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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Top 10 producers of wine in the world (countries) |
France Italy US Spain Argentina Germany South Africa Australia Chile Portugal |
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Fermentation formula |
Sugar + yeast = alcohol + Carbon dioxide |
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What are the 3 major types of wine |
Table Wine: 8-15% alcohol Sparkling Wine: 8-12% alcohol Fortified Wine: 17-22% alcohol |
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Vitis is Latin for |
Vine |
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Vinum is Latin for |
Wine |
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What are the most important factors in winemaking |
Geographic location Soil Weather Grapes Vinification |
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How long does it take for a vine to produce grapes suitable for winemaking |
3 years |
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What is Brix |
The winemakers measure of sugar in grapes |
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As sugar increases what happens to the acidity |
Acidity drops |
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What is the average time between a vine’s flowering and harvest? |
100 days average |
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What is the result of rain just before harvest on the grapes and wine? |
The grapes swell with water diluting the juice making thin watery wines |
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What is the result and solution for: Frost |
Result: reduced yield
Solution: various frost protection methods: wind machines, sprinkler systems, flaming heaters |
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What is the result and solution for: Not enough sun |
Result: Underripe, green, herbal, végétal character, high acid, low sugar
Solution: chaptalization ( thé addition of sugar to must- fresh grape juice - during fermentation) |
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What is the result and solution for: Too much sun |
Result: overripe, high alcohol, prune character
Solution: amelioration (addition of water) |
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What is the result and solution for: Too much rain |
Result: thin watery wines
Solution: move vineyard to drier climate |
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What is the result and solution for: Mildew |
Result: rot
Solution: spray with copper sulfate |
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What is the result and solution for: Drought |
Result: scorched grapes
Solution: irrigate or pray for rain |
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What is the result and solution for: Phylloxera |
Result: dead vines
Solution: graft vines onto resistant rootstock |
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What is the result and solution for: High alcohol |
Result: change in the balance of the components
Solution: de-alcoholize |
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What is the result and solution for: High acidity |
Result: sour tart wine Solution: de-acidify |
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What is phylloxera? |
A grape louse, grapevines worst enemy, eventually kills the whole plant.
Phylloxera epidemic in the 1870s nearly destroyed all the vineyards in Europe. Saved by grafting European vines to the resistant roots of the Native American vitis labrusca rootstocks |
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How many grapes in a bottle of wine |
600-800 grapes or 24 pounds |
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Can white wine be made from red grapes ? |
Yes by removing the skin immediately after picking. Examples include Pinot noir in champagne or California’s white Zinfandel is made from red zinfandel grapes |
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What is tannin |
Natural substance from skin stems and pips of grapes and from wooden barrels. Natural preservative that enables and allows wine to improve with age. In young wines tannin can be astringent and bitter. |
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What makes a wine last more than 5 years? |
The color of the grape, the vintage, where the wine comes from, vinification, storage.
The color and the grape:red wines, because of their tannin content, will generally age longer than whites. The vintage: the better the weather conditions a certain year the more likely the wines from that vintage will have better balance of fruit acid and tannins and therefore have the potential to age longer Where the wine comes from: certain vineyards have optimum conditions for growing grapes including such factors of soil weather drainage and slope of the land. All this contributes to producing a great wine that will need time to age How the wine was made (vinification): thé longer thé wine remains in contact with its skins during fermentation (maceration) and if it’s fermented and/or aged in oak the more of the natural preservative tannin it will have which will help it age longer. These are just two examples of how winemaking can affect the aging of wine. Wine storage conditions: even the best made wines will not age well if they are improperly stored. |
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A |
B |
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What percentage of wines are made to be aged? |
10% 90% should be consumed within a year |
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How many bottles of wine annually from one grape vine? |
5 |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in France: |
AOC Appellation d’origine contrôlée |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in France: |
AOC Appellation d’origine contrôlée |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in Italy |
DOC Denominazione do origine controllata |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in France: |
AOC Appellation d’origine contrôlée |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in Italy |
DOC Denominazione do origine controllata |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in US |
Alcohol and tobacco tax and trade bureau |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in germany |
Ministry of agriculture |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in germany |
Ministry of agriculture |
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What is the government sponsored control agency and laws in Spain |
DO Denominación de origen |
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How many bottles of wine in a barrel |
240 |
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How many bottles of wine in a barrel |
240 |
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How many bottles of wine produced annually from an acre of grapevine |
5500 |
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What happens to red wines color as they age? |
Lose color |
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What happens to white wine as they age |
They gain color |
