiscussions at board levelthe academic board (= for example, of a British university)(North American English) the Board of Education (= a group of elected officials who are in charge of all the public schools in a particular area)organization5 [countable] used in the name of some organizationsthe Welsh Tourist Board (= responsible for giving tourist information)meals6 [uncountable] the meals that are provided when you stay in a hotel, guest house, etc.; what you pay for the mealsHe pays £90 a week board and lodging. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​bed and board, full board, half boardexams7 boards [plural] (old-fashioned, US English) exams that you take when you apply to go to college in the USin theatre8 the boards [plural] (old-fashioned, informal) the stage in a theatreHis play is on the boards on Broadway. Sheʼs treading the boards (= working as an actress). ice hockey9 the boards [plural] (North American English) the low wooden wall surrounding the area where a game of ice hockey is playedThe puck went wide, hitting the boards.     There are many other compounds ending in board. You will find them at their place in the alphabet. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She put her ideas to the board.She was promoted and offered a seat on the board.The issue has been discussed at board level.The project will go to the board for consideration.Thereʼs a notice on the board.the companyʼs board of directorsAll boxers are examined by medical officers from the British Boxing Board of Control.Contact the Wales Tourist Board for further information.He became one of the first foreigners to be appointed to the board of a major Japanese company.Heʼs chairman of the BBCʼs board of governors.The exams are set by the Cambridge Examining Board.The principal and the school board have been discussing ways of dealing with the problem.There have been discussions about the issue at board level. Idiomsaˌcross the ˈboardinvolving everyone or everything in a company, an industry, etc.The industry needs more investment across the board. an across-the-board wage increaseˌgo by the ˈboard(of plans or principles) to be rejected or ignored; to be no longer possibleAll her efforts to be polite went by the board and she started to shout. on ˈboard1 on or in a ship, an aircraft or a train ➔ SYNONYM  ​aboardHave the passengers gone on board yet? 2 giving your support to an idea or a projectWe must get more sponsors on board. You need to bring the whole staff on board. Itʼs good to have you on board (= working with us) for this project.sweep the ˈboardto win all the prizes, etc. in a competitiontake something on ˈboardto accept and understand an idea or a suggestionI told her what I thought, but she didnʼt take my advice on board.

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Designation

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des·ig·na·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌdezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌdezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ (formal)1 [uncountable] designation (as something) the action of choosing a person or thing for a particular purpose, or of giving them or it a particular statusThe district is under consideration for designation as a conservation area. 2 [countable] a name, title or descriptionHer official designation is Financial Controller. ▶ Word Origin

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Institutionalized

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in·sti·tu·tion·al·ized (British English also -ised)  ​adjective BrE /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlaɪzd/ NAmE /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənəlaɪzd/ 1 (usually disapproving) that has happened or been done for so long that it is considered normalinstitutionalized racism2 (of people) lacking the ability to live and think independently because they have spent so long in an institutioninstitutionalized patients

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Pivotal

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piv·otal  ​adjective BrE /ˈpɪvətl/ NAmE /ˈpɪvətl/ of great importance because other things depend on ita pivotal role in European affairsAccountancy, law and economics are pivotal to a successful career in any financial services area.

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Profound

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pro·found  ​adjective BrE /prəˈfaʊnd/ NAmE /prəˈfaʊnd/ 1 very great; felt or experienced very stronglyprofound changes in the earthʼs climateMy fatherʼs death had a profound effect on us all. The news came as a profound shock.The report has profound implications for schools.Her sense of disappointment was profound.2 showing great knowledge or understandingprofound insightsa profound book3 needing a lot of study or thoughtprofound questions about life and death4 (medical) very serious; completeprofound disability▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her book offers some profound insights into the nature of suffering.His later articles were a little more profound.Iʼm not quite sure what he means by that, but it sounds very profound.She always claimed there was nothing profound about her artwork.They posed some profound questions about the nature of reality.

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Repercussion

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re·per·cus·sion  ​noun NAmE /ˌriːpərˈkʌʃn/

[usually plural]

an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards

➔ SYNONYM  ​consequence

The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.

▶ Synonyms

Extra examples   

Anne felt the repercussions of the earlier incident.

Changes in the industry had major repercussions for the local community.The international repercussions are still being felt today.The pay cuts are likely to have serious repercussions on productivity.The repercussions of the change in policy will be felt throughout Europe.These actions have potential repercussions.a resident who did not want to be named for fear of repercussions

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Profound

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pro·found  ​adjective BrE /prəˈfaʊnd/ NAmE /prəˈfaʊnd/ 1 very great; felt or experienced very stronglyprofound changes in the earthʼs climateMy fatherʼs death had a profound effect on us all. The news came as a profound shock.The report has profound implications for schools.Her sense of disappointment was profound.2 showing great knowledge or understandingprofound insightsa profound book3 needing a lot of study or thoughtprofound questions about life and death4 (medical) very serious; completeprofound disability▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her book offers some profound insights into the nature of suffering.His later articles were a little more profound.Iʼm not quite sure what he means by that, but it sounds very profound.She always claimed there was nothing profound about her artwork.They posed some profound questions about the nature of reality.

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Ancestral

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an·ces·tral  ​adjective BrE /ænˈsestrəl/ NAmE /ænˈsestrəl/ connected with or that belonged to people in your family who lived a long time agoher ancestral home

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Adherent

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ad·her·ent  ​noun BrE /ədˈhɪərənt/ NAmE /ədˈhɪrənt/ (formal)a person who supports a political party or set of ideas

➔ SYNONYM  ​supporter▶ Extra examples    Prescriptive grammarians are seen as blind adherents to outdated norms of formal usage.

The movement has many enthusiastic adherents.

We should not show animosity to adherents of other faiths.

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Conservation

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con·ser·va·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃn/ [uncountable]1 the protection of the natural environment ➔ SYNONYM  ​conservancyto be interested in wildlife conservationRoad development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation programmes of the council.▶ Wordfinder2 the official protection of buildings that have historical or artistic importance3 the act of preventing something from being lost, wasted, damaged or destroyedto encourage the conservation of water/​fuelenergy conservation➔ SEE ALSO  ​conserve▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Such data can be helpful in evaluating the conservation status of plants.The commission calls for a bold, new conservation ethic that embraces the oceans as a public trust.Through the years they have made significant contributions to species conservation.a large-scale habitat conservation plana national park and conservation areaan avid supporter of the conservation movementpractices that are good for the community, such as water efficiency and resource conservationthe history of environmental health and conservation biologythe pledge to develop coral reef conservation strategiesthe whole spectrum of conservation concernsto encourage the conservation of water/​​fuel

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Brothel

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brothel  ​noun BrE /ˈbrɒθl/ NAmE /ˈbrɑːθl/ , /ˈbrɔːθl/ (also bor·dello especially in North American English)a house where people pay to have sex with prostitutes▼ Extra examples    He used to visit a brothel in Paris.He used to visit a brothel on the outskirts of town.His aunt ran a brothel.She ran a brothel in Soho.

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Ancillary

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an·cil·lary  ​adjective BrE /ænˈsɪləri/ NAmE /ˈænsəleri/ ancillary (to something)1 providing necessary support to the main work or activities of an organization ➔ SYNONYM  ​auxiliaryancillary staff/​services/​equipmentancillary workers in the health service such as cooks and cleaners2 in addition to something else but not as importantancillary rights

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Outperform

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out·per·form  ​verb BrE /ˌaʊtpəˈfɔːm/ NAmE /ˌaʊtpərˈfɔːrm/ ▶ Verb Formsoutperform somebody/​something to achieve better results than somebody/​somethingThe company has consistently outperformed its larger rivals.

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Perturbation

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per·turb·ation  ​noun BrE /ˌpɜːtəˈbeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌpɜːrtərˈbeɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable] (formal) the state of feeling anxious about something that has happened ➔ SYNONYM  ​alarm2 [countable, uncountable] (specialist) a small change in the quality, behaviour or movement of somethingtemperature perturbations

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Backdown

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ˈback-breaking  ​adjective BrE NAmE (of physical work) very hard and tiringShe realized with dismay that the task would take weeks of back-breaking work.▼ Extra examplesShe realized with dismay that the task would take weeks of back-breaking work.

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Quarry

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quarry  ​noun BrE /ˈkwɒri/ NAmE /ˈkwɔːri/ , /ˈkwɑːri/ (pl. quarries)1 [countable] a place where large amounts of stone, etc. are dug out of the grounda slate quarrythe site of a disused quarry➔ COMPARE  ​mine2 [singular] an animal or a person that is being hunted or followed ➔ SYNONYM  ​preyThe hunters lost sight of their quarry in the forest. The photographers pursued their quarry through the streets.

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Haul

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haul  ​verb BrE /hɔːl/ NAmE /hɔːl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to pull something/​somebody with a lot of efforthaul something/​somebody The wagons were hauled by horses. haul something/​somebody + adv./​prep. He reached down and hauled Liz up onto the wall. The car was hauled out of the river.fishermen hauling in their nets▶ Synonyms2 haul yourself up/​out of, etc. to move yourself somewhere slowly and with a lot of effortShe hauled herself out of bed. He hauled himself up.3 haul somebody + adv./​prep. to force somebody to go somewhere they do not want to goA number of suspects have been hauled in for questioning. He was hauled off to jail.4 [usually passive] haul somebody (up) before somebody/​something to make somebody appear in court in order to be judgedHe was hauled up before the local magistrates for dangerous driving. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Fishermen were hauling in their nets.He managed to haul himself over the wall.He reached down and hauled her up onto the ledge.I couldnʼt haul him away from the fight.Laura hauled herself up from the sofa.She hauled herself into a sitting position.She hauled him back onto the dance floor.The creature began to haul itself out of the water.The trucks were hauled by steam locomotives.They had to use ropes to haul him out of the water.They were hauled off to jail. Idiomshaul somebody over the ˈcoals(British English)(North American English rake somebody over the ˈcoals)to criticize somebody severely because they have done something wrongI was hauled over the coals by my boss for being late.

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Ramp

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ramp  ​noun BrE /ræmp/ NAmE /ræmp/ 1 a slope that joins two parts of a road, path, building, etc. when one is higher than the otherRamps should be provided for wheelchair users. 2 (North American English) (British English ˈslip road) a road used for driving onto or off a major road such as a motorway or interstatea freeway exit ramp➔ SEE ALSO  ​off-ramp, on-ramp3 a slope or set of steps that can be moved, used for loading a vehicle or getting on or off a planea loading ramp4 (Indian English) the long stage that models walk on during a fashion show ➔ SYNONYM  ​catwalk, runway▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I drove up the ramp onto the ferry.She led the horse carefully down the ramp.We manoeuvred the sofa onto the loading ramp.

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Mortar

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mor·tar  noun BrE /ˈmɔːtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈmɔːrtər/ 1 [uncountable] a mixture of sand, water, lime and cement used in building for holding bricks and stones together2 [countable] a heavy gun that fires bombs and shells high into the air; the bombs that are fired by this gunto come under mortar fire/attack3 [countable] a small hard bowl in which you can crush substances such as seeds and grains into powder with a special object (called a pestle)▼ Extra examples    The occasional mortar burst near our truck.Their troops were armed with mortars and machine guns.They could not move their heavy mortars over the swampy ground.We were under constant mortar fire.hit by a mortar shellTwo soldiers were killed when their patrol came under mortar fire.

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Capillary

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ca·pil·lary  ​noun BrE /kəˈpɪləri/ NAmE /ˈkæpəleri/ (pl. ca·pil·laries)(anatomy) any of the smallest tubes in the body that carry blood

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Limestone

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lime·stone  ​noun BrE /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/ NAmE /ˈlaɪmstoʊn/ [uncountable]a type of white stone that contains calcium, used in building and in making cement

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Rail

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rail  ​noun BrE /reɪl/ NAmE /reɪl/ 1 [countable] a wooden or metal bar placed around something as a barrier or to provide supportShe leaned on the shipʼs rail and gazed out to sea. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​guard rail, handrail2 [countable] a bar fixed to the wall for hanging things ona picture/​curtain/​towel rail3 [countable, usually plural] each of the two metal bars that form the track that trains run on4 [uncountable] (often before another noun) railways/​railroads as a means of transportto travel by railrail travel/​services/​faresa rail link/​network▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He uses a combination of commuter rail and subway to get to work.Lace curtains hung from the brass rails over the bed.Many business people now opt for high-speed rail rather than flying.She climbed onto the top fence rail.She held tightly on to the rail.She was worried her son was going to go completely off the rails.The gun is mounted on rails.The train came off the rails.The train thundered along the rails.Trams run along rails.We went from London to Budapest by rail.Weeds grew between the rails.efforts to modernize the rail networkheated towel railsthe Channel Tunnel rail linkA child was seen crossing the rails.After the accident a guard rail was placed all the way along the cliff path.She came slowly down the stairs, holding the banister rail.There was thick dust on the picture rail.They stood leaning on the shipʼs rail and watched the sunset.a towel rail Idiomsget back on the ˈrails(informal) to become successful again after a period of failure, or to begin functioning normally againHe has helped get the company back on the rails again. go off the ˈrails(informal)1 to start behaving in a strange or unacceptable manner, for example, drinking a lot or taking drugsShe went completely off the rails after her sister died.2 to lose control and stop functioning correctlyThe company has gone badly off the rails in recent years. jump the ˈrails(of a train) to leave the rails suddenly

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Strain

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strain  ​verb BrE /streɪn/ NAmE /streɪn/ ▶ Verb Formsinjure1 [transitive] strain something/​yourself to injure yourself or part of your body by making it work too hardto strain a muscleYouʼll strain your back carrying those heavy suitcases.▶ Synonyms▶ Collocationsmake effort2 [transitive, intransitive] to make an effort to do something, using all your mental or physical strengthstrain something to do something I strained my ears (= listened very hard) to catch what they were saying. strain something Necks were strained for a glimpse of the stranger. strain to do something People were straining to see what was going on. strain (something) (for something) He burst to the surface, straining for air. Bend gently to the left without straining. stretch to limit3 [transitive] strain something to try to make something do more than it is able to doThe sudden influx of visitors is straining hotels in the town to the limit. His constant complaints were straining our patience. The dispute has strained relations between the two countries (= made them difficult). Her latest version of events strained their credulity still further.push/​pull hard4 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to push hard against something; to pull hard on somethingShe strained against the ropes that held her. The dogs were straining at the leash, eager to get to the park. separate solid from liquid5 [transitive] to pour food, etc. through something with very small holes in it, for example a sieve, in order to separate the solid part from the liquid partstrain something Use a colander to strain the vegetables. strain something off Strain off any excess liquid. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I strained forward to get a better view.Our public health laboratories are strained to (the) breaking point.Several men were straining at a rope, trying to move the stalled vehicle.The company is already straining under the weight of a $12 billion debt.The dispute severely strained relations between the two countries.The dogs were straining against the sled.Their ears strained for any slight sound.We had to strain to hear what was being said.You could see he was straining hard to understand.Are you sure you can carry all that? Donʼt strain yourself.Donʼt strain your eyes by reading in poor light.Strain the juice from the cherries into a small saucepan.Youʼll strain your back carrying those heavy suitcases. Idiomsˌcreak under the ˈstrainif a system or service creaks under the strain, it cannot deal effectively with all the things it is expected to do or providestrain at the ˈleash(informal) to want to do something very muchLike all youngsters, heʼs straining at the leash to leave home. strain every ˈnerve/​ˈsinew (to do something)(formal) to try as hard as you can to do somethingHe strained every nerve to snatch victory from defeat.

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Incantation

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in·can·ta·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌɪnkænˈteɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪnkænˈteɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]special words that are spoken or sung to have a magic effect; the act of speaking or singing these words

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Papyrus

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pa·pyrus  ​noun BrE /pəˈpaɪrəs/ NAmE /pəˈpaɪrəs/ (pl. pa·pyri BrE /pəˈpaɪriː/ ; NAmE /pəˈpaɪriː/ )1 [uncountable] a tall plant with thick stems that grows in water2 [uncountable] paper made from the stems of the papyrus plant, used in ancient Egypt for writing and drawing on3 [countable] a document or piece of paper made of papyrus

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Rampage

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ram·page  ​noun BrE /ˈræmpeɪdʒ/ NAmE /ˈræmpeɪdʒ/ [usually singular] a sudden period of wild and violent behaviour, often causing damage and destructionGangs of youths went on the rampage in the city yesterday. A state of emergency was declared following overnight rampages by student demonstrators.

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Equivalent

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equiva·lent  ​noun BrE /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ NAmE /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to something elseSend €20 or the equivalent in your own currency. equivalent of/​to something Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human equivalent of BSEIs there a French word that is the exact equivalent of the English word ‘homeʼ? Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of (= has the same effect as) smoking ten cigarettes a day. The German ‘Gymnasiumʼ is the closest equivalent to the grammar school in England. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Heʼs only paid the equivalent of $200.It is the approximate equivalent in height to the Matterhorn.The campaign says that hunters are the moral equivalent of murderers.The company has $43.8 million in cash and cash equivalents.There is no exact male equivalent for witches.These drawings are the visual equivalents of stage whispers.This concert hall has been described as the American equivalent to Londonʼs Albert Hall.This concert hall is the American equivalent to Londonʼs Albert Hall.This qualification is the equivalent of a degree.a word which has no direct equivalent in Englisheach sponsor received the equivalent of £1millon worth of advertising.the modern equivalent of the Roman bathsthe nearest equivalent we have to a carnivalthe online equivalent of the telephoneSend $20 or the equivalent in your own currency.The ‘Gymnasiumʼ is the closest equivalent to the grammar school in England.

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Shatter

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shat·ter  ​verb BrE /ˈʃætə(r)/ NAmE /ˈʃætər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to suddenly break into small pieces; to make something suddenly break into small piecesshatter (into something) He dropped the vase and it shattered into pieces on the floor. the sound of shattering glassshatter something (into something) The explosion shattered all the windows in the building. 2 [transitive, intransitive] to destroy something completely, especially somebodyʼs feelings, hopes or beliefs; to be destroyed in this wayshatter something (into something) Annaʼs self-confidence had been completely shattered. Injury shattered his dreams of competing in the Olympics.Her experience of divorce shattered her illusions about love. shatter (into something) My whole world shattered into a million pieces. 3 [transitive] shatter somebody to make somebody feel extremely shocked and upsetThe unexpected death of their son shattered them. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The mirror shattered into a thousand pieces.The moment was abruptly shattered by the sound of Miaʼs loud voice.an event that completely shattered her lifeShattered homes were ablaze.Windows were shattered in the blast.

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Trample

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tram·ple  ​verb BrE /ˈtræmpl/ NAmE /ˈtræmpl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] to step heavily on somebody/​something so that you crush or harm them/​it with your feettrample somebody/​something People were trampled underfoot in the rush for the exit. He was trampled to death by a runaway horse. trample somebody/​something down The campers had trampled the corn down. trample on/​over something Donʼt trample on the flowers! 2 [intransitive] trample (on/​over) somebody/​something to ignore somebodyʼs feelings or rights and treat them as if they are not importantThe government is trampling on the views of ordinary people. She would not let him trample over her any longer.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I was nearly trampled to death by the crowd.Police officers had been trampling all over the ground.crops that have been trampled down by walkersʼ feet

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Shrapnel

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shrap·nel  ​noun BrE /ˈʃræpnəl/ NAmE /ˈʃræpnəl/ [uncountable]small pieces of metal that are thrown up and away from an exploding bombTwo people were hit by shrapnel.a piece of shrapnela shrapnel wound▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He took shrapnel to his leg.He was hit in the arm by flying shrapnel.She still has shrapnel in her left arm.The bomb exploded, sending shrapnel flying through the trees.The rocket sent shrapnel in every direction.a piece of shrapnel in her backsurgery to remove shrapnelthe shrapnel from the grenade

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Dire

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dire  ​adjective BrE /ˈdaɪə(r)/ NAmE /ˈdaɪər/ (direr, dir·est)1 [usually before noun] (formal) very seriousliving in dire povertydire warnings/​threatsSuch action may have dire consequences. Weʼre in dire need of your help. The firm is in dire straits (= in a very difficult situation) and may go bankrupt. 2 (British English, informal) very badThe acting was dire. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The weather was absolutely dire.Such action may have dire consequences.The firm is in dire straits and may go bankrupt.They were living in dire poverty.Weʼre in dire need of your help.

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Cynicism

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cyni·cism  ​noun BrE /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/ NAmE /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/ [uncountable]1 the belief that people only do things to help themselves, rather than for good or sincere reasonspopular cynicism about politiciansIn a world full of cynicism she was the one person I felt I could trust.2 the belief that something good will not happen or that something is not importantThe response was one of weary cynicism.3 a willingness to do something that might hurt other people, if you can gain some advantagetheir cynicism in exploiting his death

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Irrelevant

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ir·rele·vant  ​adjective BrE /ɪˈreləvənt/ NAmE /ɪˈreləvənt/ not important to or connected with a situationtotally/​completely/​largely irrelevantirrelevant remarksWhether I believe you or not is irrelevant now. irrelevant to something/​somebody That evidence is irrelevant to the case. Many people consider politics irrelevant to their lives. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​relevant▼ Extra examples    Itʼs all irrelevant to me.Ludicrously irrelevant thoughts swarmed in her head.The UN is becoming increasingly irrelevant.The matter is strictly irrelevant at this point in the proceedings.These arguments were dismissed as irrelevant.These issues are largely irrelevant and distract us from attending to the real questions.This argument is entirely irrelevant to the question of who is right.As far as the law is concerned it is irrelevant that the two divisions are part of one company.Itʼs totally irrelevant whether Iʼm married or not.Many people consider politics to be irrelevant to their lives.Please keep all irrelevant remarks to yourself.

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Treachery

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treach·ery  ​noun BrE /ˈtretʃəri/ NAmE /ˈtretʃəri/ [uncountable, countable](pl. treach·eries)behaviour that involves not being loyal to somebody who trusts you; an example of thisan act of treacheryHe was punished for his treacheries.Rumours of treachery and conspiracy began to circulate in the Queenʼs court.▶ Word Origin

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Cynicism

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cyni·cism  ​noun BrE /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/ NAmE /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/ [uncountable]1 the belief that people only do things to help themselves, rather than for good or sincere reasonspopular cynicism about politiciansIn a world full of cynicism she was the one person I felt I could trust.2 the belief that something good will not happen or that something is not importantThe response was one of weary cynicism.3 a willingness to do something that might hurt other people, if you can gain some advantagetheir cynicism in exploiting his death

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Patriotism

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pat·ri·ot·ism  ​noun BrE /ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm/ , also /ˈpætriətɪzəm/ NAmE /ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm/ [uncountable]love of your country and willingness to defend ita wave of patriotismThe early war poems promoted patriotism, justice and principle.

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Self-righteous

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ˌself-ˈrighteous  ​adjective BrE NAmE (disapproving)feeling or behaving as if what you say or do is always morally right, and other people are wrong ➔ SYNONYM  ​sanctimonious▼ Extra examples    He was in one of his self-righteous moods.She reacted with self-righteous indignation.We have to learn tolerance and to stop being so self-righteous.

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Insurrection

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in·sur·rec·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌɪnsəˈrekʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪnsəˈrekʃn/ [countable, uncountable]a situation in which a large group of people try to take political control of their own country with violence ➔ SYNONYM  ​uprisingan armed insurrection against the regime▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    In 1822 he planned a slave insurrection in South Carolina.There was a popular insurrection against the police.They were accused of plotting insurrection against the government.Years of discontent turned into armed insurrection.insurrection against the monarchyHe led an armed insurrection against the regime.

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Represenative

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rep·re·sen·ta·tive  ​noun BrE /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ NAmE /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ representative (of somebody/​something)1 a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for somebody else or on behalf of a groupa representative of the UNour elected representatives in governmenta union representativeThe committee includes representatives from industry. ▶ Wordfinder2 (informal rep) a person who works for a company and travels around selling its productsa sales representativeSheʼs our representative in France. 3 a person chosen to take the place of somebody elseHe was the Queenʼs representative at the ceremony. 4 a person who is typical of a particular groupThe singer is regarded as a representative of the youth of her generation. 5 Representative (abbreviation Rep.) (in the US) a member of the House of Representatives, the Lower House of Congress; a member of the House of Representatives in the lower house of a state parliament▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I was the sole representative of the committee.Management are obliged to consult with union representatives about changes to conditions.The association is sending representatives to the conference.The country has a new supreme representative body.The negotiations were attended by representatives of several states.They have recalled their representatives from the negotiations.a nursing representative on the infection control committeea panel of media representativesa representative for international shipping companieshis success as a full-time financial representativerepresentatives from citizensʼ groupsrepresentatives to a conferencethe Algerian permanent representative at the UNthe UN special representative for CyprusHe was the Queenʼs representative at the ceremony.He works as a sales representative for an insurance company.I was voted student representative for my class.Our elected representatives in government should be doing something about this.Sheʼs our representative in France.

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Negligible

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neg·li·gible  ​adjective BrE /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ NAmE /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ of very little importance or size and not worth considering ➔ SYNONYM  ​insignificantThe cost was negligible. a negligible amount

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Incidence

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in·ci·dence  ​noun BrE /ˈɪnsɪdəns/ NAmE /ˈɪnsɪdəns/ 1 [countable, usually singular] incidence of something (formal) the extent to which something happens or has an effectan area with a high incidence of crime2 [uncountable] (physics) the way in which light meets a surfacethe angle of incidence▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The country had the lowest incidence of AIDS cases proportional to its population.The lack of vitamins may explain the higher incidence of heart disease.The medical histories of our patients show a high incidence of past diseases.The report analyses the incidence of cancer among people aged 0–24.The study noted an increased incidence of heart disease in women.There is a greater incidence of cancer in the families of radiation workers.They found an increased incidence of childhood leukaemia in some areas.We compared the incidence of coronary heart disease and total mortality.an incidence rate of 4 or 5 per 10 000 of the populationthe highest recorded incidence of air pollution

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Depiction

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de·pic·tion  ​noun BrE /dɪˈpɪkʃn/ NAmE /dɪˈpɪkʃn/ [uncountable, countable](rather formal)1 the act of describing something in words, or giving an impression of something in words or a picture; the way in which this is doneThey object to the movieʼs depiction of gay people. 2 the act of showing an image of somebody/​something in a picture or the way it is shown; a picture showing somebody/​something in a particular wayRembrandtʼs earlier depictions of Saskia

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Distraught

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dis·traught  ​adjective BrE /dɪˈstrɔːt/ NAmE /dɪˈstrɔːt/ extremely upset and anxious so that you cannot think clearlySheʼs still too distraught to speak about the tragedy.The childʼs distraught parents pleaded for witnesses to contact the police.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She sounded absolutely distraught.They were extremely distraught at the news of his accident.Weeks after the accident she remained distraught.Sheʼs still too distraught to talk about the tragedy.The childʼs distraught parents pleaded for witnesses to contact the police.

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Thrust

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thrust  ​verb BrE /θrʌst/ NAmE /θrʌst/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 [transitive, intransitive] to push something/​somebody suddenly or violently in a particular direction; to move quickly and suddenly in a particular directionthrust something/​somebody/​yourself + adv/​prep. He thrust the baby into my arms and ran off. She thrust her hands deep into her pockets. (figurative) He tends to thrust himself forward too much. Her chin was thrust forward aggressively.+ adv./​prep. She thrust past him angrily and left. 2 [intransitive, transitive] thrust (at somebody) (with something) | thrust (something at somebody) to make a sudden strong forward movement at somebody with a weapon, etc.He thrust at me with a knife. a thrusting movement▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsforce/​thrust/​ram something down somebodyʼs ˈthroat(informal) to try to force somebody to listen to and accept your opinions in a way that they find annoyingPhrasal Verbsˌthrust something aˈsideto refuse to listen to somebodyʼs complaints, comments, etc.All our objections were thrust aside. ˈthrust something/​somebody on/​upon somebodyto force somebody to accept or deal with something/​somebody that they do not wantShe was annoyed at having three extra guests suddenly thrust on her. Children of famous people have fame thrust upon them.

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Temper

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tem·per  ​verb BrE /ˈtempə(r)/ NAmE /ˈtempər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 temper something (with something) (formal) to make something less severe by adding something that has the opposite effectJustice must be tempered with mercy. The hot sunny days were tempered by a light breeze.His delight was tempered by regret.2 temper something (specialist) to make metal as hard as it needs to be by heating and then cooling ittempered steel▶ Word Origin

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Plunge

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plunge  ​verb BrE /plʌndʒ/ NAmE /plʌndʒ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to move or make somebody/​something move suddenly forwards and/​or downwards+ adv./​prep. She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. The train left the track and plunged down the embankment.plunge somebody/​something + adv./​prep. The earthquake plunged entire towns over the edge of the cliffs. 2 [intransitive] (of prices, temperatures, etc.) to decrease suddenly and quickly ➔ SYNONYM  ​plummetStock markets plunged at the news of the coup. This year profits plunged by 40%.3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. (of a road, surface, etc.) to slope down steeplyThe track plunged down into the valley. 4 [intransitive] to move up and down suddenly and violentlyThe horse plunged and reared. (figurative) His heart plunged (= because of a strong emotion). ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˌplunge ˈin | ˌplunge ˈinto something1 to jump into something, especially with forceThe pool was declared open and eager swimmers plunged in. 2 to start doing something in an enthusiastic way, especially without thinking carefully about what you are doingShe was about to plunge into her story when the phone rang. Heʼs always plunging in at the deep end (= becoming involved in difficult situations without being well enough prepared). ˌplunge something ˈin | ˌplunge something ˈinto somethingto push something quickly and with force into something elseBring the water to the boil and plunge the vegetables in.She plunged the knife deep into his chest. ˌplunge ˈinto something1➔ =  ​plunge in2 to experience something unpleasantThe country plunged deeper into recession. ˌplunge somebody/​something ˈinto somethingto make somebody/​something experience something unpleasantThe news plunged them into deep depression. There was a flash of lightning and the house was plunged into darkness.

