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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Monroe Doctrine
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directed at Europe
anti colonization |
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"corrupt bargain"
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deal between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams
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Oldest political party
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Democrat
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"spoils system"
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refers to giving out government jobs as political rewards
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in the doctrine of nullification, Calhoun argued that:
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the federal government was a creation of the state AND that states, not the courts or Congress, should decide the constitutionality of federal laws
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the major goal of the United States policy toward Indians in the early 1800's
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to acquire for white society the land occupied by native tribes
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Taney's supreme court ruling in Charles River bridge vs Warren Bridge reflect what ideal
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the Jacksonian ideal that a democracy required expanded economic opportunity
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Who were leading Whigs at some point in their career
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Webster, Clay, and Calhoun
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the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the US during the three decades before the Civil war came from
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Ireland and Germany
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"Know-Nothings" movement was aimed at reducing the influence of
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Irish Catholics
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Prior to its admission to the Union, Texas was what
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an independent republic
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What was the "immediate" cause of the war with Mexico
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a border dispute
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within the pre-civil war south, economic power shifted how
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from the upper south to the lower south
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Southern white lower-class resentment of the cottonocracy was most likely to be found
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in the mountainous regions
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the "peculiar institution" refers to what
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southern slavery
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to manumit means
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to free
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what was the name given by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape to canada?
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underground railroad
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the American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to
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Liberia
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Houston Texas was named after
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Sam Houston, the hero of the battle of San Jacinto
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the american general who captured Mexico City
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Winfield Scott
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The Compromise of 1850 was a result of a request by ___ to enter the Union as a free state
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California
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the Republican party in 1860 supported
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free soil, a pacific railroad, a homestead act...
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Congressman Brooks
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nephew of Senator Butler
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How did Lincoln win the race of 1860
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most electoral votes
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Battle of Bull Run
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the south won because reinforcements arrived from Winchester
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the American System
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advocated by Henry Clay:
1. inernal improvements 2. Bank of the United States 3. a protective tariff |
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Missouri Compromise
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the work of Henry Clay, a united states senator
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The House of Representative chose this man to be President in 1824
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John Quincy Adams
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Andrew Jackson's secretary of state
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Van Buren
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Columbia Convention
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nullified the Tariff of 1832 in South Carolina
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Two points of Jackson's in his veto of the bank re-charter bill
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1. many govt men are indebted to the bank (like Webster)
2. it is too large and undemocratic |
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First whig president of the United States
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William Henry Harrison
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lost to polk
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Clay
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the Black Hawk tribe
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Led the Sac and Fox Indians agains whites in Illinois
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negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Trist
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more than 70% of american cotton was exported to
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england
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this iron works was located in richmond va in 1850
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Tradegar Iron works]
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wrote the LIBERATOR
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Garrison
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author of "Resistance to Civil Government"
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Thoreau
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founder of mormon church
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Smith
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UNCLE TOM"S CABIN
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harriet beecher stowe
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Three giants of the senate who voted for the compromise of 1850
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1. Clay
2. Calhoun 3. Webster |
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Ostend Manifesto
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claimed that we had the right to take Cuba from spain
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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negotiating of Douglas, an illinois senator
* |
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In this case, Taney decided the issue of popular sovereignty
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Dred scott
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two participants in the Lincoln-Douglas debate
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Lincoln and Douglas
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Harper's Ferry
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John Brown attacked this federal arsenal in 1859 trying to start slave rebellion
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Millard Fillmore
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became president after the attack of Zachary Taylor
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three advantages enjoyed by the north at the beginning of the civil war
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1. a greater population
2. better transportation (rivers...) 3. better supplies (arms, uniforms) from closer industry |
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majority of army officers from ___
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westpoint
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Two armies that fought for four years in nova theater of the civil war
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Potomac and Virginia
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Two republicans represented in the radical position on slavery in the US congress
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Thaddeus Stevens and Sumner
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this kind of Democrat opposed all measures in support of war
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"southern democrats"
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San Jacinto
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the american warship, stopped by the british ship - Trent- and took slidell and mason off the ship, also took 2 envoys.
