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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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As Compared With Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, the agriculture of civilizations
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Changed man’s physical environment
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The period of the Neolithic Revolutions and river valley civilizations ended when
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Various civilizations first established contacts between regions
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The first truly revolutionary transformation of human society was
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The Agricultural Revolution
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In most ancient and classical civilizations and societies, priests developed considerable social power and influence because they
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Interpreted the god’s wishes and placated the deities
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Which of these is an example of patriarchal society in the classical world:
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After marriage, a woman moved to the residence of her husband’s family
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Periodic nomadic invasions in the early history of Eurasia
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Caused disruptions, but facilitated innovations and prompted synthesis
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Unlike Sumer and Egypt, the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization
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Had a system of writing that has never been translated
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Compared with river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, civilizations in China
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Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Southwest Asia
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Classical China and the post-classical Muslim world are similar in that unity and cultural identity were provided by
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Commonalities of the spoken or written language
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In order to counterbalance feudalism and its tendency to decentralize ruling power, and in order to maintain their influence, leaders in Japan, China, and Western Europe
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Created strong national armies capable of suppressing aristocratic independence
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Peasants in Zhou China, serfs in Medieval Europe, or slaves in Aryan India
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Were burdened by obligations to the rulers and local nobles
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Classical differed from river valley civilizations in all of these ways EXCEPT:
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Classic religions were largely monotheistic or atheistic
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Historically, pastoral nomads
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Lived on grassy plains of the continents where sedentary agriculture was very difficult
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In comparison to women in sedentary societies, women in nomadic, pastoral societies
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Belonged to paternalistic societies as strong as any sedentary society
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All these actions and responses typified contact between sedentary and nomadic peoples EXCEPT:
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Acceptance of each other and each other’s ways of life.
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Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, as well as Buddhism
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Originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption
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Although they varied greatly in wealth and social status in the classical world
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The commoners, especially the peasants, remained the largest group
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Women in most Classical Age societies
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At all class levels, were legally subordinated to fathers and husbands.
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Rural population pressures in classical societies such as China, India, and Rome
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Were avoided by infanticide, high death rates, and selling children into slavery
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Despite their material success and increased wealth, in China and Rome
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Merchants often ranked below peasants and had little societal influence
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The major impact of Alexander the Great’s conquest was
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The spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and into India
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In comparison to the Hindus, Persians, and Jews, religiously, the Greeks
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Never developed a major religion
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Much of what is called classical Greek and Chinese Philosophy taced its origins to
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Cultural crisis and intellectual uncertainty that followed prolonged periods of war
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Unlike Qin legalist philosophy, Roman imperial law
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Was intolerant of innovation
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What sentence BEST describes both Roman and Chinese gender relations
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While subordinate, Roman women were considerably freer than their Chinese counterpart
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Far more than classical Greece, India, or China, slavery in Rome
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Dominated the labor markets – Rome became dependant on slavery
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With regard to merchants, classical civilizations in Rome Greece, China, and India
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Were ambivalent towards merchants despite the vital roles in commerce
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The major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was
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Buddhism denied the need for castes, rites, and sacrifice to achieve nirvana
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Although the Mayas developed similarly to other civilizations, they never
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Progressed much past Neolithic technologies
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When the Bantu migrated, they
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Spread agriculture, crops, and Iron technologies across much of Africa
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Contacts in China introduced all of these to Japan EXCEPT:
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Patriarchal and patrilineal family relationships
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All of these must generally occur for a new period in world history to begin EXCEPT:
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Nomadic peoples must overrun sedentary civilizations
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At the end of the Classical Age
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There was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems
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In comparison with the end of the classical civilizations in China and India, the collapse of the Empire was
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More severe and extensive than elsewhere
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In contrast to Mahayana Buddhism, as Christianity evolved and spread, it
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Was intolerant of other faiths
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All of these developments characterize the Post-classical age EXCEPT the:
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Domination of the Atlantic and Mediterranean by Christian Europeans
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The leading civilization during the Post-classical Era (450-1450 C.E.) was
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Islam
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One of the strengths of Islam that made it a successful universalizing faith similar to Christianity and Buddhism was its
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Egalitarianism that transcended previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances
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The pillar of Islam that helped create the first trans-regional civilization was
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The pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca
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Initially, Islam, with regard to women and gender roles
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Greatly strengthened the position of women
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Unlike merchants in classical civilizations, Muslim traders
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Acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states
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Acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states
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Were Turkish-speaking slave armies used by Muslims
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The Seljuks
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Settled in the lands of modern Turkey and became the Abbasids’ protector
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The impact of the Crusades
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Was greater on the Europeans because it brought Europe into contact with Muslim civilizations and their accomplishments
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Contacts between Hindus and Muslims led to
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The absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices
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Unlike the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa
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Was never totally isolated from other civilizations
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Sub-Saharan African societies are similar to Latin American Indian societies in that both
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Are so numerous that it is impossible to generalize about them
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Prior to the 15th century C.E., Islam spread through West and East Africa and Southeast Asia by
