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50 Cards in this Set
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Simone de Beauvoir |
1908-86 Philosopher, feminist. Wrote the Second Sex. |
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The Second Sex |
Critiques patriarchy, continues to challenge social/political/religious categories that have been used to justify women's inferior status. Very philosophical. Her analysis was layed out on existential-phenomenological grounds. Argues for sexual equality. |
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phenomenology |
the combination of the natural world and human relationships. A key aspect is the interaction between self and the world (eg gendered self and gendered world). |
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Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex's arguments for sexual equality |
1. Exposes the ways that patriarchal ideology exploits sexual difference to create systems of inequality. 2. Identifies the ways that arguments for equality erase the sexual difference in order to establish the masculine subject as the absolute human type. |
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Immanence |
the historic domain assigned to women by patriarchal institutions |
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transcendence |
the ability to move beyond social restrictions into the external universe |
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"women are forced to relinquish their existential right to transcendence and accept a circumscribed and repetitive imprisonment" |
Simone de Beauvoir |
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Production and reproduction idea |
woman is neither exclusively a worker nor exclusively a womb |
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Venus of Willendore |
An ancient figure Found with no context, but given the exaggerated womanly figure (large breasts, stomach, hips) it was assumed to be a fertility talisman, though in the era it was just what was wanted in a mate. |
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Egyptian canon |
In their drawings, the human body was schematic, mapped in a grid system. Since here, biology was equal... gender had so be performative. Those in power are depicted as physically larger. |
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Women's roles according to ancient Greece |
Mourner, Sacrifice, |
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Peerless Penelope |
Her loyalty is what is historically emphasized, despite the fact that she singlehandedly ran a country for 20 years and raised her sons amazingly successful on her own but always noted for her subordination |
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Antigone |
buried her brother against the wishes of Creon, the king, and was killed for it. Her role as woman was "mourner" but was killed for her disobedience. Art denied this activism and pushed it under the rug |
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Amazon women - deviants! |
Big tough women warriors In art they were dressed in subversive costumes/dressed as degenerates Skill was subverted by the way their costumes portray them. |
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Budicca/Boadicea |
queen - female protagonist clash of pagan, classical, and Judeo-Christian ethics. Fought against the romans Her story very much went against the social norm which was uncomfortable so it was swept under the rug until it was convenient. statue was erected during the rule of queen victoria (giving her power) |
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Gloria Steinem |
American feminist/journalist/social and political activist. Big in the women's liberation movement (1960s) Thought a matriarchial model was the formative organization of pre-historic societies (the gynocratic age) |
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Cynthia Eller |
critiques the myth of matriarchal prehistory. Wishful thinking! "an invented past won't give women a future" |
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Lillith |
Adam's first wife... refused to be subservient and chose to become a demon rather than be a slave Though scholar's aren't totally sure where Lillith came from, it's possible that she was inspired by Somarian myths of female vampires. |
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women and nature |
Woman as destructive/destroyer |
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Book of hours |
book of prayers by hours Small (portable) so that women could take it with them in their daily lives you were supposed to refer to it so you could live your life like Virgin Mary |
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Chivalry |
Portray women as in charge and men as their doting servants but it is the reverse Unhealthy obession Women are on an unreachable pedestal (divine, inhuman, mischievous when they act of their own agency) Women are still just property! |
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Results of courtly love |
Unrealistic Adulterous Women on inaccessible pedestal Keeps men from reaching full potential (eg guinevere and lancelot) |
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Romance of the rose |
Showing that chivalry is flawed once the game is over it all falls to pieces |
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Christine's Opus |
Importance of women's past contributions to society How women of all social classes can counteract the growth of misogyny Critical of the romance of the rose as immoral Many pictures of her.. discussing philosophy with men, teaching her son, building and chatting with ladies Wrote Book of the City of Ladies |
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Renaissance Humanism |
The return to favour of Greek and Roman antiquity Humanism is the term for the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period |
