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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Archaeology?
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The systematic study of past human behavior through their human remains
It tries to document and explain what happened in the past Principles, goals, and history. |
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Archaeology and Culture:
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Culture is patterned, learned and shared.
Culture is also material |
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What are the types of Archaeology?
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Prehistoric: Before Written Records
Historic Archaeology: After written records |
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What are the goals of Archaeology? (4)
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Cultural History
Cultural Reconstruction of Lifeways Social and Cultural Changes Cultural Meaning |
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What is Cultural History:
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Cultural History is a goal of archaeology
Also known as revealing the form of the past. We reconstruct CH. It is a descriptive goal. It reconstructs the history of a region, tries to answer three questions: When, Where, and Who. |
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Cultural Reconstruction of Lifeways
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It is a goal of Archaeology
Function, Describes how people survive, what resources they exploited, what kind of structure/ houses did they have? Etc etc. Pretty much Cultural Reconstruction/ Lifeways try to describe the nuts and bolts of a culture. |
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Social and Cultural Changes
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This is one of the goals of archaeologists.
Social and Cultural changes is the Why people change |
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Cultural Meaning
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This is one of the four groups of Archaeology
Also known as "cognitive archaeology" A lot of times, you have data from the culture. |
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The Greeks, 8th Century
The History of Arcaheology |
Hesiod describes 5 great ages of history: Age of gold, Age of Silver, Age of Bronze, Age of Epic Heroes, Age of Iron
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During the middle ages, did people talk about previous "stages" in life?
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No, most explanations were based on the bible.
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The Antiquarians and the history of Archaeology.
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During the Renaissance there is an increased interest in the past, People were collecting antiquities and classical art from Italy and Greece. Excavations also flourished in other areas of Europe in the Middle ages. However, there weren't any explanations.
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Looking at Archaeology as a discipline started in what century and what influenced it?
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The 18th-19th century
It was influenced by the Industrial Revolution James Hutton Discovery of Artifacts and Extinct Animals Charles Darwin |
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James Hutton and the Principle of Uniformatarism
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Influences the prominence of Archaeology through this idea of the Principle of Uniformatiarism
He studies how the earth came to be the way it is. He starts studing the grand canyon, and how these places changed. Came up with the idea of Catastrophies. Everything that happened in the past are the same geological processies that are happening today. Aka.. geology repeats itself! |
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The Discovery of Arifacts and Extinct Animals
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How come the animals are there if the haven't been for awhile?
This is one of the factors that provokes the need/ development of Archaeology. |
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Charles Darwin. How does he relate to Archaeology?
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He is one of the influences of Archaeology because he says that the earth is older that 4004 BC. Has the theory of natural selection. Little by little, new species are going to develop. For new species to develop... you need time, and a lot of it.
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aque Boucher
Christian thomson John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Heinrich Schliemann General Pitt Rivers Flinders Petrie Are all people who... |
Are important archaeological figures of the 19th century
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Christian Thomson
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Important Arch. figure in the 19th century
First curator of a museum in Denmark, and he was the first to organize thing by their raw materials! :-) |
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John Lloyd Stephend and Frederick Catherwood discovered...
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The oldy mayan region/ citites
They are great influences on Archaeology in the 19th century |
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Heinrich Schliemann
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German business RR guy who believe the Homer stories were true, and ended up discovering TROY. He is a great influence on archaeology in the 19th century
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General Pitt Rivers
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Great influence of archaeology
Known as the father of FIELD archaeology. |
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Flinders Petrie
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He is a great influence on archaeology of the 19th century,Flinders finds stuff in the middle east and egypt, and says that you need to have a map, a topographic map, also talks about STRATIGRAPHY
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Herbert Spencer
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Helped develop Anthropological Though in the late 19th century,
Looks at this idea of Socio-Cultural Evolutionism |
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Socio-Cultural Evolutionism
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Developed by Herbert Spencer. Believe that progress is not an accident, but a necessity. Societies evolve through time.