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Prior to the 15th century C.E., Islam spread through West and East Africa and Southeast Asia by
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The slave trade from West Africa to the Muslim world
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Preferred male slaves for administration and military occupations
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As had Hammurabi’s Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian’s Code (Byzantine)
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Became the basic unified law code for states, which existed after its original creator
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Within the Byzantine state, as had been the case with government in most of the dynasties of China, the chief power and influence was
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Emperors and their trained bureaucrats
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Unlike monarchs in western Europe, but like the caliphs, the Byzantine emperors
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Headed both church and state; there was no separation of power
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When scholars began to study Greek classics, most early Western Euro intellectuals
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Found the Greek notion of reason troubling because it questions faith
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Manorialism in Medieval Europe was characterized by all of these conditions EXCEPT:
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Manors and peasants depended on merchants for most necessities
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European serfs differed from slaves in that
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They could not be bought or sold and owned some of the land they farmed
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As happened in the Fertile Crescent, India, and China, the fall of civilizations in the Americans was often due to
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Migrating nomadic invaders
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Neo-Confucianism
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Emphasized tradition, authority, and harmony, at the expense of innovation
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Both foot binding in China and the harem and veil in Islam
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Symbolized the increasing subordination of women to men
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Taug military expansion into central Asia
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Taug military expansion into central Asia
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The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was
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Shinto
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The group that most directly challenged Chinese influences in Japan and Vietnam during the Post-Classical era was
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Aristocrats and local provincial administrators
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The usual pattern for relations among China and its neighbors in the post-classical periods was
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For states to acknowledge Chinese superiority, pay tribute, but remain independent
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Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were
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Tolerant of religious differences and supportive of trade
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Pastoral nomads from the Central Asian steppe who has threatened sedentary civilizations throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT:
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Bantu
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The greatest long-term demographic impact of Mongol unification of Central Eurasia was the
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Spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world
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The transformation that most immediately weakened the power and influence of pastoral nomads over sedentary Civilization was due to
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Newer technologies, especially weapons, used by the sedentary civilizations
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Besides the Italian city-states, the geographic region or state in West Europe MOST supportive of change at the end of the post-classical era was
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The Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
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The major barrier to West European expansion prior to the 15th century C.E. was the
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Low level of European technology
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The Ming Chinese naval expeditions of the early 15th century C.E.
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Ended because they challenged Confucian values and typical expenditures
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All of these events led to the weakening or end of Medieval west European institutions EXCEPT:
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The Ottoman Turk invasion of Western Europe
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A major feature of the early modern globalization of international trade was the
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Unequal commercial relationships and the dependence of many states on Europe
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Unequal commercial relationships and the dependence of many states on Europe
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The first truly global world trade network
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Fundamental to the European acquisition of colonies between 1450 and 1750 was
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European naval and maritime technologies
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All world labor systems during the Early Modern period can be characterized as
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Largely unfree
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The Columbian exchanges involved all of these global movements EXCEPT:
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Indian populations were resettled to the pacific Islands and African lands
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The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by
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The urban environment and commercial economy
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Renaissance humanism would be most comfortable with which belief system’s values & ideas
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Hellenism
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The fragmentation of Christianity during the Reformations into the Catholic and Protestant sects most closely resembles
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Sunni-Shia divisions within Islam over political leadership of the Muslim community
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West European monarchs employed all of these methods to win control of their states EXCEPT:
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Allowing representative assemblies to make and pass laws
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The main reason European conquerors and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed, was
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European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions; the Ming didn’t
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European nations acquired their first colonies in the Americas
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Following the conquests by military, gold-seeking adventurers
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In Africa during the Early Modern period, Europeans
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Had to negotiate with African kings, who controlled the slave trade
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All of Russia’s reforms under Peter the Great were largely attempts to
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Modernize the state and strengthen the army in order to conquer desired lands
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Modernization and westernization in Russia under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did not include
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Liberalizing state policies and tolerating democratic ideas
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In comparison with American slaves, Russian serfs
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Could neither be owned nor sold
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The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was
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The lack of real reform, especially rights for the serfs
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These Iberian traits influenced Spain & Portugal colonial pattern & society in Americas EXCEPT:
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Local political and religious autonomy
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The Spanish assimilation of the American peoples and the replacement of Indian by Spanish cultures were facilitated by
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The demographic decline of Indian population caused by European diseases
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The export of silver from the Americas led to all of these EXCEPT:
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The discouragement of foreign rivals and pirates
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Within the Spanish American Empire, the Roman Catholic Church
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Supported the state, influenced cultural life, and defended Indian rights
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Under the doctrine of mercantilism, Spain & Portugal encouraged their Latin American colonies to
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Buy manufactured goods only from the mother country
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What event was most directly responsible for the rise of the gunpowder empires in Turkey, Iran, and India and similar states in Tsarist Russia and Ming China
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The Mongol Empire and its khanates collapsed
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The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires possessed all of these EXCEPT:
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All ruled predominantly Muslim populations
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All ruled predominantly Muslim populations
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Ignored and looked down upon all things European, which later hurt them
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Which of these statements about women in India during the Mughal Empire is TRUE:
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The birth of girls was seen as an unlucky event
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