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Embankment

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em·bank·ment  ​noun BrE /ɪmˈbæŋkmənt/ NAmE /ɪmˈbæŋkmənt/ 1 a wall of stone or earth made to keep water back or to carry a road or railway/​railroad over low ground2 a slope made of earth or stone that rises up from either side of a road or railway/​railroadThe car rolled down a railway embankment and hit a tree.

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Affiliation

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af·fili·ation  ​noun BrE /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn/ NAmE /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable](formal)1 a personʼs connection with a political party, religion, etc.He was arrested because of his political affiliation. 2 one group or organizationʼs official connection with anotherTrade unions have a long history of affiliation to the Labour Party.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    the instituteʼs affiliation with the universityunion affiliations to the Labour Partyvoters who have no party affiliationsthe diverse religious affiliations of Ghanaian Americans

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Domesticated

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do·mes·ti·cated  ​adjective BrE /dəˈmestɪkeɪtɪd/ NAmE /dəˈmestɪkeɪtɪd/ 1 (of a wild animal) used to living with or working for humansThese animals are only partly domesticated.domesticated elephants2 (of a plant or crop) grown for human use ➔ SYNONYM  ​cultivatedthe domesticated strawberry3 (often humorous) good at cooking, caring for a house, etc; enjoying home lifeTheyʼve become a lot more domesticated since they got married. He is thoroughly domesticated and cooks a delicious chicken casserole.

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Vertebrate

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ver·te·brate  ​adjective BrE /ˈvɜːtɪbrət/ NAmE /ˈvɜːrtɪbrət/ (specialist)(of an animal) having a backbone (1) ➔ OPPOSITE  ​invertebrate

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Anticipate

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an·tici·pate  ​verb BrE /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ NAmE /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to expect somethinganticipate something We donʼt anticipate any major problems. Our anticipated arrival time is 8.30. The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month. anticipate doing something They anticipate moving to bigger premises by the end of the year. anticipate something doing something I donʼt anticipate it being a problem. anticipate that… We anticipate that sales will rise next year. it is anticipated that… It is anticipated that inflation will stabilize at 3%. ➔ COMPARE  ​unanticipated2 to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for itanticipate something We need someone who can anticipate and respond to changes in the fashion industry. anticipate what, how, that, etc… Try and anticipate what the interviewers will ask. 3 anticipate (doing) something | anticipate (something doing) something to think with pleasure and excitement about something that is going to happenWe eagerly anticipated the day we would leave school. The more I anticipated arriving somewhere, the more disappointed I was. 4 anticipate somebody (doing something) (formal) to do something before it can be done by somebody else ➔ SYNONYM  ​forestallWhen Scott reached the South Pole he found that Amundsen had anticipated him. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    one of the most eagerly anticipated arts events of the yearI donʼt anticipate it being a problem.The band today announced details of their widely anticipated third album.The dog sat up, anticipating a biscuit.Try and anticipate what the interviewer will ask.We donʼt anticipate any major problems.

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Lullaby

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lul·laby  ​noun BrE /ˈlʌləbaɪ/ NAmE /ˈlʌləbaɪ/ (pl. lul·labies)a soft gentle song sung to make a child go to sleepShe sang her baby a lullaby.▶ Word Origin

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Demoralized

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de·mor·al·ized  ​adjective (British English also -ised)BrE /dɪˈmɒrəlaɪzd/ NAmE /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzd/ having lost confidence or hope ➔ SYNONYM  ​disheartenedThe workers here seem very demoralized.

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Surge

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surge  ​verb BrE /sɜːdʒ/ NAmE /sɜːrdʒ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move quickly and with force in a particular directionThe gates opened and the crowd surged forward. Flood waters surged into their homes. He surged past the other runners on the last lap.2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to fill somebody with a strong feeling ➔ SYNONYM  ​sweepRelief surged through her. 3 [intransitive] (of prices, profits, etc.) to suddenly increase in valueShare prices surged. ➔ RELATED NOUN  ​upsurge4 [intransitive] (of the flow of electrical power) to increase suddenly▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A large wave sent water surging up towards them.Her heart thumped and blood surged through her veins.Inflation surged 2 500 per cent in 2006.Profits from cigarettes surged to $225m last year.The gates opened and the crowd surged forwards.

Covid surge in India

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Adversity

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ad·ver·sity  ​noun BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ [uncountable, countable](pl. ad·ver·sities)(formal)a difficult or unpleasant situationcourage in the face of adversityHe overcame many personal adversities. patience in adversity

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Vague

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vague  ​adjective BrE /veɪɡ/ NAmE /veɪɡ/ (vaguer, vaguest)1 not clear in a personʼs mindto have a vague impression/​memory/​recollection of somethingThey had only a vague idea where the place was. 2 vague (about something) not having or giving enough information or details about somethingSheʼs a little vague about her plans for next year. The politicians made vague promises about tax cuts. He was accused of being deliberately vague. We had only a vague description of the attacker. He outlined the policy in vague terms.3 (of a personʼs behaviour) suggesting a lack of clear thought or attention ➔ SYNONYM  ​absent-mindedHis vague manner concealed a brilliant mind. 4 not having a clear shape ➔ SYNONYM  ​indistinctIn the darkness they could see the vague outline of a church. ▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her directions were hopelessly vague.I am vague about what happened during the rest of the night.I was suitably vague as to exactly how I had acquired the money.It was a vague enough concept for the liberals to unite around.It was a vague enough suggestion for everyone to be happy with it.She seems to be getting rather vague as she grows older.Since the officers knew little themselves their reassurances were necessarily vague.The identity of the city in the novel is deliberately left vague.The law is notoriously vague on this point.The statement was vague in its wording.Youʼre being deliberately vague.an inherently vague and subjective conceptI have a vague recollection of meeting him when I was a child.Sheʼs a little vague about her plans for next year.

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Nutrient

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nu·tri·ent  ​noun BrE /ˈnjuːtriənt/ NAmE /ˈnuːtriənt/ (specialist)a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to growa lack of essential nutrientsPlants draw minerals and other nutrients from the soil. children suffering from a serious nutrient deficiency

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Antipathy

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an·tip·athy  ​noun BrE /ænˈtɪpəθi/ NAmE /ænˈtɪpəθi/ [uncountable, countable, usually singular](pl. an·tip·athies)antipathy (between A and B) | antipathy (to/​toward(s) somebody/​something) (formal) a strong feeling of dislike ➔ SYNONYM  ​hostilitypersonal/​mutual antipathya growing antipathy towards the ideaHis professional judgement was coloured by his personal antipathies.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His antipathy towards/​​toward swimming dates back to childhood.I feel a profound antipathy to using any weapon.There was a lot of antipathy between the two doctors.They have a mutual antipathy to each other.a natural antipathy for people in authorityhis antipathy for his bossGrowing antipathy to the government has led to a low voter turnout in local elections.

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Embarrassment

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em·bar·rass·ment  ​noun BrE /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ NAmE /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ 1 [uncountable] shy, awkward or guilty feelings; a feeling of being embarrassedI nearly died of embarrassment when he said that. Iʼm glad you offered—it saved me the embarrassment of having to ask. Much to her embarrassment she realized that everybody had been listening to her singing. 2 [countable] embarrassment (to/​for somebody) a situation which causes problems for somebodyHer resignation will be a severe embarrassment to the party. 3 [countable] embarrassment (to somebody) a person who causes problems for another person or other people and makes them feel embarrassedPoor Lucy! Heʼs such an embarrassment to her. ▶ Extra examplesIdiomsan embarrassment of ˈrichesso many good things that it is difficult to choose just oneStratford has an embarrassment of riches, really, what with three theatres and lovely countryside, too.

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Acute

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acupuncturist acute accent acute  ​adjective BrE /əˈkjuːt/ NAmE /əˈkjuːt/ 1 very serious or severeThere is an acute shortage of water. acute painthe worldʼs acute environmental problemsCompetition for jobs is acute. The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.He was suffering from acute chest pains.2 an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerousacute appendicitis➔ OPPOSITE  ​chronic▶ Wordfinder3 (of the senses) very sensitive and well developed ➔ SYNONYM  ​keenDogs have an acute sense of smell. 4 intelligent and quick to notice and understand thingsHe is an acute observer of the social scene. Her judgement is acute. 5 (geometry) (of an angle) less than 90°▶ Word Origin

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Profusely

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pro·fuse·ly  ​adverb BrE /prəˈfjuːsli/ NAmE /prəˈfjuːsli/ in large amountsto bleed profuselyto apologize profusely

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Apparatus

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ap·par·atus  ​noun BrE /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/ NAmE /ˌæpəˈrætəs/ (pl. ap·par·atuses)1 [uncountable] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or taska piece of laboratory apparatusFirefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house. ▶ Synonyms2 [countable, usually singular] the structure of a system or an organization, particularly that of a political party or a governmentthe power of the state apparatus3 [countable, usually singular] (specialist) a system of organs in the bodythe sensory apparatus▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    the stateʼs powerful security apparatusItʼs a highly sophisticated piece of laboratory apparatus.Science departments say they are lacking basic apparatus.The firefighters had to use breathing apparatus.Under the new system there was to be no all-powerful central state apparatus.We cannot do without the apparatus of government in protecting the rights of the individual.

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Degrading

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de·grad·ing  ​adjective BrE /dɪˈɡreɪdɪŋ/ NAmE /dɪˈɡreɪdɪŋ/ treating somebody as if they have no value, so that they lose their self-respect and the respect of other peoplethe inhuman and degrading treatment of prisonersMany people agree that pornography is degrading to women.▼ Extra examples    He found the work very degrading.pictures that are degrading to womenthe rather degrading conditions in the prison

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Molehill

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mole·hill  ​noun BrE /ˈməʊlhɪl/ NAmE /ˈmoʊlhɪl/ a small pile of earth that a mole leaves on the surface of the ground when it digs undergroundIdiomsmake a ˌmountain out of a ˈmolehill(disapproving) to make an unimportant matter seem important

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Incomprehensible

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in·com·pre·hen·sible  ​adjective BrE /ɪnˌkɒmprɪˈhensəbl/ NAmE /ɪnˌkɑːmprɪˈhensəbl/ incomprehensible (to somebody) impossible to understand ➔ SYNONYM  ​unintelligibleSome application forms can be incomprehensible to ordinary people. He found his sonʼs actions totally incomprehensible. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​comprehensible▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She found his accent virtually incomprehensible.The language has widely differing and often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects.From a childʼs point of view, adult behaviour is often just as incomprehensible.Their dialect is incomprehensible to most speakers of Standard English.

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Convenient

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con·veni·ent  ​adjective BrE /kənˈviːniənt/ NAmE /kənˈviːniənt/ 1 convenient (for somebody/​something) useful, easy or quick to do; not causing problemsIt is very convenient to pay by credit card. Youʼll find these meals quick and convenient to prepare. Fruit is a convenient source of vitamins and energy. A bicycle is often more convenient than a car in towns. I canʼt see him now—it isnʼt convenient. Iʼll call back at a more convenient time. (disapproving) He used his wifeʼs birthday as a convenient excuse for not going to the meeting. 2 near to a particular place; easy to get to(British English) convenient (for something) The house is very convenient for several schools. (North American English) convenient (to something) The hotel is convenient to downtown. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​inconvenient▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The house is convenient to downtown.The house is quite convenient for the shops.We arranged a mutually convenient time to meet.Would this be convenient for you?He used his wifeʼs birthday as a convenient excuse for not going to the meeting.Holding the debate at that time was not politically convenient.I canʼt see them now. Itʼs not convenient.Wait for a convenient moment to talk to her.Weʼll arrange a mutually convenient meeting place.Youʼll find these meals quick and convenient to prepare.

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Self-conscious

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ˌself-ˈconscious  ​adjective BrE NAmE 1 self-conscious (about something) nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of youHeʼs always been self-conscious about being so short. She was a shy, self-conscious girl.2 (often disapproving) done in a way that shows you are aware of the effect that is being producedThe humour of the play is self-conscious and contrived. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​unselfconscious▼ Extra examples    He studied her in a way that made her very self-conscious.Heʼs always been self-conscious about being so short.Taken aback by her frankness, he gave a little self-conscious laugh.

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Captivity

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cap·tiv·ity  ​noun BrE /kæpˈtɪvəti/ NAmE /kæpˈtɪvəti/ [uncountable]the state of being kept as a prisoner or in a confined spaceHe was held in captivity for three years. Wild animals do not always breed well in captivity.The bird had escaped from captivity. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She was tortured many times during her captivity.The children were held in captivity until British soldiers entered the village.The prisoners were released from captivity after three months.tigers raised in captivitytrout bred in captivity

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Thrive

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thrive  ​verb BrE /θraɪv/ NAmE /θraɪv/ [intransitive]▶ Verb Formsto become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​flourishNew businesses thrive in this area. These animals rarely thrive in captivity. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The glass industry still thrives there.These traditions continued to thrive.a culture which positively thrives on new ideasconcerned about their baby daughterʼs failure to thriveBabies like this thrive best in a quiet, restful atmosphereHeʼs clearly thriving in his new job.She seems to thrive on stress.The fungus thrives in warm, moist conditions.The town has become a thriving business centre.These animals rarely thrive in captivity Phrasal Verbsˈthrive on somethingto enjoy something or be successful at something, especially something that other people would not likeHe thrives on hard work.

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Variant

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vari·ant  ​adjective BrE /ˈveəriənt/ NAmE /ˈveriənt/ , /ˈværiənt/ [only before noun]slightly different in form or type from something elsevariant forms of spelling

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Prominent

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prom·in·ent  ​adjective BrE /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ NAmE /ˈprɑːmɪnənt/ 1 important or well knowna prominent politicianHe played a prominent part in the campaign. She was prominent in the fashion industry. 2 easily seen ➔ SYNONYM  ​noticeableThe church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape. The story was given a prominent position on the front page. 3 sticking out from somethinga prominent noseprominent cheekbones▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    prominent in the trade unionsA number of prominent politicians made public statements supporting the change.In October of that year a group of prominent citizens of the town formed themselves into a committee to deal with the issue.

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Opt

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opt  ​verb BrE /ɒpt/ NAmE /ɑːpt/ [intransitive, transitive]▶ Verb Formsto choose to take or not to take a particular course of actionopt for/​against something After graduating she opted for a career in music. After a lot of thought, I opted against buying a motorbike.opt to do something Many workers opted to leave their jobs rather than take a pay cut. ▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    their decision to opt for English as the official languageEmployees may opt out of the companyʼs pension plan.The Cabinet was split over whether Britain should opt in or out of European economic union. Phrasal Verbsˌopt ˈin (to something)to choose to be part of a system or an agreementˌopt ˈout (of something)1 to choose not to take part in somethingEmployees may opt out of the companyʼs pension plan. 2 (of a school or hospital in Britain) to choose not to be under the control of the local authority ➔ RELATED NOUN  ​opt-out

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Ultimately

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ul·tim·ate·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ NAmE /ˈʌltɪmətli/ 1 in the end; finallyUltimately, youʼll have to make the decision yourself. A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. The campaign was ultimately successful.2 at the most basic and important levelAll life depends ultimately on oxygen.

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Coexist

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co·ex·ist  ​verb BrE /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst/ NAmE /ˌkoʊɪɡˈzɪst/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] coexist (with somebody/​something) (formal) to exist together in the same place or at the same time, especially in a peaceful wayThe illness frequently coexists with other chronic diseases. English speakers now coexist peacefully with their Spanish-speaking neighbours. Different traditions coexist successfully side by side. What makes it difficult for the communities to coexist peacefully?

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Errand

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er·rand  ​noun BrE /ˈerənd/ NAmE /ˈerənd/ a job that you do for somebody that involves going somewhere to take a message, to buy something, deliver goods, etc.He often runs errands for his grandmother. Her boss sent her on an errand into town. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​foolʼs errand▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She made her brother run some little errands for her.Sheʼs gone on an errand for her mother.He always seemed to have a lot of errands to do.It was a perfectly simple errand—what went wrong?

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Falter

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fal·ter  ​verb BrE /ˈfɔːltə(r)/ NAmE /ˈfɔːltər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to become weaker or less effective ➔ SYNONYM  ​waverThe economy shows no signs of faltering. Her courage never faltered. The economy is beginning to falter.The teamʼs performance faltered badly after the break.2 [intransitive, transitive] (+ speech) to speak in a way that shows that you are not confidentHis voice faltered as he began his speech. 3 [intransitive] to walk or behave in a way that shows that you are not confidentShe walked up to the platform without faltering. He never faltered in his commitment to the party.

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Eon

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eon (especially North American English)(usually British English aeon)  ​noun BrE /ˈiːən/ NAmE /ˈiːən/ 1 (formal) an extremely long period of time; thousands of yearsOnly yesterday—and it seemed eons ago, not just a few hours—he had been a happily married man.2 (geology) a major division of time, divided into eraseons of geological history

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Steer

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steer  ​noun BrE /stɪə(r)/ NAmE /stɪr/ 1 [singular] (British English) a piece of advice or information that helps you do something or avoid a problemCan anyone give me a steer on this? Do you know somebody working there who could give you a steer?Iʼd really appreciate a steer in the right direction.2 [countable] a bull (= a male cow) that has been castrated (= had part of its sex organs removed), kept for its meat ➔ COMPARE  ​bullock, ox▶ Word Origin

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Scarce

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scarce  ​adjective BrE /skeəs/ NAmE /skers/ (scar·cer, scar·cest) if something is scarce, there is not enough of it and it is only available in small quantitiesscarce resourcesDetails of the accident are scarce. Food was becoming scarce. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Money was extremely scarce after the war.Skilled workers were becoming increasingly scarce.Butterflies are getting scarcer and scarcer in industrialized areas.Food was becoming increasingly scarce.Land suitable for building on is scarce.This is a criminal waste of scarce resources. Idiomsˌmake yourself ˈscarce(informal) to leave somewhere and stay away for a time in order to avoid an unpleasant situationI could see he was annoyed so I made myself scarce.

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Canvas

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can·vas  ​noun BrE /ˈkænvəs/ NAmE /ˈkænvəs/ 1 [uncountable] a strong heavy rough material used for making tents, sails, etc. and by artists for painting on▶ Collocations2 [countable] a piece of canvas used for painting on; a painting done on a piece of canvas, using oil paintsa sale of the artistʼs early canvases▶ Collocations▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a canvas by Matissea canvas of a rural scenetents made from heavy canvas Idiomsunder ˈcanvasin a tentThey spent the night under canvas.

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Contaminate

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con·tam·in·ate  ​verb BrE /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ NAmE /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 contaminate something (with something) to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease ➔ SYNONYM  ​adulterateThe drinking water has become contaminated with lead. contaminated blood/​food/​soila river contaminated by pollution2 contaminate something (formal) to influence peopleʼs ideas or attitudes in a bad wayThey were accused of contaminating the minds of our young people. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​uncontaminate

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Lumberjack

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lum·ber·jack  ​noun BrE /ˈlʌmbədʒæk/ NAmE /ˈlʌmbərdʒæk/ (also log·ger)(especially in the US and Canada) a person whose job is cutting down trees or cutting or transporting wood

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Mesmerizing

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mes·mer·iz·ing  ​adjective (British English also -is·ing)BrE /ˈmezməraɪzɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈmezməraɪzɪŋ/ having such a strong effect on you that you cannot give your attention to anything elseHer performance was mesmerizing.

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Embroider

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em·broi·der  ​verb BrE /ɪmˈbrɔɪdə(r)/ NAmE /ɪmˈbrɔɪdər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] to decorate cloth with a pattern of stitches usually using coloured threadembroider A on B She embroidered flowers on the cushion covers. embroider B with A She embroidered the cushion cover with flowers. The sleeves were embroidered in gold.embroider (something) an embroidered blousea robe of richly embroidered silkShe sat in the window, embroidering. 2 [transitive] embroider something to make a story more interesting by adding details that are not always true ➔ SYNONYM  ​embellishHe is inclined to embroider the facts.▶ Word Origin

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Ambience

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am·bi·ence (also am·bi·ance)  ​noun BrE /ˈæmbiəns/ NAmE /ˈæmbiəns/ [singular]the character and atmosphere of a placethe relaxed ambience of the citylow lighting for added ambienceThe gentle colour scheme creates a relaxing ambience.The new building is in keeping with the general ambience of the estate.

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Exhibition

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ex·hib·ition  ​noun BrE /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ 1 (especially British English) (usually North American English ex·hibit) [countable] a collection of things, for example works of art, that are shown to the publicHave you seen the Picasso exhibition? an exhibition of old photographs▶ Wordfinder▶ Wordfinder▶ Collocations2 [uncountable] exhibition of something the act of showing something, for example works of art, to the publicShe refused to allow the exhibition of her husbandʼs work. 3 [singular] an exhibition of something (formal) the act of showing a skill, a feeling, or a kind of behaviourWe were treated to an exhibition of the footballerʼs speed and skill. an appalling exhibition of bad manners4 [countable] (British English) an amount of money that is given as a prize to a student▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsmake an exhiˈbition of yourself(disapproving) to behave in a bad or stupid way in publicIʼm afraid Frank got drunk and made an exhibition of himself.

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Perseverance

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per·se·ver·ance  ​noun BrE /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪərəns/ NAmE /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrəns/ [uncountable](approving)the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite difficultiesThey showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty. The only way to improve is through hard work and dogged perseverance. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Does she have the perseverance to finish the work?He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.Her perseverance was ultimately rewarded.His perseverance with the new technique paid off.It may take some perseverance to find the right people.his courage and perseverance in the face of serious illness

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Resonate

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res·on·ate  ​verb BrE /ˈrezəneɪt/ NAmE /ˈrezəneɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (of a voice, an instrument, etc.) to make a deep, clear sound that continues for a long timeHer voice resonated through the theatre.2 [intransitive] (of a place) to be filled with sound; to make a sound continue longer ➔ SYNONYM  ​resounda resonating chamberThe body of the violin acts as a resonating chamber and makes the sound louder.resonate with something The room resonated with the chatter of 100 people. 3 [intransitive] resonate (with somebody/​something) to remind somebody of something; to be similar to what somebody thinks or believesThese issues resonated with the voters. His speech resonated with the fears and suspicions of his audience.▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsˈresonate with something(literary) to be full of a particular quality or feelingShe makes a simple story resonate with complex themes and emotions.

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Commodity

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com·mod·ity  ​noun BrE /kəˈmɒdəti/ NAmE /kəˈmɑːdəti/ (pl. com·mod·ities)1 (economics) a product or a raw material that can be bought and soldrice, flour and other basic commoditiesa drop in commodity pricesCrude oil is the worldʼs most important commodity. ▶ Synonyms2 (formal) a thing that is useful or has a useful qualityWater is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Time is a very valuable commodity.basic agricultural commoditiesCrude oil is the worldʼs most important commodity.

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Stake

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stake  ​verb BrE /steɪk/ NAmE /steɪk/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 stake something (on something) to risk money or something important on the result of something ➔ SYNONYM  ​betHe staked £25 on the favourite (= for example, in horse racing). She staked her political career on tax reform, and lost. Thatʼs him over there—Iʼd stake my life on it (= I am completely confident). 2 stake something (up) to support something with a stake (1)to stake newly planted treesThe young trees should be staked after planting.▶ Word OriginIdiomsstake (out) a/​your ˈclaim (to/​for/​on something)to say or show publicly that you think something should be yoursAdams staked his claim for a place in the Olympic team with his easy win yesterday. Phrasal Verbsˌstake something ˈout1 to clearly mark the limits of something that you claim is yours2 to state your opinion, position, etc. on something very clearlyThe President staked out his position on the issue. 3 to watch a place secretly, especially for signs of illegal activityDetectives had been staking out the house for several weeks. ➔ RELATED NOUN  ​stake-out

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Refrain

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re·frain  ​verb BrE /rɪˈfreɪn/ NAmE /rɪˈfreɪn/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] (formal) to stop yourself from doing something, especially something that you want to do ➔ SYNONYM  ​desistrefrain (from something) Please refrain from smoking. They appealed to the protesters to refrain from violence.refrain (from doing something) He has refrained from criticizing the government in public. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He deliberately refrained from expressing his opinion on the matter.I refrained from laughing.Priscilla could barely refrain from clapping her hands together.

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embrace

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em·brace  ​verb BrE /ɪmˈbreɪs/ NAmE /ɪmˈbreɪs/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to put your arms around somebody as a sign of love or friendship ➔ SYNONYM  ​hugThey embraced and promised to keep in touch. embrace somebody She embraced her son warmly. 2 [transitive] embrace something to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc., especially when it is done with enthusiasmto embrace democracy/​feminism/​IslamIt is unlikely that such countries will embrace capitalist ideas.3 [transitive] embrace something to include somethingThe talks embraced a wide range of issues. The word ‘mankindʼ embraces men, women and children.▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

  He rose from his chair and embraced her warmly.She embraced the feminist cause with enthusiasm.Soccer has become more widely embraced by Americans.the only party which fully embraces the concept of a united EuropeDecisions were made by reaching a consensus embracing all sectors of the financial community.They embraced and wept and promised to keep in touch

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Resilient

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re·sili·ent  ​adjective BrE /rɪˈzɪliənt/ NAmE /rɪˈzɪliənt/ 1 able to feel better quickly after something unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.Heʼll get over it—young people are amazingly resilient. These plants are very resilient to rough handling.2 (of a substance) returning to its original shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a pretty resilient planta remarkably resilient womanHeʼll get over it—young people are amazingly resilient.

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Referral

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re·fer·ral  ​noun BrE /rɪˈfɜːrəl/ NAmE /rɪˈfɜːrəl/ [uncountable, countable] referral (to somebody/​something) the act of sending somebody who needs professional help to a person or place that can provide itillnesses requiring referral to hospitalsto make a referralThe report suggests that doctors should reduce their rate of referral (= to specialists).

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Conceivable

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con·ceiv·able  ​adjective BrE /kənˈsiːvəbl/ NAmE /kənˈsiːvəbl/ that you can imagine or believe ➔ SYNONYM  ​possibleIt is conceivable that Iʼll see her tomorrow. a beautiful city with buildings of every conceivable age and style➔ OPPOSITE  ​inconceivable▶ Word Family▼ Extra examples    Itʼs quite conceivable that she hasnʼt heard the news yet.We had to draw up plans for every conceivable emergency.Itʼs a beautiful city, with buildings of every conceivable age and style.Itʼs not conceivable that she didnʼt know what was going on.The poverty here is barely conceivable to the average tourist.Weʼve examined the problem from every conceivable angle.

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Feisty

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feisty  ​adjective BrE /ˈfaɪsti/ NAmE /ˈfaɪsti/ (feist·ier, feisti·est)(informal, approving)(of people) strong, determined and not afraid of arguing with people

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Revoke

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re·voke  ​verb BrE /rɪˈvəʊk/ NAmE /rɪˈvoʊk/ revoke something (formal) to officially cancel something so that it is no longer validYour licence may be revoked at any time.

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Predisposition

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pre·dis·pos·ition  ​noun BrE /ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable] predisposition (to/​towards something) | predisposition (to do something) (formal) a condition that makes somebody/​something likely to behave in a particular way or to suffer from a particular diseasea genetic predisposition to liver diseaseThere was an inherited predisposition to alcoholism.These are parents with a predisposition to worry.

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Teeming

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teem·ing  ​adjective BrE /ˈtiːmɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈtiːmɪŋ/ present in large numbers; full of people, animals, etc. that are moving aroundteeming insectsthe teeming streets of the cityFamilies were attempting to survive on their own on the teeming streets of Manila.

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Invariably

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in·vari·ably  ​adverb BrE /ɪnˈveəriəbli/ NAmE /ɪnˈveriəbli/ always ➔ SYNONYM  ​without failThis acute infection of the brain is almost invariably fatal. This is not invariably the case. Invariably the reply came back, ‘Not now!ʼ

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Traumatic

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trau·mat·ic  ​adjective BrE /trɔːˈmætɪk/ NAmE /traʊˈmætɪk/ 1 extremely unpleasant and causing you to feel upset and/​or anxiousa traumatic experienceDivorce can be traumatic for everyone involved. a traumatic childhood2 [only before noun] (psychology or medical) connected with or caused by traumatraumatic amnesia➔ SEE ALSO  ​post-traumatic stress disorder▶ Word Origin

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Tremendous

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tre·men·dous  ​adjective BrE /trəˈmendəs/ NAmE /trəˈmendəs/ 1 very great ➔ SYNONYM  ​hugea tremendous explosionA tremendous amount of work has gone into the project. 2 extremely good ➔ SYNONYM  ​remarkableIt was a tremendous experience. ▼ Extra examples    You look absolutely tremendous!He has been under tremendous pressure recently.The noise of bombs, guns and engines was tremendous.The support they gave us was tremendous.There was a tremendous explosion and all of us ran.