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Jakob Burckhardt |
Thought: Renaissance men reject the corporate values of medieval life Renaissance women enjoyed equality with men The renaissance was the birthplace of modern individualism |
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John Berger |
English art critic, novelist, painter, poet Essay - Ways of Seeing (a common university text) Important for the ideas of self/other Talks about male gaze - men look at women, and women watch themselves being looked at, turning herself into an object. Women are aware they are being watched and accept it. |
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Albertian Perspective |
Linear perspective man is active, woman is passive (omniscient male eye focused through a framing device upon his subject) |
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"Don't be born a woman if you want your own way" |
Excerpt from a letter by Nannina de Medici, displaying how even privileged, elite women were constrained/restricted by societal expectations |
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Giovanni Boccaccio |
an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist Wrote several things incl The Decameron and On Famous Women Said to be a woman in the world was to be the object of the male gaze |
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"Beauty is an order or arrangement" |
Alberti Artifice meets realism! |
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male gaze |
assumes that women are a subject. A subject that is constantly studied, surveyed, judged. |
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female nude as a political device |
neoplatonic Academic, asexual, pure Erotic love compels divine love to descend to earth While the divine vs earthly love exploits the female body, it also reinforces the distrust of attraction. |
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Cecilia Gallerani |
Acclaimed for her intelligence and beauty. She was literate and spoke with famous philosophers The mistress of someone wealthy. and early instance of the courtesan (lacks the security of marriage) |
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courtesan |
the new type of position in the court wo was rhetorically celebrated as intelligent, accomplished, outspoken, sensual Lacks security of marriage. May be accomplished and a companion, but they remain a peripheral one. |
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"I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves" |
said by Mary Wollstonecraft |
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Mary Wollstonecraft |
Wrote a vindication of the rights of woman One of the best English writers of her time. Philosopher - looks at how women's minds are neglected(incl quick association of gender roles) |
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"Taught from their infancy that beauty is woman's sceptre, the mind shapes itself to the body, and roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its prison" |
Said by Mary Wollstonecraft |
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"Women are systematically degraded by receiving the trivial attentions which men think it manly to pay to the sex, when, in fact, men are insultingly supporting their own superiority." |
said by Mary Wollstonecraft how some courtesies that are shown to women are systematically oppressive |
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Mary Astell |
Put forward a similar thesis as Wollstonecraft but 100 years prior, calling out how women are confined to domestic activities and their lack of education (and how they're blamed for not having the education that the same people denied them)
Thesis was repressed because it was uncomfortable |
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Secret meaning of ghost stories |
the theme of female writers using the supernatural as a way to challenge societal roles Eg. Mary Shelley (Frankenstein) |
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Aphra Behn |
A playwright, secret agent and social activist The plays that she wrote were considered bawdy and the victorians disapproved. First woman to make a living by writing. |
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Hannah Woolley |
pioneered the idea that the wife is essentially the head of a business (cooking, healthcare...) wrote a cookbook (the first writer FOR other women, which was noteable because it agknowledged that being a woman is learned rather than innate |
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Jane Sharp |
(Book begins with "sisters" - she is specifically, without doubt, speaking to women) Wrote about midwifing During the time of the medicalizing of childbirth |
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Margaret Cavendish |
Created sci fi? The first one to publish a sci fi novel ever |
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Jane Austen |
Wrote books like "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" dichotomy! (betw romance fiction, social insights) not all the marriages in her novels are happy ones, and the ones who do marry well are intelligent, even though typical female behaviour was stereotypical she portrayed society's expectations/requirements for women. |
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"Fame never yet spoke well of woman" |
Nell Gwyn quote |
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Nell Gwyn |
mistress to king charles II, despite being lower class. Actress "pretty, witty Nell" |
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The book "clarissa. Or, the history of a young lady" |
championed individual rights written by Samuel Richardson who wanted a free society (including women) In the novel Clarissa chooses to live outside of society rather than be oppressed within it and having to marry her rapist. |
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didactic imagery |
images that are supposed to teach (how to behave, etc) |