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greenbacks
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paper money not backed by gold, issued by north during civil war to help finance the war
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abe lincoln sent a congressman from ohio to the confederacy because of his anti-Union views... named:
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Villadaghath
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Lincoln's inaugural address granted what
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Free Soil
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two forts that were the only federal properties after the south seceded from the north
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Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens
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city and state capital of the CSA or Confederate States of America
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Montgomery, Alabama
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reasons the south did not like the north very much and chose to secede
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1. south saw lincoln as an evil abolitionist
2. thought he planned a direct hit on slavery 3. thought they would be overwhelmed by people of the north, thought north was becoming an international giant |
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Advantages of the North
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population
transportation industrial strength navy control (could replace men, guns, supplies, etc) |
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Advantages of the South
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Robert E Lee, good leadership
strongly defensive "cotton weapon" |
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results of the emancipation proclamation
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1. an increase of racial prejudices: the idea of equality with blacks was not a popular one
- people thought they would make disease more possible, wages would lover, etc |
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"Massachussetts 54"
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black division of the union army wh proved themselves when they won/ won respect from many whites
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Fort Pillow
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massacre on the mississippi
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Presidential election of 1864 in the middle of the war
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republican: lincoln
democrat: mclellan Lincoln wins |
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Age of Reconstruction
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started by Lincoln to bring all areas back to the union with little punishment
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how the president and the congress disagreed during the age of reconstruction
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argued over how to get the south back into the union
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how had (and does) Lincoln discuss the succession
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pretends it never happened
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Lincoln's 10% plan:
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1. General Amnesty to white southerners (except davis and stevens)
2. had to end slavery 3. when 10% voters to an oath to the union, the state could estsblish a government |
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Lincoln's platform as a Republican candidate
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high tariff
free soil Missouri Compromise Anti Immigrant Homestead Act Free Kansas Internal Improvements |
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CSA
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Confederate States Association, led by Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stevens in Montgomery Alabama
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copperheads
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war-opposing, extreme Democrats
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Trent Affair
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the Union ship, San Jacinto intercepted a British ship, the Trent, and took Confederate soldiers from it
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The alabama
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a ship made as a "commerce raider" and disguised as a neutrality vessel by the british
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Freedom of slaves in any CSA state that did not join the Union
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the 1864 Union Party
(National Union Party) |
an alliance of Republicans and northern Democrats
supposedly what Lincoln was part of in his reelection |
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Homestead Act
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An applicant would be allowed to buy 160 acres of land in uncharted territory
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Pacific Railroad Act
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secured and aided the construction of the Pacific Railroad (as federal property)
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National Banking Reform act of 1863
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issuance of paper money
bank supervision "Prompt redemption of paper money" |
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Wade Davis Bill
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a radical plan
-president to appoint a provisional governor for each state -a majority of white males pledge allegiance to union (state convention) - delegates to be people who have not fought against the union VERY HARSH ON THE SOUTH (repudiate slavery, new anti-slavery constitution, disinfranchise confederate leaders) |
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Andrew Johnson
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Lincoln's VP who took his place as president when lincoln was killed
-hated the "planter Aristocracy" -a war democrat -self made man |
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Johnson's Plan
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general Amnesty(forgiveness)
-Wade-Davis Bill -renounce ordinanace of secession -certain things must be met by the south, but no punishment -abolish slavery -ratify 13th amendment -repudiate southern debt |
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13th amendment
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abolish slavery
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14th amendment
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Civil Rights Amendment
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15th Amendment
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Black men have the right to vote
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Chair of the "Joint Committee on Reconstruction"
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Thaddeus Stevens
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the first Civil Rights Bill
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-all blacks are citizens of the US
-the Federal govt has the right to intervene in a state to protect black's rights |
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the 14th Amendment
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-equal protection
-born or naturalized* -repudiate the debt -if ratified, state would be put back into the union |
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Which state ratifies the 14th amendment first?