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Trauma

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trauma  ​noun BrE /ˈtrɔːmə/ NAmE /ˈtraʊmə/ 1 [uncountable] (psychology) a mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the harmful effects last for a long timethe effects of trauma and stress on the bodyThe children showed no signs of trauma after their ordeal.2 [countable, uncountable] an unpleasant experience that makes you feel upset and/​or anxiousShe felt exhausted after the traumas of recent weeks. 3 [uncountable, countable] (medical) an injuryThe patient suffered severe brain trauma. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    patients who have histories of childhood traumaIt can take a long time to get over such a trauma.We try to avoid putting children through the trauma of giving evidence.

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Apprehension

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ap·pre·hen·sion  ​noun BrE /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ NAmE /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ 1 [uncountable, countable] worry or fear that something unpleasant may happen ➔ SYNONYM  ​anxietyThere is growing apprehension that fighting will begin again. He watched the election results with some apprehension. There is apprehension about the safety of the missing children.They shivered with apprehension.2 [uncountable] (formal) the act of capturing or arresting somebody, usually by the policethe apprehension of the terrorists in the early hours of this morning▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Marisa seemed to sense my growing apprehension.School reports are always received with some apprehension.She felt some apprehension at the thought of seeing him again.The change in the law has caused apprehension among many people.There is great apprehension for the future.There were still areas of doubt and her apprehension grew.They were filled with apprehension as they approached the building.her apprehension about being in hospitalShe felt some apprehension at seeing him again.

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Dissipate

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dis·si·pate  ​verb BrE /ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/ NAmE /ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to gradually become or make something become weaker until it disappearsEventually, his anger dissipated. dissipate something Her laughter soon dissipated the tension in the air. 2 [transitive] dissipate something to waste something, such as time or money, especially by not planning the best way of using it ➔ SYNONYM  ​squanderShe was determined to achieve results and not to dissipate her energies.▶ Word Origin

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Disrupt

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dis·rupt  ​verb BrE /dɪsˈrʌpt/ NAmE /dɪsˈrʌpt/ ▶ Verb Formsdisrupt something to make it difficult for something to continue in the normal wayDemonstrators succeeded in disrupting the meeting. Bus services will be disrupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The bad weather has seriously disrupted supplies of food.They warned that climate change could potentially disrupt economic activity.Iʼm not going to let him disrupt my life any longer.Public transport services are likely to be severely disrupted tomorrow.The award ceremony was completely disrupted by a techniciansʼ strike.The refusal of the US to participate threatened to disrupt the negotiations.

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Aspect

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as·pect  ​noun BrE /ˈæspekt/ NAmE /ˈæspekt/ 1 [countable] a particular part or feature of a situation, an idea, a problem, etc.; a way in which it may be consideredThe book aims to cover all aspects of city life. the most important aspect of the debateShe felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. This was one aspect of her character he hadnʼt seen before. The consultancy gives advice to manufacturers on the health and safety aspects of their products.2 [singular, uncountable] (formal) the appearance of a place, a situation or a personEvents began to take on a more sinister aspect. the dirty and seedy aspect of the bar3 [countable, usually singular] (formal) the direction in which a building, window, piece of land, etc. faces; the side of a building that faces a particular direction ➔ SYNONYM  ​orientationOur room had a western aspect.The southern aspect of the school was dominated by the mountain.4 [uncountable, countable] (grammar) the form of a verb that shows, for example, whether the action happens once or repeatedly, is completed or still continuing ➔ SEE ALSO  ​perfect, progressive▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness.The project has two main aspects.The service was excellent in every aspect.They provided assistance on various aspects of the job.This plan is very good from the social aspect.We will be looking at many different aspects of pollution.a unique collection illustrating aspects of Irish transport historythe formal aspects of the language systemthe positive aspects to retirementthe theoretical aspects of the coursethe worst aspects of tourismThe most important aspects of the debate were covered.This was one aspect of her character he hadnʼt seen before.

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Procrastination

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pro·cras·tin·ation  ​noun BrE /prəʊˌkræstɪˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /proʊˌkræstɪˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable](formal, disapproving)the act of delaying something that you should do, usually because you do not want to do itAfter weeks of procrastination, the president finally resigned.

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Cumulative

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cu·mu·la·tive  ​adjective BrE /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/ NAmE /ˈkjuːmjəleɪtɪv/ 1 having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is addedthe cumulative effect of human activity on the world environmentThe evolution of human life was a gradual, cumulative process.2 including all the amounts that have been added previouslythe monthly sales figures and the cumulative total for the past six months

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Irritability

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ir·rit·abil·ity  ​noun BrE /ˌɪrɪtəˈbɪləti/ NAmE /ˌɪrɪtəˈbɪləti/ [uncountable]the tendency to get annoyed easilyLack of vitamin B in the diet causes irritability.

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Perspective

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per·spec·tive  ​noun BrE /pəˈspektɪv/ NAmE /pərˈspektɪv/ 1 [countable] a particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​viewpointa global perspectiveRecent events seem less serious when put into an international perspective.Try to see the issue from a different perspective. a report that looks at the education system from the perspective of deaf peopleperspective on something His experience abroad provides a wider perspective on the problem. 2 [uncountable] the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importanceShe was aware that she was losing all sense of perspective. Try to keep these issues in perspective. Talking to others can often help to put your own problems into perspective. It is important not to let things get out of perspective. 3 [uncountable] the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by representing people and things that are far away as being smaller than those that are nearer the frontThe artist plays with perspective to confuse the eye.We learnt how to draw buildings in perspective. The tree on the left is out of perspective. 4 [countable] (formal) a view, especially one in which you can see far into the distancea perspective of the whole valley▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her death put everything else into perspective.I just need to keep things in perspective.Itʼs easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.Letʼs get this into perspective.That tree is out of perspective.The author brings a balanced perspective to these complex issues.The book adopts a historical perspective.This latest study explores stress from a unique perspective.This lively book presents a refreshing new perspective on a crucial period in our history.This website puts a completely different perspective on world news.This will require a shift in perspective.We can now see things in their true perspective.We should view this from the perspective of the people involved.Weʼll be looking at fatherhood issues from a personal perspective.When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life.a feminist perspective in philosophyhis desire to broaden his narrow perspectivemulticultural education based on a global perspectivestories told from multiple perspectiveswomen who bring a feminist perspective to their worksHis experience of working in Asia provides a wider perspective on the issue.The perspective of wheelchair users must be taken into account when designing public buildings.Try to approach the problem from a different perspective.We need to take a global perspective on the environment.

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Constipation

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con·sti·pa·tion  ​noun [uncountable]the condition of being unable to get rid of waste material from the bowels easily (= being constipated)

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Indigestion

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in·di·ges·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌɪndɪˈdʒestʃən/ NAmE /ˌɪndɪˈdʒestʃən/ [uncountable]pain caused by difficulty in digesting food ➔ SYNONYM  ​dyspepsiaRich food always gives me indigestion.▶ Word Origin

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Aggravate

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ag·gra·vate  ​verb BrE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ NAmE /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 aggravate something to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse ➔ SYNONYM  ​worsen

Pollution can aggravate asthma.

Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.

2 aggravate somebody (informal) to annoy somebody, especially deliberately ➔ SYNONYM  ​irritate▶

▼ Extra examples 

  The governmentʼs actions will only aggravate the problem.

Their negative reactions have greatly aggravated the situation.He aggravated an old shoulder injury during the win against Chelsea.

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Lucid

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lucid  ​adjective BrE /ˈluːsɪd/ NAmE /ˈluːsɪd/ 1 clearly expressed; easy to understand ➔ SYNONYM  ​cleara lucid style/​explanation2 able to think clearly, especially during or after a period of illness or confusionIn a rare lucid moment, she looked at me and smiled. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He gave a very lucid account of the events.It was a lucid account of the main facts of the case.She writes in a very lucid style.

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Withered

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withered  ​adjective BrE /ˈwɪðəd/ NAmE /ˈwɪðərd/ [usually before noun]1 (of plants) dried up and dead ➔ SYNONYM  ​shrivelled

withered leaves2 (of people) looking old because they are thin and weak and have very dry skin3 (of parts of the body) thin and weak and not fully developed because of diseasewithered limbs

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Cauldron

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caul·dron (also US English cal·dron)  ​noun BrE /ˈkɔːldrən/ NAmE /ˈkɔːldrən/ a large deep pot for boiling liquids or cooking food over a firea witchʼs cauldron(figurative) The stadium was a seething cauldron of emotion.

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Shriek

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shriek  ​verb BrE /ʃriːk/ NAmE /ʃriːk/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to give a loud high shout, for example when you are excited, frightened or in pain ➔ SYNONYM  ​screamshriek (in something) She shrieked in fright. shriek with something The audience was shrieking with laughter. shriek at somebody (figurative)The answer shrieked at her (= was very obvious). 2 [transitive] to say something in a loud, high voice ➔ SYNONYM  ​screamshriek something (at somebody) He shrieked her name as he fell.She was shrieking abuse at them as they carried her off. + speech ‘Look out!ʼ he shrieked. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He all but shrieked when he saw her.She shrieked in terror.Stop shrieking at me!The audience shrieked with laughter.‘Look out!ʼ she shrieked.He almost shrieked her name, but she still ignored him.

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Screech

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screech  ​verb BrE /skriːtʃ/ NAmE /skriːtʃ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to make a loud high unpleasant sound; to say something using this soundMonkeys were screeching in the trees. The wind screeched in his ears. screeching brakesHe screeched with pain. + speech ‘No, donʼt!ʼ she screeched. screech (something) (at somebody) He screeched something at me. 2 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) (of a vehicle) to make a loud high unpleasant noise as it movesThe car screeched to a halt outside the hospital. A police car screeched out of a side street.

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Soar

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soar  ​verb BrE /sɔː(r)/ NAmE /sɔːr/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] if the value, amount or level of something soars, it rises very quickly ➔ SYNONYM  ​rocketsoaring costs/​prices/​temperaturesAir pollution will soon soar above safety levels.Unemployment has soared to 18%. 2 [intransitive] soar (up) (into something) to rise quickly and smoothly up into the airThe rocket soared (up) into the air.(figurative) Her spirits soared (= she became very happy and excited). 3 [intransitive] to fly very high in the air or remain high in the airan eagle soaring high above the cliffs4 [intransitive] to be very high or tallsoaring mountainsThe building soared above us. 5 [intransitive] when music soars, it becomes higher or loudersoaring strings▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A buzzard soared high overhead.Borrowing is set to soar to an astonishing £60 billion.Inflation has soared from 5% to 15%.Profits have soared dramatically in recent months.Property stock has soared to new heights.Retail sales soared by 10% in the twelve months to November.Rockets soared into the sky.She stopped suddenly and her bag went soaring through the air.The ball went soaring past my head.The cliffs soared upward.The death toll soared past 100 000.The fuel shortage sent prices soaring.This model will soar up the sales charts.an eagle soaring high above themAir pollution is set to soar above safety levels.An eagle was soaring high above the cliffs.Soaring costs have made progress difficult.The jets soared above us.The plane was soon soaring up into the sky.

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Privilege

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priv·il·ege  ​noun BrE /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ NAmE /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ 1 [countable] a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people hasEducation should be a universal right and not a privilege. You can enjoy all the benefits and privileges of club membership. Try not to abuse the privilege of being allowed more freedom.2 [uncountable] (disapproving) the rights and advantages that rich and powerful people in a society haveAs a member of the nobility, his life had been one of wealth and privilege. 3 [singular] something that you are proud and lucky to have the opportunity to do ➔ SYNONYM  ​honourI hope to have the privilege of working with them again. It was a great privilege to hear her sing. ▶ Synonyms4 [countable, uncountable] (specialist) a special right to do or say things without being punishedparliamentary privilege (= the special right of members of parliament to say particular things without risking legal action)breach of privilege (= the breaking of rules about what a member of parliament can say and do)▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was accused of abusing his diplomatic privileges.I was given the dubious privilege of organizing the summer fair.It is a great privilege to be attending this conference.She had the rare privilege of a viewing of his private art collection.an abuse of diplomatic privilegesClub members have special privileges, like being allowed to use the swimming pool.Education should be a universal right and not just a privilege.His life had always been one of wealth and privilege.Prisonersʼ behaviour is controlled by a system of punishments and privileges.Real choice in education remains the privilege of the middle classes.Top party officials were accused of granting privileges to their friends and family.

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Tremble

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trem·ble  ​verb BrE /ˈtrembl/ NAmE /ˈtrembl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] tremble (with something) to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited, frightened, etc.My legs were trembling with fear. Her voice trembled with excitement. He opened the letter with trembling hands. 2 [intransitive] to shake slightly ➔ SYNONYM  ​quiverleaves trembling in the breeze3 [intransitive] to be very worried or frightenedI trembled at the thought of having to make a speech. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was still trembling in fear.His voice was still trembling.I began to tremble uncontrollably.She trembled at the thought of going back through those prison doors.She was trembling with anger.The thought made him tremble inside.I trembled at the thought of making a speech.

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Stab

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stab  ​verb BrE /stæb/ NAmE /stæb/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] stab somebody to push a sharp, pointed object, especially a knife, into somebody, killing or injuring themHe was stabbed to death in a racist attack. She stabbed him in the arm with a screwdriver. 2 [transitive, intransitive] to make a short, aggressive or violent movement with a finger or pointed object ➔ SYNONYM  ​jab, prodstab something (at/​into/​through something) He stabbed his finger angrily at my chest. She stabbed her cigarette into the ashtray.stab somebody/​something (with something) She stabbed the air with her fork. stab at/​into/​through something (figurative)The pain stabbed at his chest. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He is accused of repeatedly stabbing a 16-year-old boy.He was fatally stabbed.He was found stabbed in his car.He was stabbed in the chest.I stabbed at my meat with my fork.Tina accidentally stabbed herself with her pencil. Idiomsstab somebody in the ˈbackto do or say something that harms somebody who trusts you ➔ SYNONYM  ​betray

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Dagger

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dag·ger  ​noun BrE /ˈdæɡə(r)/ NAmE /ˈdæɡər/ a short pointed knife that is used as a weaponEach man was armed with both sword and dagger.➔ SEE ALSO  ​cloak-and-dagger▶ Word OriginIdiomsat daggers ˈdrawn(British English) if two people are at daggers drawn, they are very angry with each otherlook ˈdaggers at somebodyto look at somebody in a very angry way

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Ensue

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ensue  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈsjuː/ NAmE /ɪnˈsuː/ [intransitive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto happen after or as a result of another event ➔ SYNONYM  ​followAn argument ensued. The riot police swooped in and chaos ensued.

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Heir

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heir  ​noun BrE /eə(r)/ NAmE /er/     Use an, not a, before heir. heir (to something) | heir (of somebody)1 a person who has the legal right to receive somebodyʼs property, money or title when that person diesto be heir to a large fortunethe heir to the throne (= the person who will be the next king or queen)the son and heir of the Earl of Lancaster▶ Wordfinder2 a person who is thought to continue the work or a tradition started by somebody elsethe presidentʼs political heirs▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    At the age of twenty he fell heir to a large estate.He has no heir to leave his fortune to.He is the sole heir to a large mining fortune.He left most of his property to his eldest son and heir.He planned to marry and produce an heir for his estate.Heʼs the future heir to the throne.On his brotherʼs death he became heir apparent to the title.On his deathbed he named his second son as his heir.The house was her spiritual home for which she sought a spiritual heir.The socialists saw themselves as true heirs of the Enlightenment.When the Earl of Surrey died in 1347 he left no direct heir.

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Flee

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flee  ​verb BrE /fliː/ NAmE /fliː/ [intransitive, transitive, no passive]▶ Verb Formsto leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible dangerShe burst into tears and fled. flee from somebody/​something a camp for refugees fleeing from the warflee to…/​into… He fled to London after an argument with his family. flee something He was caught trying to flee the country. The driver had already fled the scene of the accident.➔ COMPARE  ​fly▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She dropped the phone and fled from the office.She had to flee for her life when soldiers attacked her town.The children fled in terror as the hay caught fire.The family managed to flee to safety.They fled to Britain when the war started.They turned and fled when they saw the gang approaching.They turned and fled when they saw the gang of youths approaching them.They were forced to flee the country.When danger threatens, collect your possessions and flee like the wind.When the police arrived the burglars fled empty-handed.All my family fled across the border into Thailand.He fled into exile and never returned.Hundreds of people were forced to flee their homes.People fled for their lives.People fled in terror as the bomb exploded.Refugees fled from the city.The man looked at me in horror, and then turned and fled.The robbers fled empty-handed from the shop.They fled the country in 1987.

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Smear

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smear  ​verb

[transitive] to spread an oily or soft substance over a surface in a rough or careless way ➔ SYNONYM  ​daub

smear something on/​over something The children had smeared mud on the walls. smear something with something The children had smeared the walls with mud. His face was smeared with blood.2 [transitive] smear something to make something dirty or greasyHis glasses were smeared. smeared windows3 [transitive] smear somebody/​something to damage somebodyʼs reputation by saying unpleasant things about them that are not true ➔ SYNONYM  ​slanderThe story was an attempt to smear the party leader. 4 [transitive, intransitive] smear (something) to rub writing, a drawing, etc. so that it is no longer clear; to become not clear in this way ➔ SYNONYM  ​smudgeThe last few words of the letter were smeared. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His hands were smeared with blood.She smeared the cream liberally on her face.The child had smeared jam all over her face.Their faces were heavily smeared with mud.Her make-up was smeared over her face and her hair was a mess.

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gruesome

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grue·some  ​adjective BrE /ˈɡruːsəm/ NAmE /ˈɡruːsəm/ very unpleasant and filling you with horror, usually because it is connected with death or injurya gruesome murdergruesome pictures of dead bodies(humorous) We spent a week in a gruesome apartment in Miami. ▶ Word Origin

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Grease

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grease  ​noun BrE /ɡriːs/ NAmE /ɡriːs/ [uncountable]1 any thick oily substance, especially one that is used to make machines run smoothlyGrease marks can be removed with liquid detergent. Her hands were covered with oil and grease. the grease in his hair➔ SEE ALSO  ​elbow grease2 animal fat that has been made softer by cooking or heatingplates covered with greaseThere was a film of grease on the kitchen window.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The kitchen surfaces were all smeared with grease.He collected the plates, which were covered with grease.He spoke as he ate, spraying crumbs everywhere, and letting grease dribble down his chin.

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Impact

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im·pact  ​verb BrE /ɪmˈpækt/ NAmE /ɪmˈpækt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to have an effect on something ➔ SYNONYM  ​affectimpact on/​upon something Her fatherʼs death impacted greatly on her childhood years. impact something (business) The companyʼs performance was impacted by the high value of the pound. 2 [intransitive, transitive] impact (on/​upon/​with) something (formal) to hit something with great force▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her fatherʼs death impacted greatly on her childhood years.The border dispute could impact on the work of aid agencies.The companyʼs performance was impacted by the high value of the pound.The cuts will inevitably impact on service delivery.

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Appetite

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ap·pe·tite  ​noun BrE /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ NAmE /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ 1 [uncountable, countable, usually singular] physical desire for foodHe suffered from headaches and loss of appetite. The walk gave me a good appetite. Donʼt spoil your appetite by eating between meals. 2 [countable] a strong desire for somethingsexual appetitesThe preview was intended to whet your appetite (= make you want more). appetite for something The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    All that digging has given me an appetite.He sated her appetite for adventure and intrigue.His appetite for power had grown.His appetite has returned to normal.I have always had a small appetite.I went for a walk to work up an appetite for breakfast.Reading the first story whetted my appetite for more.She had no appetite and began to lose weight.Some drugs can suppress the appetite.The BBC recognizes the public appetite for serious information.The airport cannot accommodate the growing appetite for flights.The cold air had given an edge to my appetite.The symptoms include aching limbs and a loss of appetite.The symptoms of depression can include poor appetite and weight loss.The website has enough good content to satisfy its usersʼ intellectual appetite.This is something you can eat between meals without ruining your appetite.This meal will satisfy even the healthiest appetite.We get into debt to indulge our appetite for consumer goods.an insatiable appetite for booksmagnificent meals to tempt the most jaded appetitesspecial double-decker sandwiches for big appetitesDonʼt spoil your appetite by eating between meals.He suffered from headaches, insomnia and loss of appetite.He was a man of vigorous sexual appetite.Sheʼs always had a healthy appetite.The preview was intended to whet your appetite.The public has an insatiable appetite for scandal.

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Significant

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sig·nifi·cant  ​adjective BrE /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ NAmE /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ 1 large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticeda highly significant discoveryThe results of the experiment are not statistically significant. There are no significant differences between the two groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. These views are held by a significant proportion of the population.It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys. The drug has had no significant effect on stopping the spread of the disease.➔ COMPARE  ​insignificant2 having a particular meaningIt is significant that he changed his will only days before his death. 3 [usually before noun] having a special or secret meaning that is not understood by everyone ➔ SYNONYM  ​meaningfula significant look/​smile▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    These differences are not statistically significant.This development proved highly significant for the whole town.What makes this discovery significant is that it goes against our theory.rituals which are deeply significant to ChristiansIt is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys.The results of the experiment are not statistically significant.This is a highly significant discovery.

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Acute

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acute  ​adjective BrE /əˈkjuːt/ NAmE /əˈkjuːt/ 1 very serious or severeThere is an acute shortage of water. acute painthe worldʼs acute environmental problemsCompetition for jobs is acute. The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.He was suffering from acute chest pains.2 an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerousacute appendicitis➔ OPPOSITE  ​chronic▶ Wordfinder3 (of the senses) very sensitive and well developed ➔ SYNONYM  ​keenDogs have an acute sense of smell. 4 intelligent and quick to notice and understand thingsHe is an acute observer of the social scene. Her judgement is acute. 5 (geometry) (of an angle) less than 90°▶ Word Origin

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Drift

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drift  ​verb BrE /drɪft/ NAmE /drɪft/ ▶ Verb Formsmove slowly1 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to move along smoothly and slowly in water or airClouds drifted across the sky. The empty boat drifted out to sea. A cool breeze drifted through the open window.Smoke drifted across the room.2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move or go somewhere slowlyThe crowd drifted away from the scene of the accident. Her gaze drifted around the room. People began to drift back to their houses.without purpose3 [intransitive] (+ adv./​prep.) to happen or change, or to do something without a particular plan or purposeI didnʼt intend to be a teacher—I just drifted into it. He hasnʼt decided what to do yet—heʼs just drifting. The conversation drifted onto politics. into state/​situation4 [intransitive] drift in/​into something to go from one situation or state to another without realizing itFinally she drifted into sleep. The injured man tried to speak but soon drifted into unconsciousness. of snow/​sand5 [intransitive] to be blown into large piles by the winddrifting sandSome roads are closed because of drifting. float6 [transitive] + adv./​prep. to make something float somewhereThe logs are drifted downstream to the mill. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Cold and hungry, they drifted helplessly closer to the Arctic.He allowed his thoughts to drift back to his conversation with Carrie.He drifted in and out of consciousness.He drifted into teaching, but never really enjoyed it.He drifted off into a deep slumber.He finally drifted back to his home town.He spent the day drifting aimlessly about the house.Her gaze gradually drifted to the bookshelf.Over the years the two friends drifted apart.She began to drift between sleep and wakefulness.She closed her eyes and slowly drifted off to sleep.She drifted across the room to where we were standing.Smoke drifted up from the campfire.The boat drifted slowly downstream.They were drifting out to sea.Voices drifted up through the floorboards.We drifted with the current.We seem to be drifting away from the point.A single snowflake drifted down and settled on the ground.His cigarette smoke drifted away on the breeze.I spent the next decade drifting aimlessly from place to place.The boat drifted out to sea.The crowd slowly drifted away from the scene.They drifted around south-east Asia for a while and then headed into China.White clouds drifted across the sky. Phrasal Verbsˌdrift aˈpartto become less friendly or close to somebodyAs children we were very close, but as we grew up we just drifted apart. ˌdrift ˈoff (to sleep)to fall asleepI didnʼt hear the storm. I must have drifted off by then.

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Obscure

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ob·scure  ​adjective BrE /əbˈskjʊə(r)/ NAmE /əbˈskjʊr/ 1 not well known ➔ SYNONYM  ​unknownan obscure German poetWe went to see one of Shakespeareʼs more obscure plays.He was born around 1650 but his origins remain obscure. The origins of the tradition have become obscure.2 difficult to understandI found her lecture very obscure. For some obscure reason, he failed to turn up. The meaning of his comment was obscure to everyone but himself.▶ Word Origin

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Hectic

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hec·tic  ​adjective BrE /ˈhektɪk/ NAmE /ˈhektɪk/ very busy; full of activityto lead a hectic lifea hectic schedulehectic last-minute preparationsToday was too hectic for me.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The job gets a bit hectic at times.I donʼt want to lead such a hectic life any more.Theyʼve got a a hectic schedule planned.We were involved in the hectic last-minute preparations.

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Sluggish

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slug·gish  ​adjective BrE /ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ NAmE /ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ moving, reacting or working more slowly than normal and in a way that seems lazysluggish traffica sluggish economythe sluggish black waters of the canalHe felt very heavy and sluggish after the meal. The growth of the export market has helped to compensate for sluggish demand at home.Sales were sluggish.

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Trivial

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triv·ial  ​adjective BrE /ˈtrɪviəl/ NAmE /ˈtrɪviəl/ not important or serious; not worth consideringa trivial detailI know it sounds trivial, but Iʼm worried about it. Iʼll try to fix it—but itʼs not trivial (= it may be difficult to fix). ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Apparently trivial clues may turn out to be quite important.He made a few essentially trivial changes.I didnʼt want to bother you with such a trivial matter.I know it sounds trivial, but Iʼm worried about it.Iʼll try to fix it—but itʼs not trivial.

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Compromise

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com·prom·ise  ​verb BrE /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/ NAmE /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to give up some of your demands after a disagreement with somebody, in order to reach an agreementNeither side is prepared to compromise. compromise (with somebody) (on something) After much argument, the judges finally compromised on (= agreed to give the prize to) the 18-year old pianist. They were unwilling to compromise with the terrorists. 2 [transitive, intransitive] to do something that is against your principles or does not reach standards that you have setcompromise something I refuse to compromise my principles. compromise (on something) We are not prepared to compromise on safety standards. 3 [transitive] compromise somebody/​something/​yourself to bring somebody/​something/​yourself into danger or under suspicion, especially by acting in a way that is not very sensibleShe had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation. Defeat at this stage would compromise their chances (= reduce their chances) of reaching the finals of the competition. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He wanted his own way and refused to compromise.The affair seriously compromised the partyʼs prospects of electoral success.They debated whether to compromise with the opposition parties.Unions and management seem ready to compromise on the level of the increase.After much argument, the judges finally compromised on the 18-year-old pianist.Defeat at this stage would compromise their chances of reaching the finals of the competition.She has already compromised herself by accepting his invitation.They were unwilling to compromise with the Communists.

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Defy

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defy  ​verb BrE /dɪˈfaɪ/ NAmE /dɪˈfaɪ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 defy somebody/​something to refuse to obey or show respect for somebody in authority, a law, a rule, etc.I wouldnʼt have dared to defy my teachers. Hundreds of people today defied the ban on political gatherings. 2 defy belief, explanation, description, etc. to be impossible or almost impossible to believe, explain, describe, etc.a political move that defies explanationThe beauty of the scene defies description. 3 defy something to successfully resist something to a very unusual degreeThe baby boy defied all the odds and survived (= stayed alive when it seemed certain that he would die). ▶ Word Family▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He is willing to defy his own party.Journalists were openly defying the authorities.The protesters continued to defy a court injunction.I wouldnʼt have dared to defy my teachers. IdiomsI defy you/​anyone to do somethingused to say that somebody should try to do something, as a way of emphasizing that you think it is impossible to do itI defy anyone not to cry at the end of the film. I defy you to leave without buying something.

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quid

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quid  ​noun BrE /kwɪd/ NAmE /kwɪd/ (pl. quid)(British English, informal)one pound in moneyCan you lend me five quid? It only costs a couple of quid to get in.▶ Word OriginIdiomsnot the full ˈquid(Australian English, New Zealand English, informal) not very intelligentquids ˈinin a position of having made a profit, especially a good profitIf you are prepared to take the financial risk, you could be quids in.

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Initially

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ini·tial·ly  ​adverb BrE /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ NAmE /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ at the beginningInitially, the system worked well. The death toll was initially reported at around 250, but was later revised to 300. My contract is initially for three years.The ban was initially opposed by the US.

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Definitely

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def·in·ite·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈdefɪnətli/ NAmE /ˈdefɪnətli/ 1 (informal) a way of emphasizing that something is true and that there is no doubt about itI definitely remember sending the letter. ‘Was it what you expected?ʼ ‘Yes, definitely.ʼ ‘Do you plan to have children?ʼ ‘Definitely not!ʼ Some old people want help; others most definitely do not. 2 in a way that is certain or that shows that you are certainThe date of the move has not been definitely decided yet (= it may change). Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.

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Crucially

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cru·cial·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈkruːʃəli/ NAmE /ˈkruːʃəli/ in a way that is extremely importantcrucially importantThe plants need light and, crucially, a flow of cool air.

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Exhaust

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ex·haust  ​noun BrE /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ NAmE /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ 1 [uncountable] waste gases that come out of a vehicle, an engine or a machinecar exhaust fumes/​emissions2 (also exˈhaust pipe) (also tail·pipe especially in North American English) [countable] a pipe through which exhaust gases come outMy car needs a new exhaust. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    a plan to reduce exhaust emissionsducts which draw out exhaust air and replace it with freshpollution from car exhaustsThe car was fitted with a catalytic converter to meet exhaust regulations.The proposals include new limits on car exhaust emissions.

