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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mohammad
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Founded Islam
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Qur'ran means...
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(Islam) "Recitation"
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Islam: How to win salvation?
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Submission to god thru Five Pillars of Islam (confession of faithm prayer 5 times/day, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and Mecca pilgrimage)
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Location of Mecca
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Arabian Desert (modern Saudi Arabia); NOTE: crossroads of trade routes between Mediterranean & Indian ocean
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Medina
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Where Mohammad & friends fled to after conflict with leaders of Mecca; known as the hijra
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Hijra
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622 CE; flight from Mecca to Medina by Muslims (w/ Mohammad)
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Ka'ba
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The only Meccan pagan shrine that Mohammad did not destroy in Mecca after returning from Medina
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After death of Mohammad...
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Four people succeeded him in the Ummayad Dynasty, until Ali (#4) came around, then they split into Sunni/Shiite
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Abu Bakr
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First caliph; appointed after Mohammad's death
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Caliph
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(Islam) Head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader; THEOCRACY!!
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Which came first: Umayyad Dynasty or Abbasid?
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Umayyad (these were the 1st two dynasties of Islamic Empires)
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Ummayad Dynasty: Where did the capital move to?
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Damascus, Syria (Mecca remained spiritual center, however)
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Shiite (Shia) Islam
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Mohammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire
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Sunnis
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Ali was NOT the rightful heir to the empire (MAJORITY)
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Which is the majority: Sunni or Shia?
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Sunni
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Dome of the Rock
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Jerusalem; In high regard in both Judaism and Islam
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Abbasid Dynasty
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Had a golden age ~800 CE; built Baghdad
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Who built Baghdad?
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Abbasid Dynasty
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Islamic Empire was built around what?
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TRADE
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Mohammad al-Razi
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Published medical encyclopedia (omg); during golden age of Abbasid Dynasty
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How did the Ummayad dynasty feel about other religions in conquered peoples?
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It was OK, but taxed those that didn't convert (this allowed them to spread more easily; see: Romans)
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The only successful Islamic Crusade...
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...
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Sufis
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Islamic mystics (missionaries); worked really well b/c they allowed people to worship Allah in their own way
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What happened to women's role in society after Qur'ran was published?
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Gave them MANY more rights; however, they remained subservient to men; more dignity for them
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Men, wives, and Islam
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1 man = 4 wives
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Fall of Islamic Empire
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Darn Mongols! (later reunited under Ottoman Turks)
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Middle Ages
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After fall of Rome, before Renaissance
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Differences between Rome & Byzantine
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Byzantine used Greek lang, distinct architecture, culture more similar to Persia's, and it had its own new branch of Christianity: Orthodox
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Justinian: 2 great things
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(1) Justinian Code; (2) Arts & sciences flourished under him (note Hagia Sophia, a cathedral still standing today)
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In Byzantium, who headed the church?
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(Orthodox Christianity) Secular rulers
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Caesaropapism
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"concept of combining the power of secular government with, or making it supreme to, the spiritual authority of the Christian Church"
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Vladimir
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Russian prince from Kiev; converted from pagan religion to Christianity
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St. Cyril
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Orthodox Christian; created Slavic alphabet (still used today) and converted Slavic ppl
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Franks: where, what, and under who?
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W Europe where Roman Empire had fallen; Successful Germanic tribe (modern Germany thru France); King Clovis
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King Clovis
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Created Frankish empire; Roman Catholic; created Paris, France
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Frankish Empire: What happened after leader's death?
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After Clovis dies, it splits into pieces and loses influence
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Charles Martel
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Charles the Hammer; Holds back Muslim invasions (beat them at Battle of Tours); founded Carolingian Dynasty; his son: Pepin
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Pepin
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Carolingian Dynasty; his succession of Charles Martel is CONFIRMED by the Catholic church (omg)
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Carolingian Dynasty: Rulers
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Charles Martel -> Pipin -> Charlemagne (after death, Treaty of Verdun)
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Charlemagne
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Charles the Great; Carolingian Dynasty (aka Holy Roman Empire); Son of Pepin; Focused on arts/education w/ a religious bent
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Holy Roman Empire: Centralized or no?
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Eh, not really. Fuedalism; Charlemagne didn't levy taxes, local lords rarely communicated with him
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Treaty of Verdun
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Holy Roman Empire divided by Charlemagne's kids
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Fuedalism: overview
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King -> Nobles -> Vassals -> Peasants
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Estates granted to vassals in fuedalism were called...
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feifs (aka MANORS)
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Three-field system
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Rotation of 3 fields: one for fall harvest, one for spring harvest, and one not-seeded (to replenish nutrients)
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Code of Chivalry
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Honor system used by lords (in fuedal system; helped resolve disputes between them) and knights
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Primogeniture
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Tradition of inheritance to eldest son (see fuedalism)
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Women in fuedalism
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Very very little rights (limited education, couldn't rule land, etc)
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Contrast: Fuedalism in Europe vs Islamic Empire
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Europe: Centered around rural monasteries; Islam: Baghdad is where it's at, yo
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Burghers
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Middle-class merchants
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Hanseatic League
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Controlled trade throughout N Europe
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Architectural development in Middle Ages
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Cathedrals
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Crusades
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1000-1300; tried to convert Muslims and non-Christian in the Holy Land to Christianity
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The questioning of organized religion
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heresy
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Universities founded when?