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Tennessee
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Martial Laws
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Military districts, military imposition
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who decides impeachment
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House judiciary committee
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Tenure of Office Act
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helped Edwin Staunton, didn't allow for the president to "fire" anyone who held tenure in their office
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Ben Wade
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president "protempt", he was the temporary head of Senate
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Army Appropriation Act
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limitted the president's power to control the military
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some courageous republicans who vothe 10th act that stated the president had not treated Congress with respect
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Edmond Ross and Lymond Trumbo
-SO JOHNSON KEEPS HIS PRESIDENCY |
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in the reconstruction period, how were civil rights unique
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Black men would have more rights then than they would have until the 60's -- after the late 1870's, black men were again almost slaves
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carpetbaggers
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northerners who came south to reconstruct it
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scallywags
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southerners who joined with carpetbaggers
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freed blacks
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idea of "Black Reconstruction" which was the idea that blacks were in control and "inferior" but did some good
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how did the south get money to rebuild itself after the civil war
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borrowed money from the north, the north had high interest rates
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problems in the south during reconstruction
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the south did not have power in proportion to their numbers
corruption HOWEVER, some blacks had some success. most people (blacks and whites) dealt with the crop lien system... |
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Crop Lien system
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-local country store would supply needs but would have absurdly high interest rates, so basically if you had capital, you would survive. If you didnt, you would not.
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sharecropping
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all servants would live on land in return for working with the crop, but still everyone ends up owing the rich guy of the town money
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Mexico, during and after civil war
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French took advantage of them, Johnson sent French troops to Mexico, throne of Mexico to maximilian (US was anti, but napolean backed him up)
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Paul Sheridan
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sent to the border of Mexico when Napoleon drew troops and Maximilian was shot
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William Seward
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against Lincoln for the republican candidacy before the Civil war
-came up with "Seward's Icebox" as a name for Alaska -bought Alaska -was very interested in expansion |
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Horatio Seymour
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Democrat opponent to Ulysses S. Grant(a republican) in the Election of 1868
-believed in Civil Rights as state decision |
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Republican Platform during 1868 election (Grant)
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1.GAR grand army of the republic (Union Army veterans to keep in touch...)
2. High Tariff 3. Hard money, not greenbacks (favored by democrats) |
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who called Grant a very honest man?
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Hamilton Fish
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Horace Greeley
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founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, editor of leading newspaper a "bad candidate"
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Credit Mobilier
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issued in the Lincoln presidency, congressment were bribed during the Johnson presidency too, and the scandal was discovered during Grants presidency
-had to do with the Union Pacific Railroad and Credit Mobilier stock distribution |
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Whiskey Ring
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John MacDonald and other IRS officials were taking bribes from Whiskey distillers, ripped off the public
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John macDonald
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appointed by Grant, was head of the Internal Revenue office of the midwest, led in taking bribes in the "Whiskey Ring"
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who "let no guilty man escape" but let his friend "go" when he was in on something bad
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Grant...
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Black Friday Affair
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an attempt to corner the Gold Market by Jim Fiske and J. Gould
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in the Black Friday affair, how would one "corner the Gold Market"
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-control all gold produced in the US
- charge whatever you wanted to make a profit |
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how did Gould and Fiske try to corner the gold market with Grant in charge?
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-tried to convince Grant that gold was undervalued
-wanted to raise its value -were successful in these things^ WERE VERY CLOSE TO CAUSING AN ECONOMIC DEPRESSION/CRISIS! a lot of people were hurt by this |
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Salary Grab
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an example of low public morals
-a bill was passed for a 25,000 pay raise for each member of the (congress*) -passed BUT repealed |
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William Shepherd
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showed the low morals of the time at a city level:
-took 1 million dollars and went to Europe |
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William "Boss" Tweed
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controlled new York City for about 4 yrs, behind the scenes, and stole more than 65 million dollars...