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Strive

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strive  ​verb BrE /straɪv/ NAmE /straɪv/ [intransitive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto try very hard to achieve somethingstrive (for something) We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards. strive (against something) striving against corruptionstrive to do something Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story. She strove to find a solution that was acceptable to all.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I am constantly striving after artistic beauty.The school constantly strives for excellence in its teaching.They are desperately striving for some sort of dignity.companies that strive towards bigger profitsman striving against the elementsExperimenters continually strive to eliminate distorting factors.He spent years striving against corruption.They were always striving towards perfection.We constantly strive for excellence in design.We encourage members to strive for the highest standards.

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Infrastructure

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in·fra·struc·ture  ​noun BrE /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ NAmE /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ [countable, uncountable]the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and water and power supplies▶ Word Origin

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Displease

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dis·please  ​verb BrE /dɪsˈpliːz/ NAmE /dɪsˈpliːz/ ▶ Verb Formsdisplease somebody (formal) to make somebody feel upset, annoyed or not satisfiedThe tone of the letter displeased her.➔ OPPOSITE  ​please▶ Word Origin

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Determination

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de·ter·min·ation  ​noun BrE /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable] the quality that makes you continue trying to do something even when this is difficultfierce/​grim/​dogged determinationHe fought the illness with courage and determination. They had survived by sheer determination. determination to do something I admire her determination to get it right. 2 [uncountable] (formal) the process of deciding something officiallyfactors influencing the determination of future policy3 [uncountable, countable] (specialist) the act of finding out or calculating somethingBoth methods rely on the accurate determination of the pressure of the gas. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He hung on with grim determination.He succeeded by hard work and sheer determination.She demonstrated a clear determination to improve her performance.She expressed her determination to continue in the job.She has shown great determination and skill.She was full of determination to achieve her goals.The government last night signalled its determination to resist tax cuts.The prime ministerʼs speech revealed a clear determination to break the power of the unions.With a renewed determination, she stood up.She fought the illness with courage and determination.The key to his success was his dogged determination see things through.

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Sedative

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seda·tive  ​noun BrE /ˈsedətɪv/ NAmE /ˈsedətɪv/ a drug that makes somebody go to sleep or makes them feel calm and relaxed ➔ SYNONYM  ​tranquillizerThe doctor gave her a mild sedative to help her sleep.▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin

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Pet

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pet  ​verb BrE /pet/ NAmE /pet/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] pet somebody/​something (especially North American English) to touch or move your hand gently over an animal or a child in a kind and loving wayHe petted the dog and ruffled its fur.2 [intransitive] (informal) (of two people) to kiss and touch each other in a sexual way ➔ SEE ALSO  ​petting

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Perceive

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per·ceive  ​verb BrE /pəˈsiːv/ NAmE /pərˈsːv/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 to notice or become aware of somethingperceive something I perceived a change in his behaviour. perceive that… She perceived that all was not well. perceive somebody/​something to be/​have something The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing.     This pattern is usually used in the passive. 2 to understand or think of somebody/​something in a particular way ➔ SYNONYM  ​seeperceive somebody/​something/​yourself (as something) This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough. She did not perceive herself as disabled. A science degree and artistic interests are often perceived as incompatible.perceive somebody/​something to be/​have something They were widely perceived to have been unlucky.     This pattern is usually used in the passive. ▶ Word Family▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It is widely perceived as a womenʼs health problem, but it does also affect men.Risks are perceived differently by different people.The Generalʼs words were perceived as a threat by countries in the region.The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3.The remedy for the problem was only dimly perceived by scientists until recently.the world of directly perceived objectsI perceived a change in his behaviour over those months.She perceived that all was not well within the organization.

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Vulnerable

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vul·ner·able  ​adjective BrE /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ NAmE /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ vulnerable (to somebody/​something) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionallyto be vulnerable to attackOld people are particularly vulnerable to the flu.She looked very vulnerable standing there on her own. In cases of food poisoning, young children are especially vulnerable. The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a very vulnerable position. We should protect the most vulnerable members of our society.Animals are at their most vulnerable when searching for food for their young.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Hippos are uniquely vulnerable to drought.She is very sensitive and rather vulnerable.The company is in an economically vulnerable position.The virus attacks the immune system, leaving your body vulnerable to infections.These offices are highly vulnerable to terrorist attack.You must try not to appear vulnerable.Exhaustion from their long and fruitless war had left them vulnerable to attack.The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a very vulnerable position.

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Prone

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prone  ​adjective BrE /prəʊn/ NAmE /proʊn/ 1 likely to suffer from something or to do something bad ➔ SYNONYM  ​liableprone to something prone to injuryWorking without a break makes you more prone to error. prone to do something Tired drivers were found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs. 2 -prone (in adjectives) likely to suffer or do the thing mentionederror-proneinjury-prone➔ SEE ALSO  ​accident-prone3 (formal) lying flat with the front of your body touching the ground ➔ SYNONYM  ​prostrateThe victim lay prone without moving. He was found lying in a prone position. ➔ COMPARE  ​supine▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Sun removes the oil and wax, leaving the leather prone to cracking.The M40 through Oxfordshire is notoriously prone to fog.people who are genetically prone to putting on weight

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Brisk

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brisk  ​adjective BrE /brɪsk/ NAmE /brɪsk/ (brisk·er, brisk·est)1 quick; busya brisk walkto set off at a brisk paceIce-cream vendors were doing a brisk trade (= selling a lot of ice cream). We went for a brisk walk before lunch.2 (of a person, their voice or manner) practical and confident; showing a desire to get things done quicklyHis tone became brisk and businesslike. 3 (of wind and the weather) cold but pleasantly fresha brisk wind/​breeze▶ Word Origin

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Termendous

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tre·men·dous  ​adjective BrE /trəˈmendəs/ NAmE /trəˈmendəs/ 1 very great ➔ SYNONYM  ​hugea tremendous explosionA tremendous amount of work has gone into the project. 2 extremely good ➔ SYNONYM  ​remarkableIt was a tremendous experience. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    You look absolutely tremendous!He has been under tremendous pressure recently.The noise of bombs, guns and engines was tremendous.The support they gave us was tremendous.There was a tremendous explosion and all of us ran.

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Keenness

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keen·ness  ​noun BrE /ˈkiːnnəs/ NAmE /ˈkiːnnəs/ [uncountable]1 the quality of being enthusiastic or wanting something very much ➔ SYNONYM  ​eagernessI admire his enthusiasm and keenness to experiment.2 the strength or depth of a feelingthe keenness of his ambition3 the quality of understanding well or quicklythe keenness of her insight4 the quality of competing very hard for somethingthe keenness of the competition

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Equip

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equip  ​verb BrE /ɪˈkwɪp/ NAmE /ɪˈkwɪp/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to provide yourself/​somebody/​something with the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity ➔ SYNONYM  ​kit out/​upequip something to be fully/​poorly equippedShe got a bank loan to rent and equip a small workshop. equip yourself/​somebody/​something (with something) (for something) He equipped himself with a street plan. The centre is well equipped for canoeing and mountaineering. 2 equip somebody (for something) | equip somebody (to do something) to prepare somebody for an activity or task, especially by teaching them what they need to knowThe course is designed to equip students for a career in nursing. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Rooms vary in size and come equipped with hairdryers, television and telephone.The car is fully equipped with all the latest gadgets.The centre is well equipped for sailing.The flat is fully equipped with a cooker and fridge.The hostel is specially equipped for wheelchair access.Here he received the education that would equip him to take his place in society.The programme is designed to equip students for a career in nursing.We travelled in a specially equipped medical jeep.

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Abundant

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abun·dant  ​adjective BrE /əˈbʌndənt/ NAmE /əˈbʌndənt/ (formal)existing in large quantities; more than enough ➔ SYNONYM  ​plentifulFish are abundant in the lake. We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt. ▶ Word Origin

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Junction

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junc·tion  ​noun BrE /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ NAmE /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ 1 (especially British English) (usually North American English inter·sec·tion) the place where two or more roads or railway/​railroad lines meetIt was near the junction of City Road and Old Street. Come off the motorway at junction 6. The most complicated motorway interchange in Britain is known as Spaghetti Junction.2 a place where two or more cables, rivers or other things meet or are joineda telephone junction boxthe junction between nerves and muscles▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Turn off at junction 6.In the 19th century the town became an important railway junction.Junction 6 is known as Spaghetti Junction because of its complexity.The disease affects the junction between nerves and muscles.The telephone junction box was opened and the phone line was disconnected.

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Priority

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pri·or·ity  ​noun BrE /praɪˈɒrəti/ NAmE /praɪˈɔːrəti/ (pl. pri·or·ities)1 [countable] something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with firsta high/​low priorityEducation is a top priority. Our first priority is to improve standards. Financial security was high on his list of priorities. You need to get your priorities right (= decide what is important to you). (North American English) You need to get your priorities straight. 2 [uncountable] priority (over something) the most important place among various things that have to be done or among a group of people ➔ SYNONYM  ​precedenceClub members will be given priority. The search for a new vaccine will take priority over all other medical research. Priority cases, such as homeless families, get dealt with first. 3 [uncountable] (British English) the right of a vehicle to go before other traffic at a particular place on a road ➔ SYNONYM  ​right of wayBuses have priority at this junction. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her family takes priority over her work.List the tasks in order of priority.Material possessions have always been a low priority for Mike.The bank seems to give priority to new customers.The government is giving priority to school leavers in its job-creation programme.To reduce stress you may have to rethink your priorities in life.Using the Internet is one of the companyʼs top strategic priorities.We assign a high priority to research and development.We need to place a higher priority on family and social issues.When hospital funds are being allocated children take priority.You need to sort out your priorities before making a decision about the future.Club members will be given priority.Education is a top priority.Financial security was high on his list of priorities.You need to get your priorities right.a high/​​low priority

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Assumption

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as·sump·tion  ​noun BrE /əˈsʌmpʃn/ NAmE /əˈsʌmpʃn/ 1 [countable] a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proofan underlying/​implicit assumptionWe need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy. We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up. It was impossible to make assumptions about peopleʼs reactions. His actions were based on a false assumption. She arrived at college with a whole set of assumptions inherited from her family.2 [countable, uncountable] assumption of something (formal) the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibilitytheir assumption of power/​controlthe assumption of responsibility by the government for the disaster▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Lots of evidence supports this assumption.Sheʼs always making assumptions about how much money people have.There is an underlying assumption that the unemployed are reluctant to work.We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe.Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.assumptions about how women should behaveshared assumptions between teachers and parentsthe assumptions underlying their beliefsI really donʼt like you making assumptions about what I think.The underlying assumption is that young people are incapable of knowing their own minds.There is a general but false assumption that intelligent people do better in life.They are basing their costs on the assumption that about 10 000 people will need to be rehoused.We are working on the assumption that about 50 people will turn up.We need to establish a basic set of assumptions before we can continue.

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Acquire

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ac·quire  ​verb

BrE /əˈkwaɪə(r)/ NAmE /əˈkwaɪər/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 acquire something to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behaviour

She has acquired a good knowledge of English.

How long will it take to acquire the necessary skills? He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.

I have recently acquired a taste for olives.

2 acquire something to obtain something by buying or being given it

The company has just acquired new premises. How did the gallery come to acquire so many Picassos? Iʼve suddenly acquired a stepbrother.

Extra examples 

  Iʼve suddenly acquired a stepbrother.

When you have acquired a basic range of computing skills, you will be ready to start the job.

to acquire a love of/​​taste for something

to acquire a reputation/​​bad name/​​criminal record/​​tan/​​look/​​appearance Idiomsan acquired ˈtastea thing that you do not like much at first but gradually learn to like

Abstract art is an acquired taste.

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Refrain

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re·frain  ​noun BrE /rɪˈfreɪn/ NAmE /rɪˈfreɪn/ 1 a comment or complaint that is often repeatedComplaints about poor food in schools have become a familiar refrain. The protest began with a small group, but then the others took up the refrain.2 the part of a song or a poem that is repeated after each verse ➔ SYNONYM  ​chorus▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Complaints about school food have become a familiar refrain.I kept hearing the same refrain.Shoppers, so the refrain goes, are never happy until they have found a bargain.The choirʼs sopranos took up the refrain.

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Awkward

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awk·ward  ​adjective BrE /ˈɔːkwəd/ NAmE /ˈɔːkwərd/ 1 making you feel embarrassedThere was an awkward silence. I felt awkward because they obviously wanted to be alone. 2 difficult to deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​difficultDonʼt ask awkward questions. Youʼve put me in an awkward position. an awkward customer (= a person who is difficult to deal with)Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come. It makes things awkward for everyone when you behave like that.3 not convenient ➔ SYNONYM  ​inconvenientHave I come at an awkward time? 4 difficult or dangerous because of its shape or designThis box is very awkward for one person to carry. This tool will reach into awkward corners, such as under kitchen units. 5 not moving in an easy way; not comfortableHe tried to dance, but he was too clumsy and awkward. I must have slept in an awkward position—Iʼm aching all over. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He always sounded awkward on the phone.He could make things very awkward for me if he wanted to.He was embarrassed, which made him awkward.I was the most socially awkward person you could imagine.She asked some rather awkward questions.She is awkward with people she doesnʼt know.They felt awkward about having to leave so soon.Donʼt ask awkward questions.He can be an awkward customer.He was in an awkward situation and I thought he handled it very well.Please donʼt be awkward about letting him come.Thatʼs a bit awkward for me—could we make it earlier?There was an awkward moment when they asked about his wife.Youʼve put me in an awkward position.

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Contention

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con·ten·tion  ​noun BrE /kənˈtenʃn/ NAmE /kənˈtenʃn/ (formal)1 [uncountable] angry disagreement between people ➔ SYNONYM  ​disputeOne area of contention is the availability of nursery care. a point of contention2 [countable] contention (that…) a belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argumentIt is our clientʼs contention that the fire was an accident. I would reject that contention. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her main contention is that staff should get better training.The Comets were eliminated from play-off contention.The Jaguars are now out of contention.Their team is still in contention for the championshipThere is no contention between the two groups.There is no evidence to support her contention.There were three left in serious contention for the prize.Where to go on holiday is always a bone of contention in our family.It is our clientʼs contention that the fire was an accident.One area of contention is the availability of nursery places.Privatization of the health service remains a point of contention. Idiomsa bone of conˈtentiona subject which causes disagreement and arguments between peoplein conˈtention (for something)with a chance of winning somethingOnly three teams are now in contention for the title. out of conˈtention (for something)without a chance of winning something

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Decipher

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de·cipher  ​verb BrE /dɪˈsaɪfə(r)/ NAmE /dɪˈsaɪfər/ ▶ Verb Formsdecipher something to succeed in finding the meaning of something that is difficult to read or understandto decipher a codeCan anyone decipher his handwriting? I couldnʼt decipher her handwiting.She watched the girlʼs expression closely, trying to decipher her meaning.➔ SEE ALSO  ​indecipherable

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Fixation

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fix·ation  ​noun BrE /fɪkˈseɪʃn/ NAmE /fɪkˈseɪʃn/ 1 [countable] a very strong interest in somebody/​something, that is not normal or naturala mother fixationWinning the title again has become a fixation for him.fixation with/​on somebody/​something Heʼs got this fixation with cleanliness. 2 [uncountable] (specialist) the process of a gas becoming solidnitrogen fixation

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Precede

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pre·cede  ​verb BrE /prɪˈsiːd/ NAmE /prɪˈsiːd/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] precede (somebody/​something) to happen before something or come before something/​somebody in orderthe years preceding the warHis resignation was preceded by weeks of speculation. She preceded me in the job. See the preceding chapter. It had happened during the preceding year.in the moments which immediately preceded the earthquake2 [transitive] precede somebody + adv./​prep. to go in front of somebodyShe preceded him out of the room. ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbspreˈcede something with somethingto do or say something to introduce something elseShe preceded her speech with a vote of thanks to the committee.

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Laureate

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laure·ate  ​noun BrE /ˈlɒriət/ NAmE /ˈlɔːriət/ , /ˈlɑːriət/ 1 a person who has been given an official honour or prize for something important they have achieveda Nobel laureate2➔ =  ​Poet Laureate▶ Word Origin

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Huddle

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hud·dle  ​verb BrE /ˈhʌdl/ NAmE /ˈhʌdl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] huddle (up/​together) (+ adv./​prep.) (of people or animals) to gather closely together, usually because of cold or fearWe huddled together for warmth. They all huddled around the fire. People huddled up close to each other.2 [intransitive] huddle (up) (+ adv./​prep.) to hold your arms and legs close to your body, usually because you are cold or frightenedI huddled under a blanket on the floor. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Felipe sat huddled in his chair.He slept, huddled in an armchair.Karen was huddled against the wall.She found him huddled in a corner, shaking violently.She lay huddled under the blankets.

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Unfurl

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un·furl  ​verb BrE /ˌʌnˈfɜːl/ NAmE /ˌʌnˈfɜːrl/ [intransitive, transitive]▶ Verb Formswhen something that is curled or rolled tightly unfurls, or you unfurl it, it opensThe leaves slowly unfurled. unfurl something to unfurl a flagThe protesters tried to unfurl a banner.

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Resentful

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re·sent·ful  ​adjective BrE /rɪˈzentfl/ NAmE /rɪˈzentfl/ feeling bitter or angry about something that you think is unfaira resentful lookresentful of/​at/​about something They seemed to be resentful of our presence there. She was resentful at having been left out of the team. ▼ Extra examples    He felt deeply resentful towards/​​toward his ex-wife.He was very resentful of their success.She felt resentful at the way she had been treated.She looked at him, almost resentful now.They grew bitter and resentful.They were bitterly resentful of the fact that they had to work such long hours.

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Tremble

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trem·ble  ​verb BrE /ˈtrembl/ NAmE /ˈtrembl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] tremble (with something) to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited, frightened, etc.My legs were trembling with fear. Her voice trembled with excitement. He opened the letter with trembling hands. 2 [intransitive] to shake slightly ➔ SYNONYM  ​quiverleaves trembling in the breeze3 [intransitive] to be very worried or frightenedI trembled at the thought of having to make a speech. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He was still trembling in fear.His voice was still trembling.I began to tremble uncontrollably.She trembled at the thought of going back through those prison doors.She was trembling with anger.The thought made him tremble inside.I trembled at the thought of making a speech.

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Potential

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po·ten·tial  ​adjective BrE /pəˈtenʃl/ NAmE /pəˈtenʃl/ [only before noun] that can develop into something or be developed in the future ➔ SYNONYM  ​possiblepotential customersa potential source of conflictthe potential benefits of European integrationa potential prime ministerFirst we need to identify actual and potential problems. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    What are the potential benefits of these proposals?a potential advantage/​​benefit/​​improvement/​​savinga potential audience/​​buyer/​​client/​​consumer/​​customera potential complication/​​danger/​​disaster/​​drawback/​​embarrassment/​​hazard/​​pitfall/​​risk/​​threat

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Rigid

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rigid  ​adjective BrE /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ NAmE /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ 1 (often disapproving) (of rules, methods, etc.) very strict and difficult to change ➔ SYNONYM  ​inflexibleThe curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular. 2 (of a person) not willing to change their ideas or behaviour ➔ SYNONYM  ​inflexiblerigid attitudes3 (of an object or substance) stiff and difficult to move or benda rigid support for the tentShe sat upright, her body rigid with fear. (figurative) I was bored rigid (= extremely bored). ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He grew even more rigid and uncompromising as he got older.He went absolutely rigid with shock.She feigned sleep, lying rigid in bed.We operate within fairly rigid parameters.Her rigid ideas and stern manner had frightened the children.His body suddenly went rigid with fear.Sandwiches are best packed in a rigid container.The church continues to have a rigid hierarchy.The material is rigid and brittle.The warriors were governed by a rigid code of ethics.

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Lateral

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lat·eral  ​adjective BrE /ˈlætərəl/ NAmE /ˈlætərəl/ [usually before noun] (specialist) connected with the side of something or with movement to the sidethe lateral branches of a treelateral eye movements▶ Word Origin

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Perspective

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per·spec·tive  ​noun BrE /pəˈspektɪv/ NAmE /pərˈspektɪv/ 1 [countable] a particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​viewpointa global perspectiveRecent events seem less serious when put into an international perspective.Try to see the issue from a different perspective. a report that looks at the education system from the perspective of deaf peopleperspective on something His experience abroad provides a wider perspective on the problem. 2 [uncountable] the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importanceShe was aware that she was losing all sense of perspective. Try to keep these issues in perspective. Talking to others can often help to put your own problems into perspective. It is important not to let things get out of perspective. 3 [uncountable] the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by representing people and things that are far away as being smaller than those that are nearer the frontThe artist plays with perspective to confuse the eye.We learnt how to draw buildings in perspective. The tree on the left is out of perspective. 4 [countable] (formal) a view, especially one in which you can see far into the distancea perspective of the whole valley▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her death put everything else into perspective.I just need to keep things in perspective.Itʼs easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.Letʼs get this into perspective.That tree is out of perspective.The author brings a balanced perspective to these complex issues.The book adopts a historical perspective.This latest study explores stress from a unique perspective.This lively book presents a refreshing new perspective on a crucial period in our history.This website puts a completely different perspective on world news.This will require a shift in perspective.We can now see things in their true perspective.We should view this from the perspective of the people involved.Weʼll be looking at fatherhood issues from a personal perspective.When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life.a feminist perspective in philosophyhis desire to broaden his narrow perspectivemulticultural education based on a global perspectivestories told from multiple perspectiveswomen who bring a feminist perspective to their worksHis experience of working in Asia provides a wider perspective on the issue.The perspective of wheelchair users must be taken into account when designing public buildings.Try to approach the problem from a different perspective.We need to take a global perspective on the environment.

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Absurd

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ab·surd  ​adjective BrE /əbˈsɜːd/ NAmE /əbˈsɜːrd/ 1 completely ridiculous; not logical and sensible ➔ SYNONYM  ​ridiculousThat uniform makes the guards look absurd. Of course itʼs not true, what an absurd idea. 2 the absurd noun [singular] things that are or that seem to be absurdHe has a good sense of the absurd. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She found the whole concept faintly absurd.Such beliefs are patently absurd.Donʼt be absurd! Why would he want to do a thing like that?I must say I felt faintly absurd.Itʼs absurd to suggest that Iʼm being unprofessional.The uniform makes the guards look absurd.What an absurd idea!

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Extrapolate

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ex·trapo·late  ​verb BrE /ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/ NAmE /ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/ [intransitive, transitive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto estimate something or form an opinion about something, using the facts that you have now and that are valid for one situation and supposing that they will be valid for the new oneextrapolate (from/​to something) The figures were obtained by extrapolating from past trends. Try not to extrapolate too much from your own experience.extrapolate something (from/​to something) We have extrapolated these results from research done in other countries. The results cannot be extrapolated to other patient groups.

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Poultry

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poult·ry  ​noun BrE /ˈpəʊltri/ NAmE /ˈpoʊltri/ 1 [plural] chickens, ducks and geese, kept for their meat or eggsto keep poultrypoultry farming2 [uncountable] meat from chickens, ducks and geeseEat plenty of fish and poultry. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He rears rabbits and poultry in the garden.They keep/​​raise poultry on the farm.a wine that goes well with fish and poultry dishes

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Inclination

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in·clin·ation  ​noun BrE /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable, countable] a feeling that makes you want to do somethinginclination (to do something) He did not show the slightest inclination to leave. My natural inclination is to find a compromise. She had neither the time nor the inclination to help them. inclination (towards/​for something) She lacked any inclination for housework. He was a loner by nature and by inclination. You must follow your own inclinations when choosing a career. 2 [countable] inclination to do something a tendency to do somethingThere is an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject. 3 [countable, usually singular, uncountable] (specialist) a degree of slopingan inclination of 45°the angle of inclination4 [countable] a small downward movement, usually of the head▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He is a teacher by occupation but a philosopher by inclination.Hopes of advancement in the company may curb any inclination to deviate from the requirements of superiors.I did not feel the slightest inclination to hurry.I have neither the time nor the inclination to play stupid games!In matters of dress she followed her personal inclinations rather than fashion.My own inclination is to be more direct in approach.She has no inclination towards mysticism.The kingʼs own inclination was always towards a pro-French policy.You should resist any inclination to meddle.Your first inclination may be to panic.an inclination for warHe was a loner by nature and by inclination.The earthʼs angle of inclination remains constant as it orbits the sun.The panels are placed at an inclination of 45 degrees.There is an inclination to present a one-sided view of the researchersʼ findings.

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Susceptible

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sus·cep·tible  ​adjective BrE /səˈseptəbl/ NAmE /səˈseptəbl/ 1 [not usually before noun] susceptible (to somebody/​something) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by somebody/​somethingHeʼs highly susceptible to flattery. Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others. Salt intake may lead to raised blood pressure in susceptible adults. There are few known diseases which are not susceptible to medical treatment.2 easily influenced by feelings and emotions ➔ SYNONYM  ​impressionableShe was both charming and susceptible. 3 susceptible (of something) (formal) allowing something; capable of somethingIs this situation not susceptible of improvement by legislation? The facts are susceptible of various interpretations.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Some dogs are thought to be genetically susceptible to the disease.The operation had left her susceptible to infection.certain highly susceptible individualsHeʼs highly susceptible to flattery.

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Spontaneous

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spon·tan·eous  ​adjective BrE /spɒnˈteɪniəs/ NAmE /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/ 1 not planned but done because you suddenly want to do ita spontaneous offer of helpThe audience burst into spontaneous applause. 2 often doing things without planning to, because you suddenly want to do them3 (specialist) happening naturally, without being made to happenspontaneous remission of the disease4 done naturally, without being forced or practiseda tape recording of spontaneous speecha wonderfully spontaneous performance of the piece

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Altogether

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al·together  ​adverb BrE /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə(r)/ NAmE /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər/ 1 (used to emphasize something) completely; in every wayThe train went slower and slower until it stopped altogether. I donʼt altogether agree with you. I am not altogether happy (= I am very unhappy) about the decision. It was an altogether different situation. Iʼm not altogether convinced, Iʼm afraid.2 used to give a total number or amountYou owe me £68 altogether. ▶ Which Word?3 used to introduce a summary when you have mentioned a number of different thingsThe food was good and we loved the music. Altogether it was a great evening. ▶ Word Origin

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Deliberate

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de·lib·er·ate  ​verb ▶ Verb FormsBrE /dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/ NAmE /dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/ [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to think very carefully about something, usually before making a decisionThe jury deliberated for five days before finding him guilty. The sergeant deliberated for a moment and then agreed to unlock the door.deliberate (on) whether, what, etc… They deliberated (on) whether to continue with the talks.▶ Word Origin

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Loan

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loan  ​verb BrE /ləʊn/ NAmE /loʊn/ ▶ Verb Forms1 (especially North American English) to lend something to somebody, especially moneyloan something (to somebody) The bank is happy to loan money to small businesses. loan somebody something A friend loaned me $1 000. 2 (especially British English) to lend a valuable object to a museum, etc.loan something (out) (to somebody/​something) This exhibit was kindly loaned by the artistʼs family. loan somebody something He loaned the museum his entire collection. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Costumes were kindly loaned by the Civic Theatre.The painting has been loaned to the Walker Art Gallery.A friend loaned me $1 000.This exhibit was kindly loaned by the artistʼs family.

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Orient

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ori·ent  ​verb BrE /ˈɔːrient/ NAmE /ˈɔːrient/ (also orien·tate)▶ Verb Forms1 [usually passive] orient somebody/​something (to/​towards somebody/​something) to direct somebody/​something towards something; to make or adapt somebody/​something for a particular purposeOur students are oriented towards science subjects. policies oriented to the needs of working mothersWe run a commercially oriented operation. profit-orientated organizationsNeither of them is politically oriented (= interested in politics). 2 orient yourself to find your position in relation to your surroundingsThe mountaineers found it hard to orient themselves in the fog. 3 orient yourself to make yourself familiar with a new situationIt took him some time to orient himself in his new school. ➔ COMPARE  ​disorientate▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Neither of them is politically oriented.The payment system has been oriented primarily to improving overall organization.We need policies oriented to the needs of working mothers.

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Genuine

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genu·ine  ​adjective BrE /ˈdʒenjuɪn/ NAmE /ˈdʒenjuɪn/ 1 real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial ➔ SYNONYM  ​authenticIs the painting a genuine Picasso? Fake designer watches are sold at a fraction of the price of the genuine article. Only genuine refugees can apply for asylum. 2 sincere and honest; that can be trustedHe made a genuine attempt to improve conditions. genuine concern for othersa very genuine person▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His offer sounded genuine enough.Iʼm convinced she is absolutely genuine.The document is not considered genuine.Fake designer watches are sold at a fraction of the price of the genuine article.He came across as a very genuine person.She always showed genuine concern for others.

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Eccentric

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ec·cen·tric  ​noun BrE /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ NAmE /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ a person who is considered by other people to be strange or unusualMost people considered him a harmless eccentric. Aunt Matilda was something of an eccentric.

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Elusive

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elu·sive  ​adjective BrE /iˈluːsɪv/ NAmE /iˈluːsɪv/ difficult to find, define or achieveEric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found. the elusive concept of ‘literatureʼA solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Further movie roles have proved somewhat elusive for the young actor.He was searching for the ever elusive ‘perfect jobʼ.Sleep was strangely elusive.The murderer remained frustratingly elusive.Truth is a notoriously elusive quality.