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What are three reasons why a white wine might have more color |
It’s older
Different grape varietal (ie Chardonnay is a deeper color than Sauvignon blanc)
The wine is aged in wood |
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How many bottles of wine in a barrel |
240 |
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How many bottles of wine produced annually from an acre of grapevine |
5500 |
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What happens to red wines color as they age? |
Lose color |
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What happens to white wine as they age |
They gain color |
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What are three reasons why a white wine might have more color |
It’s older
Different grape varietal (ie Chardonnay is a deeper color than Sauvignon blanc)
The wine is aged in wood |
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What is the difference between the terms bouquet, aroma, nose |
Bouquet is the total smell of the wine
Aroma is the smell of the grapes
N’ose is the word wine tasters use to describe the bouquet and aroma of the wine |
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What does the negative smell of vinegar signify? |
Too much acetic acid in the wine |
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What does the smell of sherry in wine signify |
Oxidation
Real sherry is made through intentionally controlled oxidation |
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What does the negative smell of vinegar signify? |
Too much acetic acid in the wine |
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What does the smell of sherry in wine signify |
Oxidation
Real sherry is made through intentionally controlled oxidation |
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What does it signify if your wine smells dank, wet, moldy or cellar smell |
Wine absorbs there taste of a defective cork ( corked ) |
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What does the negative smell of vinegar signify? |
Too much acetic acid in the wine |
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What does the smell of sherry in wine signify |
Oxidation
Real sherry is made through intentionally controlled oxidation |
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What does it signify if your wine smells dank, wet, moldy or cellar smell |
Wine absorbs there taste of a defective cork ( corked ) |
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What does it mean if your wine smells like sulfur or burnt matches |
Too much sulfur dioxide
All wines contain some sulfur dioxide as it is a by product of fermentation. |
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What are the four tastes |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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What are the four tastes |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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What causes bitterness in wine |
High alcohol and tannin |
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What are the four tastes |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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What causes bitterness in wine |
High alcohol and tannin |
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What does sweetness indicate in a wine |
Sweetness occurs in wines that have residual sugar after fermentation |
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What are the four tastes |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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What causes bitterness in wine |
High alcohol and tannin |
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What does sweetness indicate in a wine |
Sweetness occurs in wines that have residual sugar after fermentation |
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What does sour indicate in wine |
Sour or tart indicated acidity |
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Where is sweetness tasted |
The highest threshold for sweetness is on the top of the tongue. If there is any sweetness in the wine you will get it right away |
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Where is sweetness tasted |
The highest threshold for sweetness is on the top of the tongue. If there is any sweetness in the wine you will get it right away |
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Where on your tongue is acidity tasted. |
Acidity is tasted at the sides of the mouth and cheeks as well as the back of the throat. Sour/bitter |
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Where is bitterness tasted |
Back of tongue |
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Where is sweetness tasted |
The highest threshold for sweetness is on the top of the tongue. If there is any sweetness in the wine you will get it right away |
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Where on your tongue is acidity tasted. |
Acidity is tasted at the sides of the mouth and cheeks as well as the back of the throat. Sour/bitter |
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Where is bitterness tasted |
Back of tongue |
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Where is tannin experienced? |
Middle of tongue. When wines are young the tannin is high and it dries the mouth to excess it can coat your whole mouth and block the fruit.
Tannin is not a taste it is a tactile sensation |
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Where is sweetness tasted |
The highest threshold for sweetness is on the top of the tongue. If there is any sweetness in the wine you will get it right away |
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Where on your tongue is acidity tasted. |
Acidity is tasted at the sides of the mouth and cheeks as well as the back of the throat. Sour/bitter |
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Where is bitterness tasted |
Back of tongue |
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Where is tannin experienced? |
Middle of tongue. When wines are young the tannin is high and it dries the mouth to excess it can coat your whole mouth and block the fruit.
Tannin is not a taste it is a tactile sensation |
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Where will you experience the varietal characteristics and fruit? |
These are not tastes, but smells. The weight of the fruit will be felt in the middle of the tongue |
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Where is sweetness tasted |
The highest threshold for sweetness is on the top of the tongue. If there is any sweetness in the wine you will get it right away |
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Where on your tongue is acidity tasted. |
Acidity is tasted at the sides of the mouth and cheeks as well as the back of the throat. Sour/bitter |
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Where is bitterness tasted |
Back of tongue |
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Where is tannin experienced? |
Middle of tongue. When wines are young the tannin is high and it dries the mouth to excess it can coat your whole mouth and block the fruit.