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Middle Ages
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Pope Innocent III
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Idiot. Launched 4th (unsuccessful) crusade
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Inquisition
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Interrogation and persecution of heretics, launched by Pope Gregory IX
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Thomas Aquinas
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Wrote on how REASON does not conflict with FAITH
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Interregnum
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a time between kings
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William the Conqueror
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Created strong monarchy in England
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King John
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Forced to sign Magna Carta by nobles
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Magna Carta
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Reinstated fuedal rights of nobles (and extended rights to burgher class)
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Joan of Arc
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Farm girl, led French in fight against English invasion
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100 Years War
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(1337-1453) England vs France; Outcome: England withdraws from France
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Bourbons
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Royal house of France, helped to unify the country
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Queen Isabella
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Married Fedinand, thereby uniting the two major Spanish kingdoms
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Spanish Inquisition
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Queen Isabella marries Fedinand, and they gain support of Catholic Church for support; made non-Christians convert or leave
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Tatars were lead by...
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Genghis Khan
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Tatars took over...
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(Mongols) Russia
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Ivan III
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Ivan the Great; ruled Russia after Mongol decline; expanded Muscovy territory
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Third Rome
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Moscow
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"Three Romes"
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Rome, Constantinople (Byzantine), Moscow
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Ivan IV
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Ivan the Terrible; ruthless leader in Russia
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Tang Dynasty
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China; expanded Chinese territory; collapsed after becoming much too large
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Song Dynasty
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Reuinted China after Tang dynasty fell; FOOT BINDING; prosperous, but eventually they fell to Mongols (Yuan)
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Yuan Dynasty
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Mongols
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Succession of dynasties
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Tang, Song, Yuan (Mongols)
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Meritocracy vs Aristocracy
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Earned vs Inherited
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Women in China
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Little rights; see footbinding; one Empress in China EVER: Wu Zhao
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Shinto religion: what and where
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"the way of the gods"; Japan; worshiped kami (all forces of nature)
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Yamato Clan
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400 CE, Japan, said that they were direct descendants from Sun goddess
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522, Chinese influence in Japan...
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increased. a lot. Buddhist missionaries entered Japan! NOTE: Many adopted Buddhism, but maintained their Shinto beliefs
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Differences between China and Japan
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Japan rejected Confucianism and civil service exam (why? birth > education)
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Taika Reforms
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Japan; bureaucratic and legal reforms modeled after successes in China
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Fujiwara
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Japan; this family led Japan into a sort of golden age, women had more power; started FEUDAL system!!
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Shogun
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Japan; chief general
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Daimyo
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Huge landowners in Japan; sumari; similar to Lords of Europe (remember: Japan was feudalistic now)
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Code of Bushido
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Stressed loyalty, courage, and honor (i.e. Japan's Code of Chivalry)
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Women in Feudal Japan
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No rights. None. At least in Feudal Europe, they were respected. Here? Nothin'
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Delhi Sultanate
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Kingdom in India estab. by Islamic invaders after defeating Hindus
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Timur Lang (Tamerlane)
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Mongol leader that massacred loads of people and destroyed Delhi sultanate in India (then we he went home)
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Genghis Khan
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Organized Mongols, led invasion of China
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Kublai Khan
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Mongol ruler in China (yuan); empire was relatively peaceful now (sometimes called Pax mongolica)
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Mongel Empire: Golden age?
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No. Mongols were illiterate, didn't really have a culture, but did achieve peace. The helped to spread other cultures, though.
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Axum Empire
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Africa; big traders in ivory and gold; converted to Christianity (and later Islam)
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Ghana
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West Africa; they had gold. lots of gold. Muslim merchants came, eventually a Holy War launched to convert them; Ghana prevailed, but declined
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Mali
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West Africa; Mostly Muslims by now; capital: Timbuktu
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Mansa Musa
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Led Mali African empire; estab Timbuktu; made *BIG* trip to Mecca (Muslim)
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Sonni Ali
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Africa; Created Songhai Empire (conquered Mali); made Timbuktu major cultural center (drew Muslim scholars from everywhere)
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Biggest Mayan city
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Tikal (>100,000 ppl)
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Why did Mayans fight other groups?
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Acquire slaves for ag production and building projects (NOT for territory)
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Mayan Civilization
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Slaves (didn't have lg animals), traditional ball game, temple at Chichen Itza, complex calendar, number system (w/ zero)
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Aztecs
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Previously the Mexica; warriors really important in society; built giant empire; let conq regions govern themselves (w/ taxes)
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Compare: Aztecs and Romans
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Both built roads, and let conquered people govern themselves
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Inca Empire
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Peru; City of Cuzco (300,000); Sun God very important; Temple of the Sun and temples of Machu Picchu; conquest important
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quipu
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Set of knotted strings for accounting of harvests in Inca empire
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Which Chinese dynasty invented printing press?
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Song
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