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Playful

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play·ful  ​adjective BrE /ˈpleɪfl/ NAmE /ˈpleɪfl/ 1 full of fun; wanting to playa playful puppy2 (of a remark, an action, etc.) made or done in fun; not serious ➔ SYNONYM  ​light-heartedHe gave her a playful punch on the arm.

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Stumble

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stum·ble  ​verb BrE /ˈstʌmbl/ NAmE /ˈstʌmbl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] to hit your foot against something while you are walking or running and almost fall ➔ SYNONYM  ​tripThe child stumbled and fell. stumble over/​on something I stumbled over a rock. 2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to walk or move in an unsteady wayMax stumbled out of bed sleepily.We were stumbling around in the dark looking for a candle. 3 [intransitive] stumble (over/​through something) to make a mistake or mistakes and stop while you are speaking, reading to somebody or playing musicIn her nervousness she stumbled over her words. I stumbled through the piano piece with difficulty. ▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˈstumble across/​on/​upon something/​somebodyto discover something/​somebody unexpectedlyPolice have stumbled across a huge drugs ring. I stumbled across Thompson outside the hotel.ˈstumble into somethingto become involved in something by chanceI stumbled into acting when I left college.

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Initiative

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ini·tia·tive  ​noun BrE /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ NAmE /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ 1 [countable] a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose

a United Nations peace initiativea government initiative to combat unemployment

2 [uncountable] the ability to decide and act on your own without waiting for somebody to tell you what to doYou wonʼt get much help. Youʼll have to use your initiative. Too much bureaucracy represses creativity and initiative. She did it on her own initiative (= without anyone telling her to do it). 3 the initiative [singular] the power or opportunity to act and gain an advantage before other people doto seize/​lose the initiativeIt was up to the US to take the initiative in repairing relations. 4 [countable] (North American English, law) (in some states of the US) a process by which ordinary people can suggest a new law by signing a petition▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Donʼt ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative!He acted on his own initiative and wasnʼt following orders.He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left.In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians.In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative.It is a very hierarchical company and thereʼs little place for individual initiative.Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative.She then regained the initiative in winning the third game.She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry.Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge.Ten schools have been involved in the initiative.The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger.The government has launched a new policy initiative.The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment.The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow.The peace initiative was rejected out of hand.The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner.The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists.We welcome the governmentʼs initiative to help the homeless.a local initiative aimed at economic regenerationa new initiative against car thefta peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unityan initiative designed to promote collaborative researchan initiative for peace and human rightsfresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflictpioneering initiatives in bioengineeringthe governmentʼs major new initiative on crimethe latest initiative by the UN Secretary GeneralA number of initiatives have been planned to tackle street crime.Government leaders are meeting to discuss the latest peace initiative.They proposed a joint initiative between the local authority and faith groups.

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Align

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align  verb bre /əˈlaɪn/ name /əˈlaɪn/ ▶ verb forms1 [intransitive, transitive] align (something) (with something) to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight linemake sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard. the top and bottom line of each column on the page should align. 2 [transitive] align something (with/to something) to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something elsedomestic prices have been aligned with those in world markets. ▶ more like this▶ word origin▼ extra examples    the group does not want to align itself too closely with the government.the house is aligned along an east-west axis.this pillar is roughly aligned with the others.make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the window. phrasal verbsaˈlign yourself with somebody/somethingto publicly support an organization, a set of opinions or a person that you agree withnewspapers traditionally align themselves with one political party.

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Analogy

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ana·logy  ​noun BrE /əˈnælədʒi/ NAmE /əˈnælədʒi/ (pl. ana·logies)1 [countable] a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similaranalogy (between A and B) The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump. analogy (with something) There are no analogies with any previous legal cases. 2 [uncountable] the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain itlearning by analogy▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Argument from analogy is not always valid.She drew an analogy between running the economy and a housewifeʼs weekly budget.She suggested an analogy between the human heart and a pump.The Wild West analogy does not fit here.The computer is a useful analogy for the brain.There is an analogy here with the way an engine works.We can understand this theory by analogy with human beings.They promote learning by analogy.

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Analogy

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ana·logy  ​noun BrE /əˈnælədʒi/ NAmE /əˈnælədʒi/ (pl. ana·logies)1 [countable] a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similaranalogy (between A and B) The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump. analogy (with something) There are no analogies with any previous legal cases. 2 [uncountable] the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain itlearning by analogy▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Argument from analogy is not always valid.She drew an analogy between running the economy and a housewifeʼs weekly budget.She suggested an analogy between the human heart and a pump.The Wild West analogy does not fit here.The computer is a useful analogy for the brain.There is an analogy here with the way an engine works.We can understand this theory by analogy with human beings.They promote learning by analogy.

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Fulfilling

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ful·fil·ling  ​adjective BrE /fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/ NAmE /fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/ causing somebody to feel satisfied and usefula fulfilling experience➔ OPPOSITE  ​unfulfillingIʼm finding the work much more fulfilling now.▼ Synonyms    satisfyingrewarding pleasing gratifying fulfillingThese words all describe an experience, activity or fact that gives you pleasure because it provides something you need or want.satisfying that gives you pleasure because it provides something you need or want: Itʼs satisfying to play a game really well.rewarding (of an experience or activity) that makes you happy because you think it is useful or important; worth doing: Nursing can be a very rewarding career.pleasing (rather formal) that gives you pleasure, especially to look at, hear or think about: It was a simple but pleasing design.gratifying (formal) that gives you pleasure, especially because it makes you feel that you have done well: It is gratifying to see such good results.fulfilling (of an experience or activity) that makes you happy, because it makes you feel your skills and talents are being used: Iʼm finding the work much more fulfilling now.satisfying, rewarding or fulfilling?Almost any experience, important or very brief, can be satisfying. Rewarding and fulfilling are used more for longer, more serious activities, such as jobs or careers. Satisfying and fulfilling are more about your personal satisfaction or happiness; rewarding is more about your sense of doing something important and being useful to others.Patternsa satisfying/​​rewarding/​​gratifying/​​fulfilling experience/​​feeling(a) satisfying/​​rewarding/​​fulfilling job/​​career/​​workto find something satisfying/​​rewarding/​​pleasing/​​gratifying ▼ Extra examples    The work Iʼm doing at the moment is not very fulfilling.All in all, itʼs been an extremely rewarding/​​fulfilling career.Iʼm finding the work much more fulfilling now.

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Beneficial

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bene·fi·cial  ​adjective BrE /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/ NAmE /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/ beneficial (to something/​somebody) (formal) improving a situation; having a helpful or useful effect ➔ SYNONYM  ​advantageous, favourableA good diet is beneficial to health. They finally came to a mutually beneficial agreement.➔ OPPOSITE  ​detrimental▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I think it would be beneficial for each committee member to have a copy of the report.Some alternative treatments may prove highly beneficial.The arrangement was mutually beneficial.Lowering salt intake has a beneficial effect on blood pressure.Relaxation classes can be beneficial to people of all ages.The relationship was to prove mutually beneficial over the years.We only fund projects we consider to be socially beneficial.Work experience is usually highly beneficial for students.

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Clutter

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clut·ter  ​noun BrE /ˈklʌtə(r)/ NAmE /ˈklʌtər/ [uncountable, singular] (disapproving) a lot of things in an untidy state, especially things that are not necessary or are not being used; a state of confusion ➔ SYNONYM  ​messThereʼs always so much clutter on your desk! There was a clutter of bottles and tubes on the shelf. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The cat managed to find a spot to sleep amidst all the clutter of my study.The garage is in such a clutter that we canʼt find anything.The tune is lost in a clutter of noise.to get rid of screen clutterThe attic is full of clutter: carpets, old chairs, tables, childrenʼs toys and suchlike.There was a clutter of bottles, glasses and ashtrays on the table.Thereʼs always so much clutter on your desk!Try to avoid clutter in the workplace.

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Altruistic

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al·tru·is·tic  ​adjective BrE /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ NAmE /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ (formal)caring about the needs and happiness of other people more than your own

altruistic behaviour

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Accumulative

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ac·cu·mu·la·tive  ​adjective BrE /əˈkjuːmjələtɪv/ NAmE /əˈkjuːmjələtɪv/ (formal)growing by increasing graduallythe accumulative effects of pollution

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Rear

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rear  ​verb BrE /rɪə(r)/ NAmE /rɪr/ ▶ Verb Forms   ​1 [transitive] rear somebody/​something [often passive] to care for young children or animals until they are fully grown ➔ SYNONYM  ​bring up, raiseShe reared a family of five on her own. Lions usually manage to rear about half the number of cubs born to them.2 [transitive] rear something to breed or keep animals or birds, for example on a farmto rear cattle3 [intransitive] rear (up) (of an animal, especially a horse) to raise itself on its back legs, with the front legs in the airThe horse reared, throwing its rider. 4 [intransitive] rear (up) (of something large) to seem to lean over you, especially in a threatening wayThe great bulk of the building reared up against the night sky. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    intensively reared beef cattlenaturally reared pork and beefThe young crocodiles were reared indoors at a constant temperature of 32°C. Idiomssomething rears its (ugly) ˈheadif something unpleasant rears its head or rears its ugly head, it appears or happensPhrasal Verbsˈrear somebody/​something on something[usually passive] to give a person or an animal a particular type of food, entertainment, etc. while they are youngI was the son of sailors and reared on stories of the sea.

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Showcase

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show·case  ​verb BrE /ˈʃəʊkeɪs/ NAmE /ˈʃoʊkeɪs/ showcase something▶ Verb Formsto present somebodyʼs abilities or the good qualities of something in an attractive wayJack found a film role that showcased all his talents.

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Committed

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com·mit·ted  ​adjective BrE /kəˈmɪtɪd/ NAmE /kəˈmɪtɪd/ (approving)willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something; believing strongly in somethinga committed member of the teamThey are committed socialists. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​uncommitted▼ Extra examples    The country was now irrevocably committed to war.The president is personally committed to this legislation.We are committed to improving services.The government remains committed to protecting Green Belt areas.We have a highly-motivated, trained and committed staff.

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Magnificence

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mag·nifi·cence  ​noun BrE /mæɡˈnɪfɪsns/ NAmE /mæɡˈnɪfɪsns/ [uncountable]the quality of being extremely attractive and impressive the magnificence of the scenery

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Displease

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dis·please  ​verb BrE /dɪsˈpliːz/ NAmE /dɪsˈpliːz/ displease somebody (formal) to make somebody feel upset, annoyed or not satisfiedThe tone of the letter displeased her.➔ OPPOSITE  ​please

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Inferiority

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in·fer·ior·ity  ​noun BrE /ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti/ NAmE /ɪnˌfɪriˈɔːrəti/ , /ɪnˌfɪriˈɑːrəti/ [uncountable]the state of not being as good as somebody/​something elsea sense of inferioritysocial inferiority➔ OPPOSITE  ​superiority▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He had an inferiority complex about his looks.She accepted her inferiority to her rivals.The invading force, conscious of their numerical inferiority at sea, decided on an airborne attack.Using a false accent over the phone is a sign of inferiority.the myth of racial inferiority

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Inadequacy

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in·ad·equacy  ​noun BrE /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/ NAmE /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/ (pl. in·ad·equacies)1 [uncountable] inadequacy (of something) the state of not being enough or good enoughthe inadequacy of our resources➔ OPPOSITE  ​adequacy2 [uncountable] a state of not being able or confident to deal with a situationa feeling/​sense of inadequacy3 [countable, usually plural] inadequacy (of/​in something) a weakness; a lack of somethinggross inadequacies in the dataHe had to face up to his own inadequacies as a father. ▼ Extra examples    Elliott was tormented by his own perceived inadequacies.His advice was to be defensive and never admit to any inadequacy.I now see the inadequacy of the explanation.She rightly points to the inadequacy of the argument.The test soon revealed several inadequacies in the equipment.They possibly falsified the results to cover up the inadequacies of their theory.inadequacies in educational facilitiesShe had to face up to her own inadequacies as a mother.The job was made more difficult by the inadequacy of our resources.The prime ministerʼs personal inadequacy contributed to the fall of the government.

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Appalling

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ap·pal·ling  ​adjective BrE /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/ NAmE /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/ 1 (North American English, formal or British English) shocking; extremely badThe prisoners were living in appalling conditions. 2 (informal) very badThe bus service is appalling now. It was one of the most appalling atrocities of the war.The regime has an appalling record on human rights.

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Pathetic

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path·et·ic  ​adjective

NAmE /pəˈθetɪk/

1 making you feel pity or sadness

➔ SYNONYM  ​pitiful

a pathetic and lonely old manThe starving children were a pathetic sight.

2 (informal, disapproving) weak and not successful ➔ SYNONYM  ​feeble

a pathetic excuse

She made a pathetic attempt to smile. I know it sounds pathetic, but I canʼt ride a bike.Youʼre pathetic! Extra examples   

It was a rather pathetic excuse.The whole thing is absolutely pathetic.There was something a little pathetic about her.What a pathetic little wimp you are, Graham!I know it sounds pathetic, but I canʼt ride a bike.She thought he looked a pathetic figure of a man.That was an absolutely pathetic excuse.Youʼre pathetic!

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Hamper

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ham·per  ​verb BrE /ˈhæmpə(r)/ NAmE /ˈhæmpər/ ▶ Verb Forms[often passive] hamper somebody/​something to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something ➔ SYNONYM  ​hinderOur efforts were severely hampered by a lack of money.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Rescue efforts were severely hampered by the bad weather.This has hampered the growth of the export market.High winds hampered the rescue attempt.Indecision on local taxation is hampering councils from planning their budgets.Millions of mothers are hampered in their careers by lack of adequate childcare.

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Peculiar

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pe·cu·liar  ​adjective BrE /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/ NAmE /pɪˈkjuːliər/ 1 strange or unusual, especially in a way that is unpleasant or worryinga peculiar smell/​tasteThere was something peculiar in the way he smiled. I had a peculiar feeling weʼd met before. Her behaviour was a peculiar mixture of the sophisticated and the childlike.He died in very peculiar circumstances.For some peculiar reason, she refused to come inside. The peculiar thing was that no one mentioned her disappearance.They behaved in a very peculiar way.➔ COMPARE  ​odd2 peculiar (to somebody/​something) belonging or relating to one particular place, situation, person, etc., and not to othersa humour that is peculiar to American sitcomsa species of bird peculiar to AsiaHe has his own peculiar style which youʼll soon get used to. the familyʼs peculiar importance in the affairthe peculiar properties of mercury3 (British English, informal) slightly ill/​sickI donʼt think Iʼll eat anything—Iʼm feeling a bit peculiar.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I find her attitude a bit peculiar, to say the least.The meat tasted rather peculiar.These problems are by no means peculiar to this country.the smell that is peculiar to hospitalsEach house had its own peculiar smell.Every case presents its own peculiar problems.For some peculiar reason, she refused to come inside.He waved in a way entirely peculiar to himself.I had a peculiar feeling weʼd met before.Itʼs got a peculiar taste.The species is peculiar to China.We shall concentrate on environmental features that are peculiar to the tropics. Idiomsˌfunny peˈculiar(British English)(US English ˌfunny ˈweird/​ˈstrange)(informal) used to show that ‘funnyʼ is being used with the meaning of ‘strangeʼ

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Lament

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lam·ent  ​verb BrE /ləˈment/ NAmE /ləˈment/ ▶ Verb Formslament something | lament that… | + speech (formal) to feel or express great sadness or disappointment about somebody/​something ➔ SYNONYM  ​bemoan, bewailIn the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside. She sat alone weeping, lamenting her fate.

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Torment

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tor·ment  ​verb BrE /tɔːˈment/ NAmE /tɔːrˈment/ ▶ Verb Forms1 torment somebody (formal) to make somebody suffer very much ➔ SYNONYM  ​plagueHe was tormented by feelings of insecurity. 2 torment somebody/​something to annoy a person or an animal in a cruel way because you think it is amusing➔ SYNONYM  ​torture

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Strive

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strive  ​verb BrE /straɪv/ NAmE /straɪv/ [intransitive](formal)▶ Verb Formsto try very hard to achieve somethingstrive (for something) We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards. strive (against something) striving against corruptionstrive to do something Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story. She strove to find a solution that was acceptable to all.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I am constantly striving after artistic beauty.The school constantly strives for excellence in its teaching.They are desperately striving for some sort of dignity.companies that strive towards bigger profitsman striving against the elementsExperimenters continually strive to eliminate distorting factors.He spent years striving against corruption.They were always striving towards perfection.We constantly strive for excellence in design.We encourage members to strive for the highest standards.

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Blunt

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blunt  ​adjective BrE /blʌnt/ NAmE /blʌnt/ (blunt·er, blunt·est)1 without a sharp edge or pointa blunt knifeThis pencilʼs blunt! The police said he had been hit with a blunt instrument. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​sharp2 (of a person or remark) very direct; saying exactly what you think without trying to be politeShe has a reputation for blunt speaking. To be blunt, your work is appalling. ▼ Synonyms    honestfrank direct open outspoken straight bluntThese words all describe people saying exactly what they mean without trying to hide feelings, opinions or facts.honest not hiding the truth about something: Thank you for being so honest with me.frank honest in what you say, sometimes in a way that other people might not like: To be frank with you, I think your son has little chance of passing the exam.direct saying exactly what you mean in a way that nobody can pretend not to understand: Youʼll have to get used to his direct manner.    Being direct is sometimes considered positive but sometimes it is used as a ‘politeʼ way of saying that somebody is rude. open (approving) (of a person) not keeping thoughts and feelings hidden: He was quite open about his reasons for leaving.outspoken saying exactly what you think, even if this shocks or offends people: She was outspoken in her criticism of the plan.straight honest and direct: I donʼt think youʼre being straight with me.blunt saying exactly what you think without trying to be polite: She has a reputation for blunt speaking.which word?Honest and frank refer to what you say as much as how you say it: a(n) honest/​​frank admission of guilt. They are generally positive words, although it is possible to be too frank in a way that other people might not like. Direct, outspoken and blunt all describe somebodyʼs manner of saying what they think. Outspoken suggests that you are willing to shock people by saying what you believe to be right. Blunt and direct often suggest that you think honesty is more important than being polite. Open is positive and describes somebodyʼs character: Iʼm a very open person.Patternshonest/​​frank/​​direct/​​open/​​outspoken/​​straight about somethinghonest/​​frank/​​direct/​​open/​​straight/​​blunt with somebodya(n) honest/​​direct/​​straight/​​blunt answera frank/​​direct/​​blunt manner

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Cunning

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cun·ning  ​adjective BrE /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ 1 (disapproving) able to get what you want in a clever way, especially by tricking or cheating somebody ➔ SYNONYM  ​crafty, wilya cunning liarHe was as cunning as a fox. That cunning old rogue is up to something, I'm sure.2 clever and skilful ➔ SYNONYM  ​ingeniousIt was a cunning piece of detective work.

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Ample

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ample  ​adjective BrE /ˈæmpl/ NAmE /ˈæmpl/ 1 enough or more than enoughample opportunity/​evidence/​space/​proofThere was ample time to get to the airport. Ample free parking is available. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​plenty2 (of a personʼs figure) large, often in an attractive wayan ample bosomThese clothes belonged to a man of more ample girth.▶ Word Origin

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Illuminate

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il·lu·min·ate  ​verb BrE /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ NAmE /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ (less frequent il·lu·mine)▶ Verb Forms1 illuminate something (formal) to shine light on somethingFloodlights illuminated the stadium. The earth is illuminated by the sun. 2 illuminate something (formal) to make something clearer or easier to understand ➔ SYNONYM  ​clarifyThis text illuminates the philosopherʼs early thinking. 3 illuminate something to decorate a street, building, etc. with bright lights for a special occasion4 illuminate something (literary) to make a personʼs face, etc. seem bright and excited ➔ SYNONYM  ​light upHer smile illuminated her entire being. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The red glow of the sun beautifully illuminated the sky.The room was dimly illuminated by the soft glow of his bedside lamp.The study of the present also helps to illuminate the past.These confessions serve to illuminate his argument.With the room fully illuminated, they students were able to see what they were doing.an incident which greatly illuminated the problems we facedA newly-discovered manuscript illuminates the writerʼs early thinking.His explanation obscured more than it illuminated.The corridor was illuminated by a single naked bulb.The study of language can help to illuminate how the human mind works.There are plans to illuminate the outside of the building.This area of medicine has been greatly illuminated by recent advances in genetics.

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Entitle

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en·title  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ NAmE /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [often passive] to give somebody the right to have or to do somethingentitle somebody to something You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. Everyoneʼs entitled to their own opinion. entitle somebody to do something This ticket does not entitle you to travel first class. 2 [usually passive] entitle something + noun to give a title to a book, play, etc.He read a poem entitled ‘Saltʼ. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Of course, heʼs entitled to his opinion but I think heʼs wrong.Passengers will be entitled to a full refund of the cost of the ticket.The authorities were entitled to act as they did.The company launched a huge marketing campaign entitled ‘Buy Blueʼ.The discount vouchers entitle you to money off your electricity bill.

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Decent

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de·cent  ​adjective BrE /ˈdiːsnt/ NAmE /ˈdiːsnt/ 1 of a good enough standard or quality(informal) a decent meal/​job/​place to liveI need a decent nightʼs sleep. 2 (of people or behaviour) honest and fair; treating people with respectordinary, decent, hard-working peopleEveryone said he was a decent sort of guy. 3 acceptable to people in a particular situationa decent burialThat dress isnʼt decent. She ought to have waited for a decent interval before getting married again. 4 (informal) wearing enough clothes to allow somebody to see youI canʼt go to the door—Iʼm not decent. ➔ COMPARE  ​indecent▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I think the minister should do the decent thing and resign.My uncle has been pretty decent to me.The bar looked decent enough.We had trouble finding a hotel that was halfway decent.He looks as if he could do with a decent meal.I need a decent nightʼs sleep.Local people made sure the soldiers were given a decent burial.She should have waited a decent interval before marrying again.The chairman must now do the decent thing and resign.These are ordinary, decent, hard-working people.This place looks decent enough - letʼs stay here.We aim to provide decent affordable housing for everyone. Idiomsto do the decent ˈthingto do what people or society expect, especially in a difficult situationHe did the decent thing and resigned.

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Tackle

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tackle  ​verb BrE /ˈtækl/ NAmE /ˈtækl/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] tackle something to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situationThe government is determined to tackle inflation. I think Iʼll tackle the repairs next weekend. Firefighters tackled a blaze in a garage last night.2 [transitive] tackle somebody (about something) to speak to somebody about a problem or difficult situation ➔ SYNONYM  ​confrontI tackled him about the money he owed me. 3 [transitive, intransitive] tackle (somebody) (in football ( soccer ), hockey, etc.) to try and take the ball from an opponentHe was tackled just outside the penalty area. 4 [intransitive, transitive] tackle (somebody) (in rugby or American football) to make an opponent fall to the ground in order to stop them running5 [transitive] tackle somebody to deal with somebody who is violent or threatening youHe tackled a masked intruder at his home. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He can run fast and tackle hard.The drugs problem has to be tackled head-on.The problem is being tackled with a range of measures.We are failing to tackle the key issues.I think Iʼll tackle the repairs next weekend.

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Obstacle

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obs·tacle  ​noun BrE /ˈɒbstəkl/ NAmE /ˈɑːbstəkl/ 1 obstacle (to something/​to doing something) a situation, an event, etc. that makes it difficult for you to do or achieve something ➔ SYNONYM  ​hindranceA lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job. So far, we have managed to overcome all the obstacles that have been placed in our path. The MP claims that there is now no obstacle to him standing at the next general election.2 an object that is in your way and that makes it difficult for you to move forwardThe area was full of streams and bogs and other natural obstacles. 3 (in showjumping) a fence, etc. for a horse to jump over▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examples

    Lack of childcare provision can be a major obstacle for women wishing to work.Lack of money has proved an almost insurmountable obstacle.The attitude of the unions is a serious obstacle.The huge distances involved have proved an obstacle to communication between villages.The release of prisoners remains an obstacle in the path of a peace agreement.the joy of overcoming seemingly impossible obstaclesHe managed with difficulty to negotiate the obstacles strewn across the floor.So far, we have managed to overcome all the obstacles placed in our path.This huge open ditch forms the biggest obstacle on the course

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Guardian

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guard·ian  ​noun BrE /ˈɡɑːdiən/ NAmE /ˈɡɑːrdiən/ 1 a person who protects something ➔ SYNONYM  ​custodianFarmers should be guardians of the countryside. The police are guardians of law and order. 2 a person who is legally responsible for the care of another person, especially a child whose parents have died▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The court appoints a legal guardian for the child.The people act as guardians of the land.I was left alone to live with my aunt, who became my legal guardian.

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Impeccable

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im·pec·cable  ​adjective BrE /ɪmˈpekəbl/ NAmE /ɪmˈpekəbl/ without mistakes or faults ➔ SYNONYM  ​perfectimpeccable manners/​tasteHer written English is impeccable. He was dressed in a suit and an impeccable white shirt. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Our staff take pride in providing impeccable service.She came to the company with impeccable credentials.impeccable manners/​​taste

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Credentials

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cre·den·tials  ​noun BrE /krəˈdenʃlz/ NAmE /krəˈdenʃlz/ [plural]1 credentials (as/​for something) the qualities, training or experience that make you suitable to do somethingShe has impeccable credentials as a researcher.He has all the credentials for the job. She will first have to establish her leadership credentials. 2 documents such as letters that prove that you are who you claim to be, and can therefore be trustedto examine somebodyʼs credentials▼ Extra examples    City established their championship credentials with a 6–0 win.First, he had to establish his credentials as a researcher.He has perfect credentials to make an officer.Nearly 200 reporters applied for press credentials to cover the case.Rush questioned his credentials to lead the group.She always had the right credentials to make it in the world of country music.She had excellent credentials for the job.They had already established their credentials as architects with office buildings.Check the credentials of any unknown caller.The ambassador presented his diplomatic credentials.

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Perseverance

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per·se·ver·ance  ​noun BrE /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪərəns/ NAmE /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrəns/ [uncountable](approving)the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite difficultiesThey showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty. The only way to improve is through hard work and dogged perseverance. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Does she have the perseverance to finish the work?He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.Her perseverance was ultimately rewarded.His perseverance with the new technique paid off.It may take some perseverance to find the right people.his courage and perseverance in the face of serious illness

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Transferable

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trans·fer·able  ​adjective BrE /trænsˈfɜːrəbl/ NAmE /trænsˈfɜːrəbl/ that can be moved from one place, person or use to anotherThis ticket is not transferable (= it may only be used by the person who has bought it). We aim to provide our students with transferable skills (= that can be used in different jobs). ▼ Extra examples    The shares are freely transferable.Tickets are transferable between members of the same family.skills which are transferable from one environment to another

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Hygiene

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hy·giene  ​noun BrE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ NAmE /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ [uncountable]the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and diseasefood hygienepersonal hygieneIn the interests of hygiene, please wash your hands. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Many skin diseases can be prevented by good personal hygiene.The restaurant was in breach of food hygiene regulations.children with poor hygiene habitsfeminine/​​personal hygiene productsinfections that are the result of poor food hygiene

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Dividend

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divi·dend  ​noun BrE /ˈdɪvɪdend/ NAmE /ˈdɪvɪdend/ 1 an amount of the profits that a company pays to people who own shares in the companydividend payments of 50 cents a share▶ Wordfinder2 (British English) a money prize that is given to winners in the football pools3 (mathematics) a number which is to be divided by another number ➔ COMPARE  ​divisor▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomspay ˈdividendsto produce great advantages or profitsExercising regularly will pay dividends in the end.

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Bolster

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bol·ster  ​verb BrE /ˈbəʊlstə(r)/ NAmE /ˈboʊlstər/ ▶ Verb Formsto improve something or make it strongerbolster something to bolster somebodyʼs confidence/​courage/​moraleI needed to stress the bus driverʼs evidence in order to bolster my case.bolster something up Falling interest rates may help to bolster up the economy. ▶ Word Origin

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Promote

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pro·mote  ​verb BrE /prəˈməʊt/ NAmE /prəˈmoʊt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 promote something to help something to happen or develop ➔ SYNONYM  ​encouragepolicies to promote economic growtha campaign to promote awareness of environmental issues2 to help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special pricepromote something The band has gone on tour to promote their new album. promote something as something The area is being promoted as a tourist destination. ▶ Culture3 [often passive] to move somebody to a higher rank or more senior jobpromote somebody She worked hard and was soon promoted. promote somebody (from something) (to something) He has been promoted to sergeant. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​demote4 promote something (from something) (to something) to move a sports team from playing with one group of teams to playing in a better groupThey were promoted to the First Division last season. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​relegate▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Basketball stars have helped promote the sport overseas.Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company.He was promoted from deputy minister to minister last year.He was promoted to the rank of captain.Human rights are strongly promoted by all our members.The companyʼs products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers.The country is now being promoted as a travel destination.The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs.The new products have been very heavily promoted.They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence.Young peopleʼs awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material.a recently promoted headteachermeasures designed to promote economic growthBasketball stars from the US have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain.The aim of the culture festival is to promote friendship between the two countries.The church tries to promote racial harmony.