Tannin is not a taste it is a tactile sensation |
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Where will you experience the varietal characteristics and fruit? |
These are not tastes, but smells. The weight of the fruit will be felt in the middle of the tongue |
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Where and how will you experience the aftertaste |
The overall taste in balance of the components of the wine that lingers in your mouth. how long the finish lasts is usually a sign of high-quality wine. the taste of many great ones can last from 1 to 3 minutes with all of the components in harmony |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is riesling grown best |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is riesling grown best |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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Where is Sauvignon blanc grow. Best |
Bordeaux, France Loire Valley, France New Zealand California |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is riesling grown best |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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Where is Sauvignon blanc grow. Best |
Bordeaux, France Loire Valley, France New Zealand California |
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Where is Chardonnay grown best |
Burgundy France Champagne France California Australia |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is riesling grown best |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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Where is Sauvignon blanc grow. Best |
Bordeaux, France Loire Valley, France New Zealand California |
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Where is Chardonnay grown best |
Burgundy France Champagne France California Australia |
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What are some common aromas for riesling |
Fruity lychee nut sweet spicy |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is riesling grown best |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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Where is Sauvignon blanc grow. Best |
Bordeaux, France Loire Valley, France New Zealand California |
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Where is Chardonnay grown best |
Burgundy France Champagne France California Australia |
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What are some common aromas for riesling |
Fruity lychee nut sweet spicy |
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What are some common aromas for Sauvignon blanc |
Grapefruit grass herbs cat pee green olives |
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What are five steps in judging and tasting wine |
Step one: look at the color of the wine. Step two: smell the wine three times Step three: take a sip and then on the second sip put the wine in your mouth and leave it there for 3 to 5 seconds. Step four: swallow the wine Step five: wait and concentrate on the wine for 60 seconds before discussing it |
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Where is best known for Riesling |
Germany Alsace, France New York State, US Washington State, US |
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Where is best known for Sauvignon Blanc |
Bordeaux, France Loire Valley, France New Zealand California |
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Where is best known for Chardonnay |
Burgundy France Champagne France California Australia |
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What are some common aromas for riesling |
Fruity lychee nut sweet spicy |
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What are some common aromas for Sauvignon blanc |
Grapefruit grass herbs cat pee green olives |
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What are some common aromas for Chardonnay |
Green apple butter citrus grapefruit melon oak pineapple toast vanilla |
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Where is best known for Albarino |
Spain |
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Where is best known for Albarino |
Spain |
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Where is best known for Chenin blanc |
Loire Valley france |
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Where is best known for Albarino |
Spain |
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Where is best known for Chenin blanc |
Loire Valley france |
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Where is best known for gewürztraminer, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris |
Alsace france |
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Where is best known for Albarino |
Spain |
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Where is best known for Chenin blanc |
Loire Valley france |
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Where is best known for gewürztraminer, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris |
Alsace france |
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Where is best known for Pinot Grigio |
Italy California and Oregon |
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Where is best known for Sémillon |
Bordeaux (sauternes) Australia |
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Where is best know. For viognier |
Rhône Valley France California |
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Where is best know. For viognier |
Rhône Valley France California |
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Where is best know. For grüner Veltliner? |
Austria |
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What are the major grapes in the Champagne region |
Pinot noir and chardonnay |
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What are the major grapes in the Champagne region |
Pinot noir and chardonnay |
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What are the major grapes in the Loire valley region |
Sauvignon blanc, chemin blanc, cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes in the Champagne region |
Sparkling wine
Pinot noir chardonnay |
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What are the major grapes in the Loire valley region |
Mostly white
Sauvignon blanc, chemin blanc, cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes grown in alsace |
Mostly white
Riesling gewürztraminer |
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What are the main grapes grown in the burgundy region |
Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Cabernet Sauvignon merlot Cabernet franc |
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What are the main grapes grown in the burgundy region |
Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Cabernet Sauvignon merlot Cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes grown in côtés du rhone |
Syrah Grenache |
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What are the main grapes grown in the burgundy region |
Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Cabernet Sauvignon merlot Cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes grown in côtés du rhone |
Syrah Grenache |
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What are the major grapes grown in Languedoc-Roussillon |
Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay |
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What are the main grapes grown in the burgundy region |
Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Cabernet Sauvignon merlot Cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes grown in côtés du rhone |
Syrah Grenache |
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What are the major grapes grown in Languedoc-Roussillon |
Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay |
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What are the major grapes grown in provence |