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Thomas Nast
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an early and influential cartoonist
-Harper's Weekly, for example was eventually prosecuted, sent to jail, but got himself out and went to Europe |
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The Panic of 1873
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Failure of J Cook and Company
-was an investment bank firm - greenbacks* by the federal govt |
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Grant and most republicans wanted a sound currency based on gold, but what was the problem
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hundreds of millions of greenbacks were still circulating
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who belonged to the greenback party
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Farmers and Creditors
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"I don't give a damn about a greenback dollar"
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Kingston Trio
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Hamilton Fish
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part of Grant's administration: started the consulate system which made sure people were qualified for their jobs
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Treaty of Washington
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Made after issues from "the alabama"
- end of reconstruction -north cost interest* |
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what was the deal between Democrats and Republicans at the end of Reconstruction?
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Hayes would be supported as a President!
-share of federal patronage (or jobs) -at least one southerner in Hayes' cabinet -money for southern internal improvements-withdrawal of federal troops in the south |
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the legacy of reconstruction
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-a redistribution of Income and property
-blacks formed and carved out societies of their own -southern white elites were again back in control... -the US fails in dealing with the race problem ^this is evidence of that THE NEW SOUTH IS THE "SOLID" SOUTH |
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The conservative "Oligarchy"
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small group of people in the south, sort of defined "solid south", called "redeemers" or "bourbons"
-took control of the south -were bankers, Merchants, industrialists, the owners of factories, etc |
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what was the "platform" of the oligarchy. what was their mindset?
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should reduce state services: schools, hospitals, etc
the rich should not be taxed |
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Henry Grady
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wrote for the Atlanta Constitution
-believed in progress, industrialization for the white race -textile, steel progress |
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what Grady called the "Pittsburgh of the South"
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Birmingham alabama
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Booker T Washington
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believed the way of getting ahead for the black community was education
-founded Tuskegee institute, attended "Hampton Institute" -felt that blacks should forget political rights and seek individual improvement |
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Atlanta Compromise
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Where Booker T Washington met with white leaders
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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argued for complete equality for his race immediately
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there were a series of civil rights cases put before the supreme court. how were many of them ruled?
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-state govts could not discriminate because of race, but this did NOT prevent or restrict private organizations of people from doing so (KKK)
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KKK
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started by Nathan B Forrest who was a confederate general
-Fort Pillow Massacre -basically was formed to intimidate blacks and whites who would support Republican rule |
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States still in the hands of Republicans
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Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana
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In the election of 1876, the democrat candidate was
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Sam Tilden
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In the election of 1876, the republican candidate was
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Rutherford B Hayes
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At the election of 1876, what was the division in the republican party?
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Stalwarts and Halfbreeds
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Leader of the Halfbreeds
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Blaine
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Leader of the Stalwarts
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Conkling
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In the election of 1876, explain the majorities of the house and senate
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Senate: Republican majority
House: Democratic majority |
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The Electoral Commission
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this body of people (and its act) served to solve the dispute of the election of 1876 and who won.
-an independent republican was chosen, but he resigned, so a republican voted and voted in favor of the republican ticket. so Hayes wins (he did not win initially) |
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David Davis
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the original man who was to break the tie, who resigned right before voting
-was an independent republican |
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Joseph Brady
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was the deciding vote, in place of David Davis
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Plessy vs Ferguson
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ruled blacks as "Separate but equal"
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Cummings vs County
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unequal school opportunities for blacks
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who controlled the south and the vote?
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whites
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POPULIST MOVEMENT
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the movement by poor whites and poor blacks to vote out the "redeemers" or the conservative oligarchy.
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Tom Watson
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a populist who was almost successful, but the redeemers were more successful in convincing many that the "black man would steal opportunities from the white people"
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Williams vs Mississippi
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about literacy tests
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Poll Test
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must PAY to VOTE
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"Grandfather Tax"
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if grandfather could vote, you could vote...