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Decline

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de·cline  ​noun BrE /dɪˈklaɪn/ NAmE /dɪˈklaɪn/ [countable, usually singular, uncountable] decline (in something) | decline (of something) a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of somethinga rapid/​sharp/​gradual declineurban/​economic declineThe company reported a small decline in its profits. An increase in cars has resulted in the decline of public transport. The town fell into (a) decline (= started to be less busy, important, etc.) after the mine closed.Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Most of the decline occurred in the 1990s.The cloth trade went into gradual decline.The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business.The industry is still in decline.They lament the decline of old-fashioned communities.This area has been on the decline for some years now.We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.We must halt this decline in health services.a steady decline in manufacturinga steep decline in salesan industry in terminal declinethe decline and fall of a great civilizationthe decline of British farmingthe decline of small farming communitiesthe moral decline of the nationThe town fell into (a) decline after the mine closed.These measures have failed to reverse the countryʼs economic decline.

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Eligible

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eli·gible  ​adjective BrE /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ NAmE /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ 1 a person who is eligible for something or to do something, is able to have or do it because they have the right qualifications, are the right age, etc.eligible (for something) Only those over 70 are eligible for the special payment. The new regulations made a lot of prisoners eligible for early release.You are not considered eligible for legal aid.eligible (to do something) When are you eligible to vote in your country? ➔ OPPOSITE  ​ineligible2 an eligible young man or woman is thought to be a good choice as a husband/​wife, usually because they are rich or attractive▶ Word Origin

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Decline

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de·cline  ​verb BrE /dɪˈklaɪn/ NAmE /dɪˈklaɪn/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] (rather formal) to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.Support for the party continues to decline. The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year. Her health was declining rapidly. 2 [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to refuse politely to accept or to do something ➔ SYNONYM  ​refuse1I offered to give them a lift but they declined. decline something to decline an offer/​invitationShe declined a second glass of wine and called for a taxi.decline to do something Their spokesman declined to comment on the allegations. 3 [intransitive, transitive] decline (something) (grammar) if a noun, an adjective or a pronoun declines, it has different forms according to whether it is the subject or the object of a verb, whether it is in the singular or plural, etc. When you decline a noun, etc., you list these forms.➔ COMPARE  ​conjugate▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I absolutely decline to discuss my dealings with him or anyone.Profits declined by 6% this year.The economy has declined sharply in recent years.The market for these products is declining fast.The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50.This section of the market has slowly declined in importance.I offered to drive them there but they declined.Manufacturing industry has slowly declined in importance.Patients of course have the right to decline treatment.She declined a second glass of wine.The minister declined to be interviewed.The number of tourists visiting the resort declined by 10% last year.We politely declined her invitation. Idiomssomebodyʼs declining ˈyears(literary) the last years of somebodyʼs life

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Marginalization

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mar·gin·al·iza·tion (British English also -isa·tion)  ​noun BrE /ˌmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌmɑːrdʒɪnələˈzeɪʃn/ [uncountable]the process or result of making somebody feel as if they are not important and cannot influence decisions or events; the fact of putting somebody in a position in which they have no power

the marginalization of the elderly

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Exploitation

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ex·ploit·ation  ​noun BrE /ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable]1 (disapproving) a situation in which somebody treats somebody else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their workthe exploitation of childrenStarvation and poverty are the result of global economic exploitation, not lack of resources.2 the use of land, oil, minerals, etc.commercial exploitation of the mineral resources in Antarctica3 (disapproving) the fact of using a situation in order to get an advantage for yourselfexploitation of the situation for his own purposes▼ Extra examples    Migrant workers are vulnerable to exploitation.The partyʼs avowed aim was to struggle against capitalist exploitation.Turtles are increasingly threatened by human exploitation.her ruthless exploitation of popular fearsocieties based on the exploitation of slavesthe direct exploitation of natural forestshis exploitation of the situation for his own purposes

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Repression

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re·pres·sion  ​noun BrE /rɪˈpreʃn/ NAmE /rɪˈpreʃn/ [uncountable]1 the act of using force to control a group of people and restrict their freedomgovernment repressionThey were fighting against repression and injustice in their country.2 the act of controlling strong emotions and desires and not allowing them to be expressed so that they no longer seem to existsexual repression▼ Extra examples    Streams of migrants are fleeing war, repression and poverty.The trade unions suffered brutal repression after the coup.her attempts to combat censorship and political repressionrepression against ethnic minoritiesrepression by the statethe religious repression during his rulePeasant farmers face poverty and severe government repression.There was a campaign of repression against minorities in the north.

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Campaign

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cam·paign  ​noun BrE /kæmˈpeɪn/ NAmE /kæmˈpeɪn/ 1 campaign (against/​for something) a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aimto conduct a campaigna campaign against ageism in the workplacethe campaign for parliamentary reforman anti-smoking campaignToday police launched (= began) a campaign to reduce road accidents. an advertising campaignan election campaignthe Presidentʼs campaign team/​manager▼ Synonyms    campaignbattle struggle drive war fightThese are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent something.campaign a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim: the campaign for parliamentary reform an advertising campaign battle a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control: She finally won the legal battle for compensation. the endless battle between man and naturestruggle a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control: the struggle for independence the struggle between good and evilbattle or struggle?A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just desirable, or about the pleasure of winning:  the battle/​​struggle between good and evila legal struggle for compensationa struggle of wills/​​wits.drive an organized effort by a group of people to achieve something: the drive for greater efficiency a drive to reduce energy consumptioncampaign or drive?A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do something; a drive may be an attempt by people to get themselves to do something:  From today, weʼre going on an economy drive(= we must spend less). A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a drive.war [sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop something bad: the war against crimefight [sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent something bad or achieve something good; an act of competing, especially in a sport: Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies.war or fight? A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight can be about achieving justice for yourself. Patternsa campaign/​​battle/​​struggle/​​drive/​​war/​​fight against somethinga campaign/​​battle/​​struggle/​​drive/​​fight for somethinga one-man/​​one-woman/​​personal campaign/​​battle/​​struggle/​​wara bitter campaign/​​battle/​​struggle/​​drive/​​war/​​fightto launch/​​embark on a campaign/​​battle/​​driveto lead/​​continue the campaign/​​battle/​​struggle/​​drive/​​fightto win/​​lose a battle/​​struggle/​​war/​​fight ▶ Collocations2 a series of attacks and battles that are intended to achieve a particular military aim during a warthe North African campaignAir battles had dominated the campaign. a bombing campaign▶ Wordfinder▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A campaign of intimidation was waged against people trying to vote.A news conference was held at the partyʼs campaign headquarters.After sliding in the opinion polls, the party had to rethink its plan of campaign.Education has become an important campaign issue.Her political opponents ran a whispering campaign against her.Local people started a petition and letter-writing campaign to keep the hospital open.People have criticized the way in which she conducted her election campaign.She has fought a one-woman campaign for ten years about the lack of childcare provision in the town.She led a successful campaign against the closure of the library.The President kept his campaign promises.The anti-fur organization financed an ad campaign featuring celebrities.The campaign aims to inform the public of the dangers of this disease.The campaign failed to achieve its objectives.The campaign featured athletes talking about healthy lifestyles.The company launched a huge advertising campaign.The general election campaign gets underway today.The government has intensified the military campaign against the rebels.They began a grass-roots campaign to encourage people to shop locally.They met regularly during the campaign.We designed an Internet marketing campaign.a carefully orchestrated campaign against striking workersa concerted campaign aimed at educating young people about the dangers of drugsa fierce campaign against huntinga health awareness campaign to promote a healthy lifestyleelection candidates on the campaign trailregulations governing political campaign financingthe campaign for racial equalitythe political campaign by the Labour Partythe terroristsʼ bombing campaignShe led the campaign for parliamentary reform.The Russian campaign ended with the German defeat at Stalingrad.The advertising campaign was responsible for the massive rise in sales.The terrorists responded with a bombing campaign directed at business and commerce.Theyʼre conducting a campaign against ageism in the workplace.Weʼre launching an anti-smoking campaign in the New Year.

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Subsequently

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sub·se·quent·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/ NAmE /ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/ (formal)afterwards; later; after something else has happenedThe original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. He subsequently became chairman of the party.

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Contradiction

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con·tra·dic·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn/ NAmE /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn/ 1 [countable, uncountable] contradiction (between A and B) a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc.There is a contradiction between the two sets of figures. His public speeches are in direct contradiction to his personal lifestyle. How can we resolve this apparent contradiction? 2 [uncountable, countable] the act of saying that something that somebody else has said is wrong or not true; an example of thisI think I can say, without fear of contradiction, that…Now you say you both left at ten—thatʼs a contradiction of your last statement. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Thatʼs in direct contradiction to what he said yesterday.The idea is almost a contradiction in terms.There is an apparent contradiction between the needs of workers and those of employers.Thereʼs a basic contradiction in the whole idea of paying for justice. Idiomsa ˌcontradiction in ˈtermsa statement containing two words that contradict each otherʼs meaningA ‘nomad settlementʼ is a contradiction in terms.

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Devise

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de·vise  ​verb BrE /dɪˈvaɪz/ NAmE /dɪˈvaɪz/ ▶ Verb Formsdevise something to invent something new or a new way of doing something ➔ SYNONYM  ​think upA new system has been devised to control traffic in the city. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Scientists have devised a method of recycling the contaminated oil.We must devise a new system for dealing with complaints.specially devised tests

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Sedentary

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sed·en·tary  ​adjective BrE /ˈsedntri/ NAmE /ˈsednteri/ 1 (of work, activities, etc.) in which you spend a lot of time sitting downa sedentary job/​occupation/​lifestyle2 (of people) spending a lot of time sitting down and not movingHe became increasingly sedentary in later life. 3 (specialist) (of people or animals) that stay and live in the same place or areaRhinos are largely sedentary animals. a sedentary population▶ Word Origin

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Solitude

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soli·tude  ​noun BrE /ˈsɒlɪtjuːd/ NAmE /ˈsɑːlətuːd/ [uncountable]the state of being alone, especially when you find this pleasant ➔ SYNONYM  ​privacyShe longed for peace and solitude. I returned to the solitude of my room.He shut himself away to pray in solitude.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She enjoyed a few days of peace in the solitude of the mountains.to pray in solitudeI need solitude to write.

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Plunge

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plunge  ​verb BrE /plʌndʒ/ NAmE /plʌndʒ/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to move or make somebody/​something move suddenly forwards and/​or downwards+ adv./​prep. She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. The train left the track and plunged down the embankment.plunge somebody/​something + adv./​prep. The earthquake plunged entire towns over the edge of the cliffs. 2 [intransitive] (of prices, temperatures, etc.) to decrease suddenly and quickly ➔ SYNONYM  ​plummetStock markets plunged at the news of the coup. This year profits plunged by 40%.3 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. (of a road, surface, etc.) to slope down steeplyThe track plunged down into the valley. 4 [intransitive] to move up and down suddenly and violentlyThe horse plunged and reared. (figurative) His heart plunged (= because of a strong emotion). ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A climber plunged 300 feet to his death.City officials are plunging ahead with plans for a new convention center.He plunged from a tenth floor window.She plunged straight into her story.The bus came off the road and plunged down an embankment.The car had plunged off the road.The car plunged headlong into the river. Phrasal Verbsˌplunge ˈin | ˌplunge ˈinto something1 to jump into something, especially with forceThe pool was declared open and eager swimmers plunged in. 2 to start doing something in an enthusiastic way, especially without thinking carefully about what you are doingShe was about to plunge into her story when the phone rang. Heʼs always plunging in at the deep end (= becoming involved in difficult situations without being well enough prepared). ˌplunge something ˈin | ˌplunge something ˈinto somethingto push something quickly and with force into something elseBring the water to the boil and plunge the vegetables in.She plunged the knife deep into his chest. ˌplunge ˈinto something1➔ =  ​plunge in2 to experience something unpleasantThe country plunged deeper into recession. ˌplunge somebody/​something ˈinto somethingto make somebody/​something experience something unpleasantThe news plunged them into deep depression. There was a flash of lightning and the house was plunged into darkness.

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Perpetual

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per·pet·ual  ​adjective BrE /pəˈpetʃuəl/ NAmE /pərˈpetʃuəl/ 1 [usually before noun] continuing for a long period of time without interruption ➔ SYNONYM  ​continuousthe perpetual noise of trafficWe lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. (literary) mountain peaks covered with perpetual snows and ice2 [usually before noun] frequently repeated, in a way that is annoying ➔ SYNONYM  ​continualHow can I work with these perpetual interruptions? 3 [only before noun] (of a job or position) lasting for the whole of somebodyʼs lifeHe was elected perpetual president. (humorous) Sheʼs a perpetual student. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Government and parliament are in a state of perpetual conflict.His life is a perpetual holiday.His travel schedule keeps him in perpetual motion.Lack of time is a perpetual problem for nurses on the ward.People found her perpetual coarse jokes irritating.The country seems to be in a perpetual state of chaos.The harshest punishment was perpetual exile.The perpetual interruptions made conversation difficult.They exist in a state of perpetual fear.

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Consolidation

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con·soli·da·tion  ​noun BrE /kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃn/ NAmE /kənˌsɑːlɪˈdeɪʃn/ [uncountable]1 the act or process of making a position of power or success stronger so that it is more likely to continuethe consolidation of power2 (specialist) the act or process of joining things together into one or of being joined into onethe consolidation of Japanʼs banking industrydebt consolidation

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Stake

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stake  ​noun BrE /steɪk/ NAmE /steɪk/ 1 [countable] a wooden or metal post that is pointed at one end and pushed into the ground in order to support something, mark a particular place, etc.Tall plants can be secured by tying them to stakes.2 the stake [singular] a wooden post that somebody could be tied to in former times before being burnt to death (= killed by fire) as a punishmentJoan of Arc was burnt at the stake. 3 [countable] money that somebody invests in a companya 20% stake in the businessa controlling/​majority/​minority stake4 [singular] stake in something an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. that is important to you and that you want to be successfulShe has a personal stake in the success of the play. Many young people no longer feel they have a stake in society. 5 [countable] something that you risk losing, especially money, when you try to predict the result of a race, game, etc., or when you are involved in an activity that can succeed or failHow much was the stake (= how much did you bet)? They were playing cards for high stakes (= a lot of money). With only two points separating the top five players, the stakes are high as they enter the final round.▶ Wordfinder6 stakes [plural] the money that is paid to the winners in horse racing7 stakes [uncountable] used in the names of some horse races▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesIdiomsat ˈstakethat can be won or lost, depending on the success of a particular actionWe cannot afford to take risks when peopleʼs lives are at stake. The prize at stake is a place in the final. go to the ˈstake over/​for somethingto be prepared to do anything in order to defend your opinions or beliefsHe would have gone to the stake for his belief in his daughterʼs innocence.in the… stakesused to say how much of a particular quality a person has, as if they were in a competition in which some people are more successful than othersJohn doesnʼt do too well in the personality stakes. ˌup ˈsticks(British English)(North American English ˌpull up ˈstakes)(informal) to suddenly move from your house and go to live somewhere elseHe upped sticks and went back to France.

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Assimilate

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as·simi·late  ​verb BrE /əˈsɪməleɪt/ NAmE /əˈsɪməleɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] assimilate something to fully understand an idea or some information so that you are able to use it yourselfThe committee will need time to assimilate this report. Some people can only assimilate change gradually.2 [intransitive, transitive] to become, or allow somebody to become, a part of a country or community rather than remaining in a separate groupassimilate (into/​to something) New arrivals find it hard to assimilate. Many new immigrants have not yet assimilated fully into the new culture.assimilate somebody (into/​to something) Immigrants have been successfully assimilated into the community. 3 [transitive, often passive] assimilate something into/​to something to make an idea, a personʼs attitude, etc. fit into something or be acceptableThese changes were gradually assimilated into everyday life. ▶ Word Origin

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Synthesize

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syn·the·size (British English also -ise)  ​verb BrE /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ NAmE /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms1 synthesize something (specialist) to produce a substance by means of chemical or biological processes2 synthesize something to produce sounds, music or speech using electronic equipment3 synthesize something to combine separate ideas, beliefs, styles, etc.

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Syllabus

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syl·la·bus  ​noun BrE /ˈsɪləbəs/ NAmE /ˈsɪləbəs/ (pl. syl·la·buses, (less frequent) syl·labi BrE /ˈsɪləbaɪ/ ; NAmE /ˈsɪləbaɪ/ )a list of the topics, books, etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or college▶ Collocations➔ COMPARE  ​curriculum▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Does the syllabus cover modern literature?How can computer skills be integrated into the syllabus?Is calculus on the syllabus?Is geometry on the GCSE syllabus?It was impossible to cover the overloaded syllabus in a year.Letʼs include that in this yearʼs syllabus.Professors will want to develop their own course syllabuses.Several schools in Britain already teach the baccalaureate syllabus.Students do different syllabuses according to their ability.The courses do not follow the syllabus of any particular examination board.There is little time to depart from the syllabus.This period of history was not examined under the old syllabus.questions from last yearʼs syllabussample syllabuses for undergraduate coursessome syllabuses for basic courses in geographythe course syllabuses in arts subjectsthe need to revise the history syllabusA group of experienced teachers were asked to design a new English syllabus.Do you have any experience in syllabus design?Teachers rarely depart from the prescribed syllabus.The courses do not follow any particular exam syllabus.The current history syllabus has a pretty narrow focus.They stick rigidly to the official syllabus.We practised using some of the questions from last yearʼs syllabus.

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Articulator

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ar·ticu·la·tor  ​noun BrE /ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪtə(r)/ NAmE /ɑːrˈtɪkjuleɪtər/ (specialist)an organ in the mouth used for making speech sounds, such as the tongue, lips, or teeth

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Hybrid

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hy·brid  ​adjective BrE /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ NAmE /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ [usually before noun]1 (of an animal or plant) having parents of different species or varietieshybrid flowers2 that is the product of mixing two or more different thingsa hybrid language3 (of a vehicle) using two different types of power, especially petrol/​gas or diesel (1) and electricitya hybrid car/​vehicle

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Dehydration

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de·hy·dra·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪʃn/ [uncountable]1 the condition of having lost too much water from your bodyto suffer from dehydration2 the process of removing water from somethinga vegetable dehydration facility

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Alleviate

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al·le·vi·ate  ​verb BrE /əˈliːvieɪt/ NAmE /əˈliːvieɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsalleviate something to make something less severe ➔ SYNONYM  ​easeto alleviate sufferingA number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    These measures are designed to alleviate the situation.These problems have been greatly alleviated by the passing of the new Act.Are we doing enough to alleviate poverty in these countries?

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Regardless

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re·gard·less  ​adverb BrE /rɪˈɡɑːdləs/ NAmE /rɪˈɡɑːrdləs/ paying no attention, even if the situation is bad or there are difficultiesThe weather was terrible but we carried on regardless.

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Subtle

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sub·tle  ​adjective BrE /ˈsʌtl/ NAmE /ˈsʌtl/ (sub·tler, sub·tlest)     more subtle is also common 1 (often approving) not very noticeable or obvioussubtle colours/​flavours/​smells, etc.There are subtle differences between the two versions. The fragrance is a subtle blend of jasmine and sandalwood.Sheʼs been dropping subtle hints about what sheʼd like as a present. 2 (of a person or their behaviour) behaving in a clever way, and using indirect methods, in order to achieve somethingI decided to try a more subtle approach. 3 organized in a clever waya subtle plana subtle use of lighting in the play4 good at noticing and understanding thingsThe job required a subtle mind. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    infinitely subtle tonal gradationsmaking infinitely subtle distinctionsFor a natural glow to your skin mix a subtle shade of blusher with loose powder.Her paintings are characterized by sweeping brush strokes and subtle colours.

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Precipitate

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pre·cipi·tate  ​verb BrE /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ NAmE /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 precipitate something to make something, especially something bad, happen suddenly or sooner than it should ➔ SYNONYM  ​bring on, sparkHis resignation precipitated a leadership crisis. 2 precipitate somebody/​something into something to suddenly force somebody/​something into a particular state or conditionThe assassination of the president precipitated the country into war. ▶ Word Origin

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Implication

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im·pli·ca·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ 1 [countable, usually plural] implication (of something) (for something) a possible effect or result of an action or a decisionThey failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside. 2 [countable, uncountable] something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation. He criticized the Director and, by implication, the whole of the organization. 3 [uncountable] implication (of somebody) (in something) the fact of being involved, or of involving somebody, in something, especially a crime ➔ SYNONYM  ​involvementHe resigned after his implication in a sex scandal. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down.Her article attempts to draw out the implications of this argument.His remark seemed to have various possible implications.I resent the implication that I donʼt care about my father.In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.Now they realized the full implications of the new system.Several interesting implications arise from these developments.The broader implications of the plan were discussed.The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure.The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male.The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.Their work addresses the implications of new technology.These results have important practical implications.You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything.a society that fully accepts the implications of disabilitydisturbing implications about the companyʼs futurethe constitutional implications of a royal divorce

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Inevitable

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in·ev·it·able  ​adjective BrE /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ NAmE /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ 1 that you cannot avoid or prevent ➔ SYNONYM  ​unavoidableIt was an inevitable consequence of the decision. It was inevitable that there would be job losses. A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. 2 [only before noun] (often humorous) so frequent that you always expect itthe English and their inevitable cups of tea3 the inevitable noun [singular] something that is certain to happenYou have to accept the inevitable. The inevitable happened—I forgot my passport. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She bowed to the inevitable= accepted a situation in which she had no choice and resigned.The scandal made her resignation inevitable.They came to see defeat as inevitable.A rise in interest rates seems inevitable.It was inevitable that there would be job losses.

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Adversity

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ad·ver·sity  ​noun BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ [uncountable, countable](pl. ad·ver·sities)(formal)a difficult or unpleasant situationcourage in the face of adversityHe overcame many personal adversities. patience in adversity▶ Word Origin

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Adversity

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ad·ver·sity  ​noun BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ [uncountable, countable](pl. ad·ver·sities)(formal)a difficult or unpleasant situationcourage in the face of adversityHe overcame many personal adversities. patience in adversity▶ Word Origin

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Confide

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con·fide  ​verb BrE /kənˈfaɪd/ NAmE /kənˈfaɪd/ ▶ Verb Formsto tell somebody secrets and personal information that you do not want other people to knowconfide something (to somebody) She confided all her secrets to her best friend. confide (to somebody) that… He confided to me that he had applied for another job. + speech ‘It was a lie,ʼ he confided. ▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsconˈfide in somebodyto tell somebody secrets and personal information because you feel you can trust themIt is important to have someone you can confide in. She used to confide in him whenever she had a problem.

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Adversity

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ad·ver·sity  ​noun BrE /ədˈvɜːsəti/ NAmE /ədˈvɜːrsəti/ [uncountable, countable](pl. ad·ver·sities)(formal)a difficult or unpleasant situationcourage in the face of adversityHe overcame many personal adversities. patience in adversity▶ Word Origin

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Span

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span  ​noun BrE /spæn/ NAmE /spæn/ 1 the length of time that something lasts or is able to continueI worked with him over a span of six years. The project must be completed within a specific time span. Small children have a short attention span. a study of the entire span of Arab history➔ SEE ALSO  ​lifespan2 span (of something) a range or variety of somethingManagers have a wide span of control. These forests cover a broad span of latitudes. 3 the part of a bridge or an arch between one vertical support and anotherThe bridge crosses the river in a single span. 4 the width of something from one side to the otherThe kite has a span of 1.5 metres. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​wingspan▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He has a short attention span.The book covers the entire span of Arab history.The bridge has a clear span of 120 feet.The speech continued well beyond its allotted span.a broad span of intereststo prolong life beyond its natural spanI worked with him several times over a span of six years.Managers have a wide span of responsibilities.Small children have a short attention span.The bridge has 10 arches, each of a 30-foot span.The project must be completed within a specific time span.

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Rung

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rung  ​noun BrE /rʌŋ/ NAmE /rʌŋ/ one of the bars that forms a step in a ladderHe put his foot on the bottom rung to keep the ladder steady. She climbed the last few rungs of the ladder.(figurative) to get a foot on the bottom rung of the career ladderShe was a few rungs above him on the social ladder. ∆ You know the skills you need to acquire to reach the next rung.

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Correlation

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cor·rel·ation  ​noun BrE /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable]a connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other doescorrelation (between A and B) There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin cancer. correlation (of A with B) the correlation of social power with wealth▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    A strong correlation exists between the fatness of parents and their children.The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.The study showed a significant correlation between smoking and heart disease.The study showed a significant correlation between the babyʼs sleeping position and the risk of cot death.the correlation between speed and risk of accidentthe correlation of height with weight

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Impulse

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im·pulse  ​noun BrE /ˈɪmpʌls/ NAmE /ˈɪmpʌls/ 1 [countable, usually singular, uncountable] impulse (to do something) a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the resultsHe had a sudden impulse to stand up and sing. I resisted the impulse to laugh. Her first impulse was to run away. The door was open and on (an) impulse she went inside.He tends to act on impulse. 2 [countable] (specialist) a force or movement of energy that causes something else to reactnerve/​electrical impulsesThe impulse is conducted along the length of the wire.3 [countable, usually singular, uncountable] (formal) something that causes somebody/​something to do something or to develop and make progressto give an impulse to the struggling car industryHe was motivated by the impulse for social reform.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Acting on impulse, he picked up the keys and slipped them into his pocket.He fought down an impulse to scream.Impulses that are repeatedly denied can arise in other forms.My first impulse was to run away.Nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain.On an impulse, I went in and bought a box of chocolates.Radio waves are converted into electrical impulses.She felt a sudden impulse to look to her left.She gave in to an impulse and took the money.Some people will buy a pet on impulse without any idea of what is involved.Supermarkets sell candy as impulse items at the checkout counter.The little black designer dress had been an impulse buy.We are all subject to aggressive impulses.basic impulses towards things such as food and drinkthe impulse behind a conceptthe impulse for social reformthe impulse that prompted economic changethe political impulses towards joining a trade unionHe tends to act on impulse.The door was open and on an impulse she went inside.

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Attribute

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at·tri·bute  ​noun BrE /ˈætrɪbjuːt/ NAmE /ˈætrɪbjuːt/ a quality or feature of somebody/​somethingPatience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher. The most basic attribute of all animals is consciousness.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    His physical attributes were much admired.Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher.He lists the ten most important attributes of a good school.In modern society, the positive attributes of age are often ignored.Those possessing the necessary physical attributes will emerge as the best sportsmen.

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Haul

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haul  ​noun BrE /hɔːl/ NAmE /hɔːl/ 1 a large amount of something that has been stolen or that is illegala haul of weaponsa drugs haul2 (especially in sport) a large number of points, goals, etc.His haul of 40 goals in a season is a record. 3 [usually singular] the distance covered in a particular journeyThey began the long slow haul to the summit. Our camp is only a short haul from here. Take the coast road—itʼll be less of a haul (= an easier journey). ➔ SEE ALSO  ​long haul, short-haul4 a quantity of fish caught at one timeThe fishermen had a good haul.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The thieves got away with a record haul of £25 million.When I shout, give a haul on the rope.a haul worth £30 000a short-haul passenger planethe biggest ever haul of illegal drugsthe final haul up the hill to the finishing linethe long haul back to Cape Town

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Encounter

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en·coun·ter  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/ NAmE /ɪnˈkaʊntər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 encounter something to experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else ➔ SYNONYM  ​meet, run intoWe encountered a number of difficulties in the first week. I had never encountered such resistance before. 2 encounter somebody/​something (formal) to meet somebody, or discover or experience something, especially somebody/​something new, unusual or unexpected ➔ SYNONYM  ​come acrossShe was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently.What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter?an idea I first encountered when I was in the army

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Discrimination

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dis·crim·in·ation  ​noun BrE /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ NAmE /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ 1 [uncountable] the practice of treating somebody or a particular group in society less fairly than othersage/​racial/​sex/​sexual discrimination (= because of somebodyʼs age, race or sex)discrimination against somebody discrimination against the elderlydiscrimination in favour of somebody discrimination in favour of the youngdiscrimination on the grounds of something discrimination on the grounds of race, gender, or sexual orientation▶ Collocations➔ SEE ALSO  ​positive discrimination2 [uncountable] (approving) the ability to judge what is good, true, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​discernmentHe showed great discrimination in his choice of friends. 3 (formal) [uncountable, countable] the ability to recognize a difference between one thing and another; a difference that is recognizedto learn discrimination between right and wrongfine discriminations▼ Extra examples    Does racial discrimination still exist in the workplace?Itʼs time we banned discrimination on the grounds of age.Levels of discrimination against recent immigrants are high.Many disabled people suffer discrimination at work.Overt sex or race discrimination is illegal.Racist remarks by an employer to an employee can amount to unlawful discrimination.She showed great discrimination in rejecting the poor quality teas.Some companies practice discrimination in favor of older people.The discrimination occurred at the shortlisting stage, not the interviews.The law now prohibits racial and ethnic discrimination.There is widespread discrimination against doctors of Asian origin.They claim to be the victims of reverse discrimination.Young children find it difficult to make fine discriminations.discrimination against womendiscrimination based on sexualitydiscrimination between right and wrongdiscrimination by age/​​raceevidence of active discrimination against black workerslaw suits alleging discriminationpositive discrimination in favour of disadvantaged racial groupsthe First Amendmentʼs ban on viewpoint discriminationIt takes a lot of experience to make such fine discriminations.Jews encountered many forms of discrimination in medieval Europe.Most minority groups in this country have experienced some form of race discrimination.Our policy forbids discrimination on the grounds of a personʼs race, sex or sexuality.Some colleges feel there is a real need for positive discrimination in favour of applicants from poorer backgrounds.The court concluded that Ms Smithʼs dismissal amounted to unlawful discrimination.The court heard arguments that programs to reserve some public works contracts for minorities cause reverse discrimination.The president has been criticized for his lack of discrimination in his choice of political allies.There are plans to introduce a new law dealing with religious discrimination.This is blatant discrimination against people with disabilities.With the current job situation, age discrimination in employment is becoming more common.Yesterday the club was cleared of racial discrimination against one of its members.You need to use your discrimination when assessing the various approaches on offer.