Red, white and rosé
Grenache Syrah |
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What are the main grapes grown in the burgundy region |
Red and white
Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Cabernet Sauvignon merlot Cabernet franc |
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What are the major grapes grown in côtés du rhone |
Mostly red
Syrah Grenache |
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What are the major grapes grown in Languedoc-Roussillon |
Red and white
Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay |
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What are the major grapes grown in provence |
Red, white and rosé
Grenache Syrah |
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Two great producers in provence |
Domaine Tempier Château Routas |
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What are the major grapes grown in Burgundy |
Red and white
Pinot noir Gamay Chardonnay |
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What is vin de pays |
This is a category that’s growing with importance in 1979 French legal decision liberalize the rules for this category permitting the use of non-traditional grapes in certain regions and even allowing vendors to label wines with the varietal rather than the original name for exporters to the American market consumers are becoming accustomed to buying wines by grape variety rather than geographical origin. |
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What is vin de pays |
This is a category that’s growing with importance in 1979 French legal decision liberalize the rules for this category permitting the use of non-traditional grapes in certain regions and even allowing vendors to label wines with the varietal rather than the original name for exporters to the American market consumers are becoming accustomed to buying wines by grape variety rather than geographical origin. |
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What is vins de tables |
These are ordinary table wines and represent almost 35% of all wines produced in France most French one is meant to be consumed as a simple beverage many of the vin de tables wines are marked in under provider names and are the French equivalent of California jug wines. Often in a plastic wine container with no label you can see the color through the plastic red white or rose but the only markings on the container are the alcohol content ranging from 9 to 14% |
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What is vin de pays |
This is a category that’s growing with importance in 1979 French legal decision liberalize the rules for this category permitting the use of non-traditional grapes in certain regions and even allowing vendors to label wines with the varietal rather than the original name for exporters to the American market consumers are becoming accustomed to buying wines by grape variety rather than geographical origin. |
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What is vins de tables |
These are ordinary table wines and represent almost 35% of all wines produced in France most French one is meant to be consumed as a simple beverage many of the vin de tables wines are marked in under provider names and are the French equivalent of California jug wines. Often in a plastic wine container with no label you can see the color through the plastic red white or rose but the only markings on the container are the alcohol content ranging from 9 to 14% |
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What are the four major white wine producing regions of France |
Alsace Loire Valley Bordeaux Burgundy |
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What are the white grapes grown in Alsace |
Riesling: 23% Gewürztraminer: 19% Pinot Blanc: 20% Pinot Gris: 7% |
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What is different about Alsace and it’s wines in terms of the AOC |
Wine labeling in AllSaints is different from the other French regions administered by the AOC because Alsace is the only region that labels it’s wine by varietal. All Alsace wines that include the name of the grape on the the label must be made entirely from that grape. |
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What is different about Alsace and it’s wines in terms of the AOC |
Wine labeling in AllSaints is different from the other French regions administered by the AOC because Alsace is the only region that labels it’s wine by varietal. All Alsace wines that include the name of the grape on the the label must be made entirely from that grape. |
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When was Alsace part of germany |
1871-1919 |
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What is different about Alsace and it’s wines in terms of the AOC |
Wine labeling in AllSaints is different from the other French regions administered by the AOC because Alsace is the only region that labels it’s wine by varietal. All Alsace wines that include the name of the grape on the the label must be made entirely from that grape. |
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When was Alsace part of germany |
1871-1919 |
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Vendange Tardive |
Great sweet late harvest wine from Alsace |
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What is different about Alsace and it’s wines in terms of the AOC |
Wine labeling in AllSaints is different from the other French regions administered by the AOC because Alsace is the only region that labels it’s wine by varietal. All Alsace wines that include the name of the grape on the the label must be made entirely from that grape. |
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When was Alsace part of germany |
1871-1919 |
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Vendange Tardive |
Great sweet late harvest wine from Alsace |
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Sélection de Grains Nobles |
Great sweet late harvest wine from Alsace |
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Difference between Alsace and German riesling |
The both are made from the same grape and sold in tall bottles with tapering necks
German Riesling’s tend to be sweeter due to the German wine makers adding a small amount of naturally sweet unfermented grape juice back into the wine to create a distinctive German Riesling. Avg alcohol content 8-9%
Alsace rieslings tend to be dry as the wine makers ferment every bit of sugar from the grapes. 99% of alsacien rieslings are dry. Avg alcohol content 11-12% |
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Why is the northern region of France best suited for growing white grapes |
Shorter growing season and cooler climate |
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What other alcohol is Alsace known for? |
Fruit brandies or eux-de-vie Fraise: strawberry Framboise: raspberry Kirsch: cherry Mirabelle: yellow plum Poire: pear |
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Two notable towns in Alsace |
Colmar: Alsace wine center, second driest in France
Riquewihr wine village dating back to the 15th and 16th century |
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7 top shippers for alsace |
Domaine Marcel Deiss Domaine Weinbach Domaine Zind-Humbrecht Dopff “Au Moulin” F.E. Trimbach Hugel & Fils Léon Beyer |
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Why are shippers so important when it comes to Alsatian wine |
The majority of land holders in Alsace don’t grow enough grapes to make it economically feasible to produce and market their own wine instead they sell the grapes to a shipper who produces bottles in markets the wine under his own name the art of making high-quality wine lies in the selection of grapes made by each shipper |