Says taht Biological evolution is about survival Also said that social evolution is similar to natural evolution |
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Edward B. Tylor
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Helped develop Anthropological thought in the early 20th century
Helped create the concept of Cultural Evolution |
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Cultural Evolution... What are the three components of it, as defined by Edward B. Tylor in the Early 20th century?
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Savagery: Hunter/Gatherers
Barbarism: Farmers sedentary Civilization: Writing System |
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Lewis Morgan
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Influential guy for the early 20th century.
He subdivides Tylor'c categories using materials. |
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Cultural Evolution... Lewis Morgan Style.
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Lower Savagery: Wild Plants and animals
Middle Savagery: Beginnings of fishing Upper Savagery: Bow and arrow Lower barbarism: Pottery Middle Barbarism: Beginning of metals Upper Barbarism: Beginnings of metals Civilization: Writing system |
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What are the issues withe Morgan's Cultural Evolution classification system?
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How do you distinguish between two different categories?
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What are the weaknesses of the theory of cultural revolution?
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*It assumes that all human cultures develop on a single path
*Very Ethnocentric perpective: Western Culture is superior to everyone else *Categories hid the wide range of cultural variability *Doesn't explain why societies changed |
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What were the reactions for Cultural Evolutionism?
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Diffusionism
Historical Particularism |
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Diffusionism:
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Explains the the prehistory throuhg population movements, migrations, interaction and innovations. Innovations start in one point, and diffuses into other regions. Ex: Agriculture: Egypt and Mesopotamia
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What are the issues with Diffusionism?
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Doesn't look at social relationships between these two "points" or cultures. Also, doesn't ask whether the cultures reinterpret the "diffusion" within their own cultural framework
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Who is Franz Boas?
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German American guy, came up with the idea of Historical Particularism
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Historical Particularism
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Franz Boas came up with this concept
Siad that cultures are too complex for general tehory, and they we need to emphasize data collection and organization. DATA GATHERING IS VERY IMPORTANT TO RECONSTRUCT CULTURAL HISTORY AND CULTURAL AREAS. Believed that the only way to explain cultures is by GATHERING DATA. |
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What are the issues with Historical Particularism, created by Franz Boas?
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Data does not explain things by itself!
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Who was an influential figure of archaeology in the post war positions?
What is he known for? |
Julian Steward(American)
Cultural Ecology |
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Cultural Ecology
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Concept by Julian Steward, Emphasized the interaction between society and environment (physical and social): Saw it as mulitlineal Evolution
Believed that cultures adapt to their environment, and that the environment sets limits to the culture, but does not determine the culture |
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In Julian Stewards idea of Cultural ecology and Multilineal evolution, cultures have two traits:
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1. Adaptive Traits
2. Other traits |
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By the early 1960's, American Archaeology was dominated by___________
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Cultural History,
Emphasis was on defining culutres, periods, and culture areas. Lots of descriptions |
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In the 1960's. who was an influential person in American Archaeology?
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Lewis R. Binford.
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Lewis R. Binford
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American
1960's Emphasized that archaeology could explain social and historical processes. Archaeology movement (dominated by cultural ecology) Challenges archaeologists to be creative and develop ways to go from the material to the intangible of society and culture |
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What are criticisms to New Archaeology?
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Too Materialistic: Emphasizes the role of the economy and technology in social and cultural processes.
Doesn't consider other cultural aspects (ideas, symbols, etc) as relevent in social and cultural processes Too much emphasis on methods and use of sophisticated techniques Culture determined human behavior |
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Who is apart of the 1980's? What is he known for?
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Ian Hodder
Post-Processualism |
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Post Processualism
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Cultural changes in behavior can be understood only in the context of the particular set of cultural values, attitudes, and other beliefs that give the world meaning. People are seen as actors making decisions.
This concept was developed by Ian Hodder in the 1980s |
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Critisisms to Port-Processualism
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Hard to obtain the ideas/ beliefs of dead people.
Too Speculative |