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Subject

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sub·ject  ​adjective BrE /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ , /ˈsʌbdʒekt/ NAmE /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ , /ˈsʌbdʒekt/ (formal)1 subject to something likely to be affected by something, especially something badFlights are subject to delay because of the fog. Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers.2 subject to something depending on something in order to be completed or agreedThe article is ready to publish, subject to your approval. All the holidays on offer are subject to availability. 3 subject to something/​somebody under the authority of something/​somebodyAll nuclear installations are subject to international safeguards. As a diplomat, he is not subject to local laws.4 [only before noun] controlled by the government of another countrysubject peoples▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    At this stage these are proposals and are still subject to change.Everyone was entirely subject to the whim of the Sultan.His illness left him subject to asthma attacks.

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Integrity

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in·teg·rity  ​noun BrE /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ NAmE /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ [uncountable]1 the quality of being honest and having strong moral principlespersonal/​professional/​artistic integrityto behave with integritya man of great integrity2 (formal) the state of being whole and not divided ➔ SYNONYM  ​unityto respect the territorial integrity of the nation▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Her photography had great artistic integrity.I would never do anything to compromise the integrity of the company.Itʼs up to the user to ensure the integrity of the data they enter.Nuclear weapons have the capability to destroy the physical integrity of the planet.She has great personal integrity.She questioned his integrity as a councillor.She refused to compromise her artistic integrity.The article is indicative of his contempt for the basic standards of journalistic integrity.The code calls on members to behave with integrity at all times.The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.The minister promised to restore the honesty and integrity of the government.The project threatens the integrity of one of the worldʼs most important wetlands.We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.concerns that data integrity has been compromisedI have no doubts at all about his integrity.She behaved with absolute integrity.They preserved their integrity throughout the trial.

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Commitment

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com·mit·ment  ​noun BrE /kəˈmɪtmənt/ NAmE /kəˈmɪtmənt/ 1 [countable, uncountable] a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support somebody/​something; the fact of committing yourselfcommitment (to somebody/​something) She doesnʼt want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment. the governmentʼs commitment to public servicescommitment to do/​doing something The companyʼs commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. 2 [uncountable] commitment (to somebody/​something) the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activityA career as an actor requires one hundred per cent commitment. 3 [countable] a thing that you have promised or agreed to do, or that you have to doHeʼs busy for the next month with filming commitments. Women very often have to juggle work with their family commitments. 4 [uncountable, countable] commitment (of something) (to something) agreeing to use money, time or people in order to achieve somethingthe commitment of resources to educationAchieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy. ▼ Extra examples    I donʼt want to take on any more commitments.Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment.She canʼt meet her financial commitments.The company is making a long-term commitment to breaking into the American market.The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions.The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme.The president made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health.The war on poverty requires a commitment of resources from the developing nations.a heavy commitment of capitalhis lifelong commitment to the socialist causeto demonstrate a commitment to human rightsto honour commitments on reduction of air pollutionBuying a house is a big financial commitment.He questioned the governmentʼs commitment to public services.Heʼs busy for the next month with filming commitments.I was saddened to see their lack of commitment.Is the government going to honour its commitments on the reduction of air pollution?She doesnʼt want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment.The companyʼs commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.They all played with commitment and determination.This is part of the farmʼs continued commitment to preserving wildlife.This post demands a high level of commitment.

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Binding

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bind·ing  ​adjective BrE /ˈbaɪndɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈbaɪndɪŋ/ binding (on/​upon somebody) that must be obeyed because it is accepted in lawa binding promise/​agreement/​contractThe decision is binding on both parties.The judge said the document was not legally binding.

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Cosmopolitan

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cosmo·pol·itan  ​adjective BrE /ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/ NAmE /ˌkɑːzməˈpɑːlɪtən/ (approving)1 containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culturea cosmopolitan city/​resortThe club has a cosmopolitan atmosphere. Jamaica is a very cosmopolitan island.2 having or showing a wide experience of people and things from many different countriespeople with a truly cosmopolitan outlookcosmopolitan young people▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She liked the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the city.Young people today are much more cosmopolitan.a cosmopolitan Mediterranean port

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Empathize

Empathise

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em·pa·thize   ​verb BrE /ˈempəθaɪz/ NAmE /ˈempəθaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] empathize (with somebody/​something) to understand another personʼs feelings and experiences, especially because you have been in a similar situationA glamorous 20-year-old stylist is unlikely to empathize with a working mother of three.a personʼs inability to empathize with others

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Fascinating

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fas·cin·at·ing  ​adjective BrE /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ NAmE /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ extremely interesting and attractivea fascinating story/​subjectThe results of the survey made fascinating reading. Itʼs fascinating to see how different people approach the problem. I fail to see what women find so fascinating about him. Your trip to Alaska sounds absolutely fascinating.The book provides a fascinating glimpse into Moroccan life.▶ Synonyms▼ Extra examples    ‘This is all very fascinating,ʼ said Wilcox,‘but I have a meeting in five minutes.ʼHis testimony in court could prove fascinating.I find him rather fascinating.I find the natural world endlessly fascinating.It just seemed really fascinating to me.Renoirʼs later life is equally fascinating.What was fascinating to me was the way the creatures moved.a most fascinating bookItʼs fascinating to see how different people approach the problem.The exhibition tells the fascinating story of the jet age.

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Reconcile

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rec·on·cile  ​verb BrE /ˈrekənsaɪl/ NAmE /ˈrekənsaɪl/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 reconcile something (with something) to find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas, needs, etc. that seem to be opposed to each otheran attempt to reconcile the need for industrial development with concern for the environmentIt was hard to reconcile his career ambitions with the needs of his children. 2 [usually passive] to make people become friends again after an argument or a disagreementreconcile somebody The pair were reconciled after Jackson made a public apology. reconcile somebody with somebody He has recently been reconciled with his wife. 3 reconcile somebody/​yourself (to something) to make somebody/​yourself accept an unpleasant situation because it is not possible to change it ➔ SYNONYM  ​resign yourself toHe could not reconcile himself to the prospect of losing her. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It is difficult to reconcile the facts with the judgeʼs conclusion.We are left with the problem of reconciling our religion with the modern view of women.We are still trying to reconcile the needs of the two groups.trying to find some way of reconciling the two conflicting viewsNo amount of designer labels could reconcile her to missing out on the trip.

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Accumulate

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ac·cu·mu·late  ​verb BrE /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ NAmE /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] accumulate something to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time ➔ SYNONYM  ​amassI seem to have accumulated a lot of books. By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune. We have accumulated a great amount of evidence.▶ Synonyms2 [intransitive] to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time ➔ SYNONYM  ​build upDebts began to accumulate. Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.▶ Synonyms▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Children gradually accumulate knowledge as they grow up.Dirt must not be allowed to accumulate.Evidence began to accumulate, suggesting that the drug had harmful side-effects.Toxic chemicals tend to accumulate in the body.seas and lakes where sedimentary deposits are slowly accumulatingthe wealth he had accumulated over the years

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Prior

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prior  ​adjective BrE /ˈpraɪə(r)/ NAmE /ˈpraɪər/ [only before noun](formal)1 happening or existing before something else or before a particular timeAlthough not essential, some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable. This information must not be disclosed without prior written consent. Visits are by prior arrangement. Please give us prior notice if you need an evening meal. She will be unable to attend because of a prior engagement. 2 already existing and therefore more importantThey have a prior claim to the property. 3 ˈprior to before somethingduring the week prior to the meeting▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She will be unable to attend because of a prior engagement.This information must not be disclosed without prior written consent.Visits are by prior arrangement.

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Adj

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Acquaintance

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ac·quaint·ance  ​noun BrE /əˈkweɪntəns/ NAmE /əˈkweɪntəns/ 1 [countable] a person that you know but who is not a close friendClaire has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Heʼs just a business acquaintance. I bumped into an old acquaintance on the train.▶ Wordfinder2 [uncountable, countable] acquaintance (with somebody) (formal) slight friendshipHe hoped their acquaintance would develop further. 3 [uncountable, countable] acquaintance with something (formal) knowledge of somethingI had little acquaintance with modern poetry. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He introduced me to a lady of his acquaintance.He was greeted as an old acquaintance.I bumped into a casual acquaintance in town.I first made his acquaintance in 1992.I first met Simon in 1998 and struck up an acquaintance with him.On first acquaintance she seemed a little odd.They have little acquaintance with colloquial English.a man with whom I had a passing acquaintanceher acquaintance with modern French philosophyClaire has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances.I donʼt know him socially, heʼs just a business acquaintance.Iʼm delighted to make your acquaintance, Mrs Baker.No one else of my acquaintance was as rich and successful. Idiomshave a nodding acˈquaintance with somebody/​somethingto only know somebody/​something slightlymake somebodyʼs acquaintance, make the acquaintance of somebody(formal) to meet somebody for the first timeI am delighted to make your acquaintance, Mrs Baker. I made the acquaintance of several musicians around that time. of your acˈquaintance(formal) that you knowNo one else of my acquaintance was as rich or successful. on first acˈquaintance(formal) when you first meet somebodyEven on first acquaintance it was clear that he was not ‘the right typeʼ.

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Enrol

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enrol  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈrəʊl/ NAmE /ɪnˈroʊl/ (especially US English en·roll)[intransitive, transitive]▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they enrol BrE /ɪnˈrəʊl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊl/ (especially US English) present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they enroll BrE /ɪnˈrəʊl/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊl/ he /​ she /​ it enrols BrE /ɪnˈrəʊlz/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊlz/ (especially US English) he /​ she /​ it enrolls BrE /ɪnˈrəʊlz/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊlz/ past simple: enrolled BrE /ɪnˈrəʊld/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊld/ past participle: enrolled BrE /ɪnˈrəʊld/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊld/ -ing form: enrolling BrE /ɪnˈrəʊlɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ɪnˈroʊlɪŋ/   to arrange for yourself or for somebody else to officially join a course, school, etc.You need to enrol before the end of August. (British English) to enrol on a course(North American English) to enroll in a courseenrol somebody The centre will soon be ready to enrol candidates for the new programme.

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Prominent

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prom·in·ent  ​adjective BrE /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ NAmE /ˈprɑːmɪnənt/ 1 important or well knowna prominent politicianHe played a prominent part in the campaign. She was prominent in the fashion industry. 2 easily seen ➔ SYNONYM  ​noticeableThe church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape. The story was given a prominent position on the front page. 3 sticking out from somethinga prominent noseprominent cheekbones▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    prominent in the trade unionsA number of prominent politicians made public statements supporting the change.In October of that year a group of prominent citizens of the town formed themselves into a committee to deal with the issue.

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Unprecedented

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un·pre·ced·ent·ed  ​adjective BrE /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ NAmE /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ that has never happened, been done or been known beforeThe situation is unprecedented in modern times. There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the cityʼs main square.

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Irresistible

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ir·re·sist·ible  ​adjective BrE /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbl/ NAmE /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbl/ 1 so strong that it cannot be stopped or resistedI felt an irresistible urge to laugh. His arguments were irresistible. The temptation proved irresistible.➔ OPPOSITE  ​resistible2 so attractive that you feel you must have itan irresistible bargainOn such a hot day, the water was irresistible (= it made you want to swim in it). irresistible to somebody The bright colours were irresistible to the baby. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Public spending has a seemingly irresistible momentum.The very high salary made the job irresistible.Youʼll find our offer irresistible.He was forced to act by the irresistible pressure of public opinion.The temptation to take a look proved to be irresistible.

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Eternity

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eternal verity eternity ring eter·nity  ​noun BrE /ɪˈtɜːnəti/ NAmE /ɪˈtɜːrnəti/ 1 [uncountable] (formal) time without end, especially life continuing without end after deathThere will be rich and poor for all eternity. They believed that their souls would be condemned to burn in hell for eternity. 2 an eternity [singular] (informal) a period of time that seems to be very long or to never endAfter what seemed like an eternity the nurse returned with the results of the test. ▼ Extra examples    He seemed to stand there for an eternity.I will love you for all eternity.It seemed like an eternity before she came back.It seemed to take an eternity for us to get to the hospital.This great work of art is now preserved for eternity.This mathematical pattern will repeat itself into eternity.

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Cherish

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cher·ish  ​verb BrE /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ NAmE /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 cherish somebody/​something to love somebody/​something very much and want to protect them or itChildren need to be cherished. her most cherished possession2 cherish something to keep an idea, a hope or a pleasant feeling in your mind for a long timeCherish the memory of those days in Paris. He cherishes the hope that one day they will meet again.▶ Word Origin

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Quiescence

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qui·es·cence  ​noun BrE /kwiˈesns/ NAmE /kwiˈesns/ [uncountable]1 (formal) the state of being quiet or not activethe quiescence of trade union action during the 1930s2 (medical) a period during which a disease, etc. does not develop, especially when this is a temporary state ➔ SYNONYM  ​dormancyperiods of disease quiescence

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Convoluted

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con·vo·luted  ​adjective BrE /ˈkɒnvəluːtɪd/ NAmE /ˈkɑːnvəluːtɪd/ 1 extremely complicated and difficult to followa convoluted argument/​explanationa book with a convoluted plotI had to negotiate an amazingly convoluted one-way system.2 (formal) having many twists or curvesa convoluted coastline▶ Word Origin

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Primitive

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primi·tive  ​adjective BrE /ˈprɪmətɪv/ NAmE /ˈprɪmətɪv/ 1 [usually before noun] belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc.primitive tribesprimitive beliefs2 [usually before noun] belonging to an early stage in the development of humans or animalsprimitive man3 very simple and old-fashioned, especially when something is also not convenient and comfortable ➔ SYNONYM  ​crudeThe methods of communication used during the war were primitive by todayʼs standards. The facilities on the campsite were very primitive. Transport remained very primitive.4 [usually before noun] (of a feeling or a desire) very strong and not based on reason, as if from the earliest period of human lifea primitive instinct

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Multitude

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multi·tude  ​noun BrE /ˈmʌltɪtjuːd/ NAmE /ˈmʌltɪtuːd/ (formal)1 [countable] multitude (of something/​somebody) an extremely large number of things or peoplea multitude of possibilitiesa multitude of birdsThese elements can be combined in a multitude of different ways. The region attracts tourists in their multitudes. The library offers a whole multitude of books for young readers.2 the multitude [singular + singular or plural verb] (also the multi·tudes [plural]) (sometimes disapproving) the mass of ordinary peopleIt was an elite that believed its task was to enlighten the multitude. to feed the starving multitudesShe was famous for singing patriotic songs to the assembled multitudes.3 [countable] (literary) a large crowd of people ➔ SYNONYM  ​throngHe preached to the assembled multitude. ▶ Word OriginIdiomscover/​hide a multitude of sins(often humorous) to hide the real situation or facts when these are not good or pleasantShe was dressed in loose comfortable clothes that hid a multitude of sins.

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Eventual

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even·tual  ​adjective BrE /ɪˈventʃuəl/ NAmE /ɪˈventʃuəl/ [only before noun]happening at the end of a period of time or of a processthe eventual winner of the tournamentIt is impossible to predict what the eventual outcome will be. The village school may face eventual closure. ▼ More Like This    Adjectives that only come before a nounall-round antenatal aspiring chief dedicated eventual express high-flying live lone mere mitigating rogue sheer standout ulterior utter

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Execution

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exe·cu·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn/ NAmE /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn/ 1 [uncountable, countable] the act of killing somebody, especially as a legal punishmentHe faced execution by hanging for murder. Over 200 executions were carried out last year. 2 [uncountable] (formal) the act of doing a piece of work, performing a duty, or putting a plan into actionHe had failed in the execution of his duty. The idea was good, but the execution was poor. The company is liable for any damage caused by faulty execution of the building work.3 [uncountable] (formal) skill in performing or making something, such as a piece of music or work of artHer execution of the piano piece was perfect. 4 [uncountable] (law) the act of following the instructions in a legal document, especially those in somebodyʼs willThe solicitors are proceeding with the execution of her motherʼs will.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Executions were carried out in the prison yard.Human rights organizations have accused the army of summary executions.If caught, the men could face execution.She was charged with obstruction of a police officer in the execution of his duties.She was taken prisoner and suffered eventual execution.The US Supreme Court refused to stay the execution.The army oversaw the trial and execution of the king.The court has discretion to stay or suspend execution of the order.The judge had granted a stay of execution.The tribunal ordered the execution of 42 coup plotters.a senatorʼs request to suspend federal executionsexecution by hanginggreat ideas and flawless executionprisoners who are on death row awaiting executionproper execution of the exercisethe Supreme Court decision to ban juvenile executionsthe hours before his scheduled executionthe poor execution of the filmthe successful execution of the contract Idiomsa ˌstay of exeˈcution(law) a delay in following the order of a courtto grant a stay of executionThere will be no stay of execution and few mourners for this concrete tower block, due to be demolished next month.

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Persistance

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per·sist·ence  ​noun BrE /pəˈsɪstəns/ NAmE /pərˈsɪstəns/ [uncountable]1 the fact of continuing to try to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonableHis persistence was finally rewarded when the insurance company agreed to pay for the damage. It was her sheer persistence that wore them down in the end. 2 the state of continuing to exist for a long period of timethe persistence of unemployment in the 1970s and 1980s▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He achieved success through dogged persistence.My persistence in demanding my rights finally paid off.a challenge that requires persistence and skill

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Compelling

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com·pel·ling  ​adjective BrE /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ NAmE /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ 1 that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and excitingHer latest book makes compelling reading. ▼ Synonyms    interestingfascinating compelling stimulating gripping absorbingThese words all describe somebody/​​something that attracts or holds your attention because they are exciting, unusual or full of good ideas.interesting attracting your attention because it is exciting, unusual or full of good ideas: Thatʼs an interesting question, Daniel.fascinating extremely interesting or attractive: The exhibition tells the fascinating story of the steam age.compelling (rather formal) so interesting or exciting that it holds your attention: Her latest book makes compelling reading.stimulating full of interesting or exciting ideas; making people feel enthusiastic: Thank you for a most stimulating discussion.gripping so exciting or interesting that it holds your attention completely: His books are always so gripping.absorbing so interesting or enjoyable that it holds your attention: Chess can be an extremely absorbing game.Patternsinteresting/​​fascinating/​​stimulating for somebodyinteresting/​​fascinating to somebodyinteresting/​​fascinating that…interesting/​​fascinating to see/​​hear/​​find/​​learn/​​know…a(n) interesting/​​fascinating/​​compelling/​​gripping story/​​read/​​booka(n) interesting/​​fascinating/​​stimulating experience/​​discussion/​​ideato find something interesting/​​fascinating/​​compelling/​​stimulating/​​gripping/​​absorbing 2 so strong that you must do something about ita compelling need/​desire3 that makes you think it is trueThere is no compelling reason to believe him. compelling evidence▼ Extra examples    His eyes were strangely compelling.There is no logically compelling argument to support their claims.He was a sad man with a compelling need to talk about his unhappiness.The logic of this point of view is not compelling and is not supported by the data.The new studies provide compelling evidence in support of these concepts.

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Rut

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rut  ​noun BrE /rʌt/ NAmE /rʌt/ 1 [countable] a deep track that a wheel makes in soft groundIt was difficult to walk in the muddy ruts left by the tractor.2 [countable] a boring way of life that does not changeI gave up my job because I felt I was stuck in a rut. If you donʼt go out and meet new people, itʼs easy to get into a rut. 3 [uncountable] (also the rut) the time of year when male animals, especially deer, become sexually activestags fighting during the rut➔ SEE ALSO  ​rutted, rutting▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Iʼd got into a rut, cooking the same things week after week.Moving abroad gave her the chance to get out of a rut.My job bores me—I feel Iʼm in a rut.

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Paradigm

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para·digm  ​noun BrE /ˈpærədaɪm/ NAmE /ˈpærədaɪm/ 1 (specialist or formal) a typical example or pattern of somethinga paradigm for students to copyThe war was a paradigm of the destructive side of human nature. 2 (grammar) a set of all the different forms of a wordverb paradigms▶ Word Origin

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Accustomed

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ac·cus·tomed  ​adjective BrE /əˈkʌstəmd/ NAmE /əˈkʌstəmd/ 1 (rather formal) familiar with something and accepting it as normal or usual ➔ SYNONYM  ​used toaccustomed to something to become/​get accustomed to somethingMy eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark. This was not the kind of behaviour I was accustomed to.She had grown accustomed to his long absences.accustomed to doing something She was a person accustomed to having eight hoursʼ sleep a night. 2 [usually before noun] (formal) usual ➔ SYNONYM  ​habitualHe took his accustomed seat by the fire. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​unaccustomed

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Depict

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de·pict  ​verb BrE /dɪˈpɪkt/ NAmE /dɪˈpɪkt/ (rather formal)▶ Verb Forms1 to show an image of somebody/​something in a picturedepict somebody/​something (as somebody/​something) a painting depicting the Virgin and Childdepict somebody/​something doing something The artist had depicted her lying on a bed. 2 to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picturedepict somebody/​something The novel depicts French society in the 1930s. depict somebody/​something as somebody/​something The advertisements depict smoking as glamorous and attractive. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The book vividly depicts French society of the 1930s.The carving clearly depicts a dragon inside a circle.paintings depicting scenes from mythologyThe panels depict scenes from the life of St Ursula.

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Casualty

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casu·alty  ​noun BrE /ˈkæʒuəlti/ NAmE /ˈkæʒuəlti/ (pl. casu·alties)1 [countable] a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accidentroad casualtiesBoth sides had suffered heavy casualties (= many people had been killed). ▶ Wordfinder▶ Collocations2 [countable] a person that suffers or a thing that is destroyed when something else takes place ➔ SYNONYM  ​victimShe became a casualty of the reduction in part-time work (= she lost her job). Small shops have been a casualty of the recession. 3 [uncountable] (also ˈcasualty department, ˌaccident and eˈmergency) (all British English) (North American English eˈmergency room) the part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are takenThe victims were rushed to casualty. We waited in casualty until a doctor could see us.▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He works as a doctor in casualty.Our division suffered only light casualties.The guerrillas inflicted heavy casualties on the local population.The main casualty of this scandal will be the ministerʼs reputation.Their relationship became a casualty of war.Both sides had suffered heavy casualties.Our primary objective is reducing road casualties.She became a casualty of the reduction in part-time work.Small businesses have been a casualty of the recession.They say that truth is the first casualty of war.

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Simplistic

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sim·plis·tic  ​adjective BrE /sɪmˈplɪstɪk/ NAmE /sɪmˈplɪstɪk/ (disapproving)making a problem, situation, etc. seem less difficult or complicated than it really isa simplistic approach/​view/​solutionHis interpretation of the figures is far too simplistic.a highly simplistic generalization

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Initiate

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ini·ti·ate  ​verb BrE /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ NAmE /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 initiate something (formal) to make something begin ➔ SYNONYM  ​set in motionto initiate legal proceedings against somebodyThe government has initiated a programme of economic reform. 2 initiate somebody (into something) to explain something to somebody and/​or make them experience it for the first timeMany of them had been initiated into drug use at an early age. His uncle initiated him into the pleasures of sailing.3 initiate somebody (into something) to make somebody a member of a particular group, especially as part of a secret ceremonyHundreds are initiated into the sect each year. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Anyone has the right to initiate legislation in Parliament by means of a private bill.Bacteria then enters the wound and initiates infection.He initiated a national debate on reform.The organization may initiate legal action against you.

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Convinced

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con·vinced  ​adjective BrE /kənˈvɪnst/ NAmE /kənˈvɪnst/ 1 [not before noun] completely sure about somethingSam nodded but he didnʼt look convinced. convinced of something I am convinced of her innocence. convinced that… I am convinced that she is innocent. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​unconvinced▶ Synonyms2 [only before noun] believing strongly in a particular religion or set of political ideasa convinced Christian▼ Extra examples    She became convinced that something was wrong.She was still only half convinced.Iʼm convinced that sheʼs innocent.Iʼm totally convinced of her innocence.Sam nodded but he didnʼt look convinced.She became increasingly convinced that someone was in the house.

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Mitigate

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miti·gate  ​verb BrE /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ NAmE /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsmitigate something (formal) to make something less harmful, serious, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​alleviateaction to mitigate povertySoil erosion was mitigated by the planting of trees.

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Pseudonym

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pseudo·nym  ​noun BrE /ˈsuːdənɪm/ , also /ˈsjuːdənɪm/ NAmE /ˈsuːdənɪm/ a name used by somebody, especially a writer, instead of their real nameShe writes under a pseudonym. The rebel chief uses the pseudonym ‘Tigrilloʼ.➔ COMPARE  ​pen name▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He used various pseudonyms.He adopted the pseudonym of George Banks.He has used a variety of pseudonyms.She writes under a pseudonym.

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Grin

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grin  ​verb BrE /ɡrɪn/ NAmE /ɡrɪn/ ▼ Verb Forms  present simple: I /​ you /​ we /​ they grin BrE /ɡrɪn/ ; NAmE /ɡrɪn/ he /​ she /​ it grins BrE /ɡrɪnz/ ; NAmE /ɡrɪnz/ past simple: grinned BrE /ɡrɪnd/ ; NAmE /ɡrɪnd/ past participle: grinned BrE /ɡrɪnd/ ; NAmE /ɡrɪnd/ -ing form: grinning BrE /ˈɡrɪnɪŋ/ ; NAmE /ˈɡrɪnɪŋ/   [intransitive, transitive] to smile widelyThey grinned with delight when they heard our news. Stop grinning and tell me what happened!He was grinning from ear to ear. grin at somebody She grinned amiably at us. grin something He grinned a wide grin. ▶ Wordfinder▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He appeared in the doorway grinning broadly.He just stood there, grinning like an idiot.He just stood there, tongue-tied and grinning sheepishly.He lay grinning impishly up at me.He stopped eating to grin at me.She grinned apologetically when she saw him.She grinned to herself at the thought.She looked at us, grinning from ear to ear.She relaxed and grinned wickedly back at him.They grinned with pleasure.‘Donʼt be daft,ʼ he grinned. Idiomsgrin and ˈbear it(only used as an infinitive and in orders) to accept pain, disappointment or a difficult situation without complainingThereʼs nothing we can do about it. Weʼll just have to grin and bear it. smile/​grin/​beam from ear to ˈearto be smiling, etc. a lot because you are very pleased about something

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Amiably

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ami·ably  ​adverb BrE /ˈeɪmiəbli/ NAmE /ˈeɪmiəbli/ in a pleasant or friendly way‘Thatʼs fine,ʼ he replied amiably.

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Bet

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bet  ​verb BrE /bet/ NAmE /bet/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive, transitive] to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the resultYou have to be over 16 to bet. bet on/​against (somebody/​something doing) something I wouldnʼt bet on them winning the next election. bet something (on something) He bet $2 000 on the final score of the game. bet (somebody) (something) (that…) She bet me £20 that I wouldnʼt do it. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​betting, gamble▶ Wordfinder2 [transitive] (informal) used to say that you are almost certain that something is true or that something will happenbet (that)… I bet (that) weʼre too late.You can bet (that) the moment I sit down, the phone will ring.bet somebody (that)… Iʼll bet you (that) he knows all about it.▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He bet $2 000 on the final score of the game.I bet weʼre too late.I wouldnʼt bet on them winning the next election.Iʼll bet you that he knows all about it.Not many people are betting against France retaining their title.She bet me £20 that I wouldnʼt do it.You can bet that the moment I sit down, the phone will ring.You have to be over 16 to bet in the UK. Idiomsbet the farm/​ranch on something(North American English, informal) to risk everything you have on an investment, a bet, etc.The company bet the farm on the new marketing model, only to find that it wasnʼt successful.I/​Iʼll bet!(informal)1 used to show that you can understand what somebody is feeling, describing, etc.‘I nearly died when he told me.ʼ ‘I bet!ʼ 2 used to tell somebody that you do not believe what they have just said‘Iʼm going to tell her what I think of her.ʼ ‘Yeah, I bet!ʼ I wouldnʼt ˈbet on it, donʼt ˈbet on it(informal) used to say that you do not think that something is very likely‘Sheʼll soon get used to the idea.ʼ ‘I wouldnʼt bet on it.ʼ ˌyou ˈbet!(informal) used instead of ‘yesʼ to emphasize that somebody has guessed something correctly or made a good suggestion‘Are you nervous?ʼ ‘You bet!ʼ you can bet your ˈlife/​your bottom ˈdollar (on something/​(that)…)(informal) used to say that you are certain that something will happenYou can bet your bottom dollar that heʼll be late.