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Ida B Wells
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black woman from Memphis, a Journalist, who led crusade against lynchings
(they decreased into the 20th cent.) |
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Wabash Case
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-Granger Laws
-limited states rights in interstate commerce (to make it a federal thing) |
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Interstate Commerce Act
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-Federal government tried to protect people against big corporations
-much like the "Sherman antitrust act -prevented pooling and rebates |
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Agrarian revolt
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as part of reform and the Populist party, the "Farmer's Alliance" would try to fix the adverse effects of the crop-lien system
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Ocala Demands
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a platform for economic reform used by the Populist Party
-crops as collateral to borrow money from govt -sub-treasuries, so farmers could deposit crops to govt owned warehouses -abolition of national banks (National banking act* was passed, helped govt, greenbacks) -direct election of senators -recall and referendum -govt ownership of telephone telegraph -graduated income tax -silver |
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Graduated Income Tax
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the idea that the more you make, the more you pay
-the 16th amendment |
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17th amendment
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direct senator election
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Why were banks the enemy?
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loans were bad for the farmers
banks took over the farm. |
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the silver question
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silver becomes more valuable
-"bi-metalism" govt is pressured to mint silver |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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requires the govt to buy silver with gold in it, but not coin
REPEALED BY Cleveland & his administration, who thought this was a drain on gold |
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The Election of 1896
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McKinley (and campaign manager mark hanna) wins
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McKinley's platform
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1. High Tariff
2. Full Diner Pail 3. Gold Standard |
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the split between regions and parties:
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Conservative Democrats to the east, Populists to the south and west
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Platform/thoughts of William Jennings Bryan
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1. free silver
2. tariff reduction 3. income tax 4. trust and railroad control ----> CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH |
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Argument against expansion
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not take in people of alien race and traditions
-stay away from foreign entanglements |
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Conservatives were mainly what sectarian?
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protestant
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factors of party loyalty
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1. region
2. religion 3. ethnic difference |
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what did the national govt do in the late 19th century:
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1. delivered mail
2. national military (what was of it) 3. foreign policy 4. collected taxis and tariffs 5. pension system for the union civil war vets & their widows, to end when the generation died out -politicians were not concerned with ISSUES but with WINNING OFFICE all about govt jobs & controlling patronage |
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"Lemonade Lucy"
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Hayes wife who would not serve liquor in the white house
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Election of 1880: Republican ticket
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Garfield (a halfbreed) and Arthur (a stalwart) as prez and vp respectively with Blaine (halfbreed) as a sec of state
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Election of 1880: Democrat ticket
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General Winfield Scott
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Garfield wins, but is shot by
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Guiteau who wants Arthur to be prez, because arthur is a stalwart
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Pendleton Act
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an act for civil service reform
-competitive exams for positions in the "classified services" |
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Election of 1884:
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Blaine and Cleveland
-blaine said "burn this letter" -clevelend had a jingle about blaine's affair |
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"party of rum romanism and rebellion"
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Democratic party
labelled by Samuel Burchard, a protestant |
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Why do Irish in NY vote for cleveland
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blaine is against the irish
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Cleveland is the first Democratic president since
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Buchanan
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What does the Democratic Party do while in power (and while angering the Grand army of the republic) to try to put the country back together
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-return captured confederate flags
-confederates back in the cabinet |
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"a vote for Cleveland is a vote for England"
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Lionell Sackville-west, an english ambassador, wrote in a letter
-Harrison wins electoral -Cleveland wins popular vote -Harrison wins presidency |
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Trusts
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needed federal law to back them up
-states were passing laws agains them, but corporations were finding states to get them incorporated in * |
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the Sherman Antitrust act
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very symbolic in the late 19th century
-was against the abuses of big business -against labor unions |
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ICC- Interstate Commerce Commission
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regulated trade barriers, the railroad, and other labor unions
-protected the people supposedly from these big businesses signed by Grover Cleveland |
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McKinley Tariff
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high "republican tariff"
-angered voters caused Cleveland to win agains harrison in the election of 1892 "split tongue"* |
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People's Party, Populist Party led by
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Weaver
-for economic reform -socialistic system |
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Cleveland made what tariff that was the first reduction since the Civil war
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff
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Railroad reforms
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1. Granger Laws
2. Wabash Case 3. ICC |
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American System
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an economic plan embraced by Hamilton, Fist, Clay
high tariff for internal improvements a strong national bank to handle the economy defense against "dumping of cheap foreign goods" |