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Penalize

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pen·al·ize (British English also -ise)  ​verb BrE /ˈpiːnəlaɪz/ NAmE /ˈpiːnəlaɪz/ ▶ Verb Forms1 penalize somebody (for something) to punish somebody for breaking a rule or law by making them suffer a disadvantageYou will be penalized for poor spelling. 2 to punish somebody for breaking a rule in a sport or game by giving an advantage to their opponentpenalize somebody (for something) He was penalized for time-wasting. penalize something Foul play will be severely penalized. 3 penalize somebody to put somebody at a disadvantage by treating them unfairlyThe new law appears to penalize the poorest members of society. He felt penalized because of his age.▼ Extra examples    He claims that he was unfairly penalized.Students will be penalized for mistakes in spelling and grammar.It is wrong for women to be financially penalized when they have children.The goalkeeper was penalized for time-wasting.The law is designed to reward those who conserve and penalize those who pollute.Under the tax, each adult in the household had to pay, which penalized larger families.Will he be penalized for absence due to ill health?

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Delineate

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de·lin·eate  ​verb BrE /dɪˈlɪnieɪt/ NAmE /dɪˈlɪnieɪt/ ▶ Verb Formsdelineate something (formal) to describe, draw or explain something in detailOur objectives need to be precisely delineated. The shipʼs route is clearly delineated on the map. ▶ Word Origin

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Dispose

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dis·pose  ​verb BrE /dɪˈspəʊz/ NAmE /dɪˈspoʊz/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 dispose something/​somebody + adv./​prep. to arrange things or people in a particular way or positionThe visitors disposed themselves in a circle round the statue.2 dispose somebody to/​toward(s) something | dispose somebody to do something to make somebody behave in a particular waya drug that disposes the patient towards sleep▶ Word OriginPhrasal Verbsdiˈspose of somebody/​something1 to get rid of somebody/​something that you do not want or cannot keepthe difficulties of disposing of nuclear wasteto dispose of stolen propertyRadioactive waste must be disposed of safely.2 to deal with a problem, question or threat successfullyThat seems to have disposed of most of their arguments. 3 to defeat or kill somebodyIt took her a mere 20 minutes to dispose of her opponent.

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Commodity

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com·mod·ity  ​noun BrE /kəˈmɒdəti/ NAmE /kəˈmɑːdəti/ (pl. com·mod·ities)1 (economics) a product or a raw material that can be bought and soldrice, flour and other basic commoditiesa drop in commodity pricesCrude oil is the worldʼs most important commodity. ▶ Synonyms2 (formal) a thing that is useful or has a useful qualityWater is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West. ▼ Extra examples    Time is a very valuable commodity.basic agricultural commoditiesCrude oil is the worldʼs most important commodity.

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Contributor

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con·tribu·tor  ​noun BrE /kənˈtrɪbjətə(r)/ NAmE /kənˈtrɪbjətər/ 1 contributor (to something) a person who writes articles for a magazine or a book, or who talks on a radio or television programme or at a meetinga regular contributor to this magazine2 contributor (to something) a person or thing that provides money to help pay for something, or support somethingOlder people are important contributors to the economy. the largest net contributor to EU funds3 contributor (to something) something that helps to cause somethingSulphur dioxide is a pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Politicians are often suspected of trying to appease campaign contributors from the oil industry.She was a long-time contributor to Time Magazine.The core of regular contributors is essential to the magazine.net contributors to the economyShe continues to be a regular contributor to the journal.Which country is the largest net contributor to EU funds?

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Exploit

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ex·ploit  ​verb BrE /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ NAmE /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ ▶ Verb Forms1 exploit something (disapproving) to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourselfHe exploited his fatherʼs name to get himself a job. She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited. The opposition parties will always exploit government problems to their own advantage.2 exploit somebody (disapproving) to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in returnWhat is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people? 3 exploit something to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possibleShe fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. Teachers should be exploiting computers in education.4 to develop or use something for business or industryexploit something No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica. exploit something for something countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Birds exploit these wind patterns to the fullest.Companies are moving in to exploit the natural resources of the area.He pursued his own interests, cynically exploiting his privileged position as trustee.He was determined to exploit the potential of this new discovery.She was eager to exploit her discovery commercially.The architect has cleverly exploited new materials and building techniques.The company has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full.The team were quick to exploit their competitive advantage.The workers are ruthlessly exploited by their employers.They were quick to exploit the economic possibilities of the situation.He exploited his fatherʼs name to get himself a job.They were hoping to exploit any weaknesses the other team might have.This legal loophole has been ruthlessly exploited by many unscrupulous investors.What is being done to stop employers from exploiting immigrants?

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يستغل

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Deposit

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de·posit  ​noun BrE /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ NAmE /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ money1 [usually singular] a deposit (on something) a sum of money that is given as the first part of a larger payment ➔ SYNONYM  ​down paymentThey normally ask you to pay $100 (as a) deposit.All deposits are non-refundable.(British English) Weʼve put down a 5% deposit on the house. ▼ Synonyms    paymentpremium contribution subscription repayment deposit instalmentThese are all words for an amount of money that you pay or are expected to pay, or for the act of paying.payment an amount of money that you pay or are expected to pay; the act of paying: ten monthly payments of $50 payment in advancepremium an amount of money that you pay once or regularly for an insurance policy; an extra payment added to the basic rate; a higher amount of money than usual: an insurance premium a premium for express deliverycontribution a sum of money that you pay regularly to your employer or the government in order to pay for benefits such as health insurance, a pension, etc: You can increase your monthly contributions to the pension plan.subscription an amount of money you pay in advance to receive regular copies of a newspaper or magazine or to receive a service: a subscription to ‘Newsweekʼrepayment (British English) an amount of money that you pay regularly to a bank, etc. until you have returned all the money that you owe; the act of paying this money: the repayments on the loandeposit an amount of money that you pay as the first part of a larger payment: Weʼve put down a 5% deposit on the house.instalment one of a number of payments that you make regularly over a period of time until you have paid for something: We paid for the car by/​​in instalments.Patterns(a/​​an) annual/​​monthly/​​regular payment/​​premium/​​contributions/​​subscription/​​repayment/​​deposit/​​instalmentpayment/​​repayment in fullto pay a(n) premium/​​contribution/​​subscription/​​deposit/​​instalmentto make a payment/​​repayment/​​depositto meet/​​keep up (with) (the) payment(s)/​the premiums/​(the) repayment(s)/​the instalments ▶ Wordfinder▶ Collocations2 [usually singular] a sum of money that is paid by somebody when they rent something and that is returned to them if they do not lose or damage the thing they are rentingto pay a depositTheyʼll probably ask you to leave a deposit. 3 a sum of money that is paid into a bank accountDeposits can be made at any branch. ➔ OPPOSITE  ​withdrawal▶ Wordfinder▶ Collocations4 (in the British political system) the amount of money that a candidate in an election to Parliament has to pay, and that is returned if he/​she gets enough votesAll the other candidates lost their deposits. substance5 a layer of a substance that has formed naturally undergroundmineral/​gold/​coal deposits6 a layer of a substance that has been left somewhere, especially by a river, flood, etc., or is found at the bottom of a liquidThe rain left a deposit of mud on the windows. fatty deposits in the arteries of the heartglacial deposits▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    All deposits are refundable.All deposits for holiday cottages are refundable.Bank deposits have increased by 2.3%.I had to leave a €50 deposit on the bike.If furniture is damaged, you will forfeit your deposit.She made a deposit of £60 into her account.The floods left a thick deposit of mud over the fields.The region has many deposits of valuable oil.Weʼve put down the deposit on our new car.You have to pay a deposit of $1 200 as well as two monthsʼ rent.Youʼll get back your deposit once weʼve checked the bikes are all right.an area with large mineral depositsThe car costs $50 per day in rental, plus a $200 deposit which you will get back at the end of the week.The shop said it would reserve the rug for him if he paid £20 as a deposit.Weʼve put down a 5% deposit on the house.

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Conceive

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con·ceive  ​verb BrE /kənˈsiːv/ NAmE /kənˈsiːv/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] (formal) to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to imagine somethingconceive something He conceived the idea of transforming the old power station into an arts centre. conceive of something (as something) God is often conceived of as male. conceive (that)… I cannot conceive (= I do not believe) (that) he would wish to harm us.conceive what/​how, etc… I cannot conceive what it must be like. 2 [intransitive, transitive] when a woman conceives or conceives a child, she becomes pregnantShe is unable to conceive. conceive somebody` Their first child was conceived on their wedding night. ➔ SEE ALSO  ​conception▶ Word Family▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    They conceived of a theory and stuck to it.I cannot conceive why you paid out so much money.It is difficult to conceive of a society without money.She was unable to conceive a child naturally and was offered fertility treatment.The course is very broadly conceived.The dam project was originally conceived in 1977.The plan was brilliantly conceived.We conceive of ourselves as individuals.the Christian belief in Jesus as being immaculately conceived

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Obsolete

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ob·so·lete  ​adjective BrE /ˈɒbsəliːt/ NAmE /ˌɑːbsəˈliːt/ no longer used because something new has been invented ➔ SYNONYM  ​out of dateobsolete technologyWith technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete. ▶ Word Origin

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Obsolete

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ob·so·lete  ​adjective BrE /ˈɒbsəliːt/ NAmE /ˌɑːbsəˈliːt/ no longer used because something new has been invented ➔ SYNONYM  ​out of dateobsolete technologyWith technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete. ▶ Word Origin

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Unconditional

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un·con·di·tion·al  ​adjective BrE /ˌʌnkənˈdɪʃənl/ NAmE /ˌʌnkənˈdɪʃənl/ without any conditions or limitsthe unconditional surrender of military forcesShe gave her children unconditional love. They appealed for the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners.➔ OPPOSITE  ​conditional▼ Extra examples    The war would continue until the unconditional surrender of their enemies.They demanded the unconditional withdrawal of military forces.Unconditional love can only be received if it is also given.

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Expel

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expel  ​verb BrE /ɪkˈspel/ NAmE /ɪkˈspel/ ▶ Verb Forms1 expel somebody (from something) to officially make somebody leave a school or an organizationShe was expelled from school at 15. Olympic athletes expelled for drug-taking▶ Collocations2 expel somebody (from something) to force somebody to leave a countryForeign journalists are being expelled. Thousands of Jews had been expelled from the city.3 expel something (from something) (specialist) to force air or water out of a part of the body or from a containerto expel air from the lungs➔ SEE ALSO  ​expulsion▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples   

Expel all the air from your chest.

He was expelled from school for disruptive behaviour.

He was/​​got expelled from school for taking drugs.

They were forcibly expelled from their farm by the occupying authorities.

A number of Olympic athletes were expelled for drug-taking.

All four MPs were expelled from the party for disloyalty.

The regime decided to expel UK, US and Canadian diplomats.

They were forced to leave as part of a government drive to expel illegal immigrants.

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Succumb

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suc·cumb  ​verb BrE /səˈkʌm/ NAmE /səˈkʌm/ [intransitive]▶ Verb Formsto not be able to fight an attack, an illness, a temptation, etc.The town succumbed after a short siege. They were all offered bribes and some of them succumbed.succumb to something His career was cut short when he succumbed to cancer. He finally succumbed to Lucyʼs charms and agreed to her request. She succumbed to the temptation of another drink.people who succumb easily to exploitation▶ Word Origin

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Amicably

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am·ic·ably  ​adverb BrE /ˈæmɪkəbli/ NAmE /ˈæmɪkəbli/ in a polite and friendly way The policeman chatted amicably to the bystanders.

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Amicably

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am·ic·ably  ​adverb BrE /ˈæmɪkəbli/ NAmE /ˈæmɪkəbli/ in a polite and friendly way The policeman chatted amicably to the bystanders.

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Stubborn

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stub·born  ​adjective BrE /ˈstʌbən/ NAmE /ˈstʌbərn/ 1 (often disapproving) determined not to change your opinion or attitude ➔ SYNONYM  ​obstinateHe was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong. She can be as stubborn as a mule. stubborn pridea stubborn resistance to changea stubborn refusal to listenShe has inherited her motherʼs stubborn streak.2 difficult to get rid of or deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​persistenta stubborn cough/​staina stubborn problem▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He started out with nothing but raw talent and stubborn determination.She can be as stubborn as a mule.She has inherited her motherʼs stubborn streak.The situation was aggravated by Mr Johnsonʼs stubborn refusal to apologize.

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Whip

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whip  ​verb BrE /wɪp/ NAmE /wɪp/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive] whip somebody/​something to hit a person or an animal hard with a whip, as a punishment or to make them go faster or work harder2 [intransitive, transitive] to move, or make something move, quickly and suddenly or violently in a particular direction+ adv./​prep. A branch whipped across the car window. Her hair whipped around her face in the wind. whip something The waves were being whipped by 50 mile an hour winds. 3 [transitive] whip something + adv./​prep. to remove or pull something quickly and suddenlyShe whipped the mask off her face. The man whipped out a knife. 4 [transitive] to stir cream, etc. very quickly until it becomes stiffwhip something Serve the pie with whipped cream. whip something up Whip the egg whites up into stiff peaks. 5 [transitive] whip somebody/​something (North American English, informal) to defeat somebody very easily in a gameThe team whipped its opponents by 35 points. They whipped Australia 18–3 in the final game.➔ COMPARE  ​thrash6 [transitive] whip something (British English, informal) to steal something▶ Word Origin▶ Extra examplesPhrasal Verbsˌwhip ˈthrough something(informal) to do or finish something very quicklyWe whipped through customs in ten minutes. ˌwhip somebody/​something ˈup1 to deliberately try and make people excited or feel strongly about something ➔ SYNONYM  ​rouseThe advertisements were designed to whip up public opinion. He was a speaker who could really whip up a crowd. 2 to quickly make a meal or something to eatShe whipped up a delicious lunch for us in 15 minutes.

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Stubborn

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stub·born  ​adjective BrE /ˈstʌbən/ NAmE /ˈstʌbərn/ 1 (often disapproving) determined not to change your opinion or attitude ➔ SYNONYM  ​obstinateHe was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong. She can be as stubborn as a mule. stubborn pridea stubborn resistance to changea stubborn refusal to listenShe has inherited her motherʼs stubborn streak.2 difficult to get rid of or deal with ➔ SYNONYM  ​persistenta stubborn cough/​staina stubborn problem▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He started out with nothing but raw talent and stubborn determination.She can be as stubborn as a mule.She has inherited her motherʼs stubborn streak.The situation was aggravated by Mr Johnsonʼs stubborn refusal to apologize.

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Meagre

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meagre  ​adjective (especially US English mea·ger)BrE /ˈmiːɡə(r)/ NAmE /ˈmiːɡər/ small in quantity and poor in quality ➔ SYNONYM  ​paltrya meagre diet of bread and waterShe supplements her meagre income by cleaning at night.

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Turmoil

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tur·moil  ​noun BrE /ˈtɜːmɔɪl/ NAmE /ˈtɜːrmɔɪl/ [uncountable, singular]a state of great anxiety and confusion ➔ SYNONYM  ​confusionemotional/​mental/​political turmoilHis statement threw the court into turmoil. Her mind was in (a) turmoil.She felt much calmer after the turmoil of recent weeks.▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He came to a stop, his thoughts in turmoil.Her emotional life was thrown into turmoil.Her mind was in a state of constant turmoil.The university had been in turmoil over anti-war protests.a turmoil of emotionsHis mind was in (a) turmoil.His statement threw the court into turmoil.I walked away in a state of mental turmoil.She hid her inner turmoil.The country was hurled into the turmoil of another general election.

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Commemorate

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com·mem·or·ate  ​verb BrE /kəˈmeməreɪt/ NAmE /kəˈmeməreɪt/ ▶ Verb Formscommemorate something/​somebody to remind people of an important person or event from the past with a special action or object; to exist to remind people of a person or an event from the pastA series of movies will be shown to commemorate the 30th anniversary of his death. A plaque commemorates the battle.

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Recuperate

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re·cu·per·ate  ​verb BrE /rɪˈkuːpəreɪt/ NAmE /rɪˈkuːpəreɪt/ (formal)▶ Verb Forms1 [intransitive] recuperate (from something) to get back your health, strength or energy after being ill/​sick, tired, injured, etc. ➔ SYNONYM  ​recoverHeʼs still recuperating from his operation. After an exhausting few weeks I needed some time to recuperate.2 [transitive] recuperate something to get back money that you have spent or lost ➔ SYNONYM  ​recoup, recoverHe hoped to recuperate at least some of his losses.

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Indigenous

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in·di·gen·ous  ​adjective BrE /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ NAmE /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ (formal)belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else ➔ SYNONYM  ​nativethe indigenous peoples/​languages of the areaindigenous to… The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    examples of truly indigenous musicAntarctica has no indigenous population.Guatemala has one of the highest percentages of indigenous peoples of any country in the Americas.Several indigenous African languages are used in the country.The reserve supports a wide range of indigenous species

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Anguish

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an·guish  ​noun BrE /ˈæŋɡwɪʃ/ NAmE /ˈæŋɡwɪʃ/ [uncountable](formal)severe pain, mental suffering or unhappinessHe groaned in anguish. Tears of anguish filled her eyes. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He suffered the anguish of watching his son go to prison.His mouth felt dry with anguish.In her anguish, she turned to her father for help.The loss of a pet can cause some people real anguish.his anguish at the death of his sonto cry out/​​groan/​​scream in anguish

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Exhaust

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ex·haust  ​verb BrE /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ NAmE /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ ▶ Verb Forms1 to make somebody feel very tired ➔ SYNONYM  ​wear outexhaust somebody Even a short walk exhausted her. exhaust yourself Thereʼs no need to exhaust yourself clearing up—weʼll do it. 2 exhaust something to use all of something so that there is none leftWithin three days they had exhausted their supply of food. Donʼt give up until you have exhausted all the possibilities. 3 exhaust something to talk about or study a subject until there is nothing else to say about itI think weʼve exhausted that particular topic. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    The experience had exhausted her physically and emotionally.The funds are nearly exhausted.The swimming had completely exhausted him.Their limited resources were quickly exhausted.Donʼt give up until you have exhausted all the possibilities.Thereʼs no need to exhaust yourself cleaning up — weʼll do it.They had exhausted their food supply.

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Hastily

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hasti·ly  adverb BrE /ˈheɪstɪli/ NAmE /ˈheɪstɪli/ 1 very quickly, because you are in a hurry, especially when this has bad results ➔ SYNONYM  hurriedlyShe hastily changed the subject. 2 too quickly, without giving enough thoughtPerhaps I spoke too hastily.

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Pat

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to touch somebody/​something gently several times with your hand flat, especially as a sign of affectionpat something She patted the dog on the head. He patted his sisterʼs hand consolingly. pat something + adj. Pat your face dry with a soft towel. ▶ More Like This▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He patted her gently on the shoulder.I threw my arms around him and he awkwardly patted my back.He patted his sisterʼs hand consolingly and wiped away her tears. Idiomspat somebody/​yourself on the ˈback(informal) to praise somebody or yourself for doing something well

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Crucial

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cru·cial  ​adjective BrE /ˈkruːʃl/ NAmE /ˈkruːʃl/ extremely important, because it will affect other things ➔ SYNONYM  ​critical, essentiala crucial factor/​issue/​decisiontopics of crucial importanceThe next few weeks are going to be crucial. crucial to/​for something Winning this contract is crucial to the success of the company. crucial that… It is crucial that we get this right. Parents play a crucial role in preparing their child for school. He wasnʼt there at the crucial moment (= when he was needed most). ▶ Synonyms▶ Language Bank▶ Language Bank▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Secrecy is crucial to this police operation.The talks are crucial for the success of the plan.A crucial factor affecting educational performance is the competence of the teacher.Getting these procedures right is of crucial importance.He wasnʼt there at the crucial moment.It is crucial that we get this right.Winning this contract is absolutely crucial to our long term success

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Omission

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omis·sion  ​noun BrE /əˈmɪʃn/ NAmE /əˈmɪʃn/ (formal)1 [uncountable] omission (from something) the act of not including somebody/​something or not doing something; the fact of not being included/​doneEveryone was surprised at her omission from the squad. The play was shortened by the omission of two scenes. sins of omission (= not doing things that should be done)2 [countable] a thing that has not been included or doneThere were a number of errors and omissions in the article. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    I feel compelled to point out two omissions.I notice one glaring omission from your list.Several offences such as manslaughter may be committed by omission.The accident was not caused by any act or omission of the gas company.There were no glaring omissions in the report.her omission from the guest listthe omission of the authorʼs name

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Ubiquitous

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ubi·qui·tous  ​adjective BrE /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ NAmE /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ [usually before noun](formal or humorous)seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very commonthe ubiquitous bicycles of university townsthe ubiquitous movie star, Tom Hanks▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Blue is derived from the ubiquitous indigo plant.He is as recognizable and as ubiquitous as the celebrities he photographs.The actors include George Wendt, Adrian Dunbar and the ubiquitous James Nesbitt.The ubiquitous portraits of the president usually showed him in military uniform.

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شائع

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Cumbersome

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cum·ber·some  ​adjective BrE /ˈkʌmbəsəm/ NAmE /ˈkʌmbərsəm/ 1 large and heavy; difficult to carry ➔ SYNONYM  ​bulkycumbersome machinery2 slow and complicatedcumbersome legal procedures3 (of words or phrases) long or complicatedThe organization changed its cumbersome title to something easier to remember.

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Facetious

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fa·cetious  ​adjective BrE /fəˈsiːʃəs/ NAmE /fəˈsiːʃəs/ trying to appear amusing and intelligent at a time when other people do not think it is appropriate, and when it would be better to be serious ➔ SYNONYM  ​flippanta facetious comment/​remarkStop being facetious; this is serious.

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Arduous

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ar·du·ous  ​adjective BrE /ˈɑːdjuəs/ , /ˈɑːdʒuəs/ NAmE /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ involving a lot of effort and energy, especially over a period of timean arduous journey across the AndesThe work was arduous. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    It was physically arduous work.She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.The road back to political stability is long and arduous.an arduous task/​​process

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صعب

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Presumptuous

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pre·sump·tu·ous  ​adjective BrE /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/ NAmE /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/ [not usually before noun]too confident, in a way that shows a lack of respect for other peopleWould it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car?Isnʼt it rather presumptuous of you to decide what he needs?It would be presumptuous to assume she will accept the offer.

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Pensive

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pen·sive  ​adjective BrE /ˈpensɪv/ NAmE /ˈpensɪv/ thinking deeply about something, especially because you are sad or worrieda pensive moodto look pensiveShe sat with a pensive expression on her face

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Circuitious

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cir·cu·it·ous  ​adjective BrE /səˈkjuːɪtəs/ NAmE /sərˈkjuːɪtəs/ (formal)(of a route or journey) long and not direct ➔ SYNONYM  ​roundaboutHe took us on a circuitous route to the hotel.The journey was circuitous and slow

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Meticulous

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me·ticu·lous  ​adjective BrE /məˈtɪkjələs/ NAmE /məˈtɪkjələs/ paying careful attention to every detail ➔ SYNONYM  ​fastidious, thoroughmeticulous planning/​records/​researchTheir room had been prepared with meticulous care.She planned her trip in meticulous detail.meticulous in something/​doing something Heʼs always meticulous in keeping the records up to date. meticulous about something My father was meticulous about his appearance. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    She is meticulous in her choice of words.She kept the records in absolutely meticulous order.Heʼs always meticulous in keeping the records up to date.The room had been prepared with meticulous care.

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حريص فى عمل

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Convoluted

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con·vo·luted  ​adjective BrE /ˈkɒnvəluːtɪd/ NAmE /ˈkɑːnvəluːtɪd/ 1 extremely complicated and difficult to followa convoluted argument/​explanationa book with a convoluted plotI had to negotiate an amazingly convoluted one-way system.2 (formal) having many twists or curvesa convoluted coastline

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Conscientious

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con·scien·tious  ​adjective BrE /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ NAmE /ˌkɑːnʃiˈenʃəs/ taking care to do things carefully and correctlya conscientious student/​teacher/​workerHe was thorough and conscientious, rather than brilliant.She was a popular and conscientious teacher.

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Libel

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libel  ​noun BrE /ˈlaɪbl/ NAmE /ˈlaɪbl/ [uncountable, countable] the act of printing a statement about somebody that is not true and that gives people a bad opinion of themHe sued the newspaper for libel. a libel action (= a case in a court of law)In a libel action a newspaper must prove that any comments it printed are true.➔ COMPARE  ​slander

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Precedent

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pre·ce·dent  ​noun BrE /ˈpresɪdənt/ NAmE /ˈpresɪdənt/ 1 [countable, uncountable] an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation laterThe ruling set a precedent for future libel cases. 2 [countable, uncountable] a similar action or event that happened earlierhistorical precedentsThere is no precedent for a disaster of this scale. Such protests are without precedent in recent history. 3 [uncountable] the way that things have always been done ➔ SYNONYM  ​traditionto break with precedent (= to do something in a different way)➔ SEE ALSO  ​unprecedented▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Overturning a legal precedent is no easy matter.The achievements of this period were without precedent in history.The judge based his decision on precedents set during the Middle Ages.The ruling does not set a binding precedent.There are many literary precedents for this strategy.There is a strong precedent for such a strategy.There is ample precedent for this tactic.There is no obvious precedent for this law.There was a federal court precedent for this.This case could could serve as a precedent for others against the tobacco companies.This lowering of standards sets a dangerous precedent for future developments.This would have set a dangerous new precedent.The decision of the local authority was based on historical precedent.

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Enshrine

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en·shrine  ​verb BrE /ɪnˈʃraɪn/ NAmE /ɪnˈʃraɪn/ ▶ Verb Forms[usually passive] enshrine something (in something) (formal) to make a law, right, etc. respected or official, especially by stating it in an important written documentThese rights are enshrined in the countryʼs constitution. November 4, 2008 is already enshrined as a key date in American history.

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Egregious

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egre·gious  ​adjective BrE /ɪˈɡriːdʒiəs/ NAmE /ɪˈɡriːdʒiəs/ (formal)extremely badegregious behaviouran egregious error

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Dissent

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dis·sent  ​verb BrE /dɪˈsent/ NAmE /dɪˈsent/ ▶ Verb Forms[intransitive] dissent (from something) (formal) to have or express opinions that are different from those that are officially acceptedOnly two ministers dissented from the official view. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    There were a few dissenting voices, but the vast majority supported the plan.

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Roughly

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rough·ly  ​adverb BrE /ˈrʌfli/ NAmE /ˈrʌfli/ 1 approximately but not exactlySales are up by roughly 10%. We live roughly halfway between here and the coast. They all left at roughly the same time. Roughly speaking, we receive about fifty letters a week on the subject. 2 using force or not being careful and gentleHe pushed her roughly out of the way. ‘What do you want?ʼ she demanded roughly. 3 in a way that does not leave a smooth surfaceroughly plastered walls

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Rupture

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rup·ture  ​verb BrE /ˈrʌptʃə(r)/ NAmE /ˈrʌptʃər/ ▶ Verb Forms1 [transitive, intransitive] rupture (something/​yourself) (medical) to burst or break apart something inside the body; to be broken or burst aparta ruptured appendixHe ruptured himself (= got a hernia) trying to lift the piano. Barnes played his first game since rupturing an Achilles tendon five months ago.2 [transitive, intransitive] rupture (something) (formal) to make something such as a container or a pipe break or burst; to be broken or burstThe impact ruptured both fuel tanks. A pipe ruptured, leaking water all over the house. 3 [transitive] rupture something (formal) to make an agreement or good relations between people or countries endthe risk of rupturing North-South relations

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Eloquent

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elo·quent  ​adjective BrE /ˈeləkwənt/ NAmE /ˈeləkwənt/ 1 able to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you are speaking in publican eloquent speech/​speaker2 (of a look or movement) able to express a feelingHis eyes were eloquent. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    He grew very eloquent on the subject.He waxed eloquent about her talents as an actress.a very eloquent speakerIt was an eloquent and well-informed speech.She was an eloquent speaker, with a beautiful voice

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Luxuriant

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lux·uri·ant  ​adjective BrE /lʌɡˈʒʊəriənt/ NAmE /lʌɡˈʒʊriənt/ 1 (of plants or hair) growing thickly and strongly in a way that is attractiveluxuriant vegetationthick, luxuriant hair2 (especially of art or the atmosphere of a place) rich in something that is pleasant or beautifulthe poetʼs luxuriant imagery

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quadruple  ​

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quad·ru·ple  ​verb ▶ Verb FormsBrE /kwɒˈdruːpl/ NAmE /kwɑːˈdruːpl/ [intransitive, transitive] quadruple (something) to become four times bigger; to make something four times biggerSales have quadrupled in the last five years.

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Ripe

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ripe  ​adjective NAmE /raɪp/ (riper, rip·est)1 (of fruit or crops) fully grown and ready to be eatenPick the tomatoes before they get too ripe.➔ OPPOSITE  ​unripe2 (of cheese or wine) having a flavour that has fully developed ➔ SYNONYM  ​mature3 (of a smell) strong and unpleasant4 ripe (for something) ready or suitable for something to happenThis land is ripe for development. The conditions were ripe for social change. Reforms were promised when the time was ripe. ▶ Word Origin▼ Extra examples    Some of the apples were not quite ripe.The army has withdrawn, leaving the country ripe for the picking.The crops were just about ripe.a really ripe strawberry Idiomsa/​the ripe old age (of…)an age that is considered to be very oldHe lived to the ripe old age of 91.

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Penetration

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pene·tra·tion  ​noun BrE /ˌpenəˈtreɪʃn/ NAmE /ˌpenəˈtreɪʃn/ [uncountable]1 the act or process of making a way into or through somethingThe floor is sealed to prevent water penetration. the companyʼs successful penetration of overseas marketsOur aim is to achieve greater market penetration.The country has the highest cell phone penetration in Europe.2 the act of a man putting his penis into his partnerʼs vagina or anus