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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Villa Rustica
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simple type of villa
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dolia
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storage jars sunken into the ground
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what were the 2 parts of a villa
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pars urbana: living area, indoors
pars rustica: courtyards, gardens, fields, outdoors |
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what kinds of villas had no farming and purely for residential purposes
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luxury villas
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otium
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leisure
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negotium`
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business
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which villas were closer to town
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suburban villas
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what was attractive about suburban villas
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they were more open, had more privacy, better views, and still had access to the city
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when was the great fire of Rome
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64 AD
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which emperor had the largest villa where and when
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Hadrian in Tivoii during the 2nd cent. AD
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hortus
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garden
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who started the gardening fad and who picked it up?
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Pompey started it, Augustus picked it up
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when was the only time that gambling was legal
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Saturnalia
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latrunculi
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board game like capture the general or chess
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mola
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like mill; a strategy game with 3 pieces in a row`
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duodecim scripta
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game of 12 lines
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tabula
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game like backgammon
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Roman philosophy on health:
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mens sana in corpore sano: a sound mind in a sound body
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what did Romans do for sports or exercise
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running swimming horseback riding wrestling weapons training
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harpastum
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rough game similar to soccer played with a softball sized ball
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trigon
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a game like hackey sack played with 3 people in a triangle
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mora
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game where you guess the number of fingers
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par/impar
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game where you guess if the sum of the number of fingers is odd or even
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Bathhouses had what functions?
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multiple functions; exercise, leisure, health, socialization, hygiene
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balnea
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private baths
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thermae
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public bath complex
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apodyterium
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dressing or locker room in a bath house
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palaestra
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exercise room at a bath house
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strigil
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olive oil scraper (alternative to soap)
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tepidarium
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pool with warm water
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caldarium
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the hot room of a bath house
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frigidarium
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the cold room of a bath house
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natatio
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the swimming or plunge pool at a bath house
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the hypocaust system of baths did what
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had elevated floors underneath which fires were stoked
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Describe Greek Baths
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'pit baths'; a round room with tubs all around
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who controlled the bath complexes
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the aediles, and later the prefects
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how did gender segregation work at the baths?
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genders were segregated by what time each gender was allowed to come bathe
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which man said that men and women should have separate baths
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Vetruvius
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were the baths free?
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they had a small fee but women were charged more
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who made a set of baths and aqueducts and then left it to the public in his will?
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Agrippa
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who was one of the first emperors to include athletic facility in his bath complex
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Nero
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who made a bath complex on top of Nero's estate the Domus Auria
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Titus
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when did Claudius conquer Britain
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43 AD
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Romans put what into British cities?
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baths aqueducts and public toilets
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civitates
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counties
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what were 3 major counties in Britain
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Londinium (london) lindum (lincoln) and Eboraeum (york)
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what was the important British municipium
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Verulamium (St. Albans)
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what was the major civitas center in Britain
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Viroconium (wroxeter)
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Aquis Sulis
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the town of Bath
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How did Romans fund their baths and aqueducts in Britain
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loans from the wealthy, using taxes collected in Britain, and some of the wealthy people living there built structures themselves
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what was different from building in Rome and building in Britain
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British did compete with their architecture as much as the Romans, and the British carved far fewer inscriptions on their actual buildings
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in Britain did more people live in the city or the country
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more rural (country) than urban (city)
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what did Romans bring to spur agricultural revolution in Britain
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better tools, knowledge of drainage systems, and new kinds of crops
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why did the Romans need to grow crops in Britain
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cheaper than importing them, and had to feed the Roman army living in Britain
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what distinguished the Roman villas in Britain
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made of brick, had mosaics, murals, and were rectangular in shape
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what was one of the 1st Roman style country villas in Britain
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Fishbourne; very lavish had baths, marble, frescoes, etc.
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Who made the villa Fishbourne into a mansion
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Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus
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most of the Villas in Britain were built on top of
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the native round buildings
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By the 4th AD
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wealthy compete with their villas, banquets, land owning, dishes etc. all smaller farm houses bought out and now rented to poor
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the majority of civilized British society is lovated
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in the south eastern portion of Britain
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Lafundia
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large farms worked by slaves in the republican era
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Villa Rustica
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simple country farm houses
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Dolia
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large storage jars sunken into the ground found in villas
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for the wealthy, totally residential very little farming done
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luxury villas
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otium
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leisure
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negotium
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business (no leisure)
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villas that are closer to town but far enough away for a break from the city
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suburban villas
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what happened in 64 AD?
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the great fire of Rome
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who had the larges villa ever?
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Hadrian in 2nd AD in Tivoii
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hortus
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garden
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who started the garden trend and who followed up on it
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Pompey started it and it was picked up by Augustus
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what are the 2 parts to a villa?
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pars urbanica, pars rustica
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pars urbana
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living/indoor/dining/house area
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pars rustica
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courtyards, gardens, farms, presses area`
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when did animal and plant domestication begin and where
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in the Neolithic Era appx. 9500 BC in the fertile crescent
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agicola
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farmer
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ager
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field
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colere
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to cultivate
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the majority of people in the Roman Empire did what?
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farming
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what makes up the Mediterranean Triad?
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olives, grapes and grain
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what sort of system did farmers use?
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2 field system
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what is threshing?
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separating chaff from grain
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when was harvesting done
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in the fall
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how often does an olive tree fruit
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every 2 years
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what were grapes used for the most?
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wine
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when were grapes discovered and used first
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7000 years ago in the Neolithic period
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when did the Egyptians use grapes
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in 4500 BC and only for the wealthy
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who among the Greeks used grapes
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everyone was allowed to use grapes
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what is intercultivation?
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growing different plants on the same plot
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what did the ancients do with meat?
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they salted and stored the meat to make it last (no refrigeration)
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macellum
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food markets
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what has the most famous markets and a Forum shopping complex?
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Trajan's Market
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how did the ancients get salt?
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they harvested it in large evap tanks
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what sort of animals were grown on farms and what were they used for?
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bees-honey,(no sugar) fish-garum, poultry-eggs, sheep-wool, cattle/goats-dairy and meat
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where was Trajan's Market located?
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on Quirrinal Hill
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annona
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the grain dole or ration (also distributed pork, wine, olive oil etc.)
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tesserae
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ration tickets
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how did the state/government make sure that private sellers brought enough food to feed the city?
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the gave them incentives because there were no government vendors, only private
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praefectus annonae
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a position held by Augustus who oversaw the grain supply
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what were amphorae and what was the benefit of using them
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they were clay storage jars and things stored in them had a long shelf life
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horrea
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large warehouses that stored grain and such
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what was a huge industry that provided a lot of employment
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shipping
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testaceo mons
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a giant hill made of broken amphorae that is 9 football fields in circumference
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when were the first maps made and what were they made of?
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cuneiform and clay- 2300 BC
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which men determined that the earth was spherical?
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Aristotle, Plato, Pythagoras
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what did the men who determined that the earth was round also determine?
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that the earth was divided into hemispheres, that there are 5 climate zones, that there is an equator and a prime meridian
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which men of what society were the first to categorize earth into continents
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Augustus and Agrippa
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what was the most famous itinerary
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the Peutinger Table, showed things from a geographical perspective
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itineraries
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lists of names of places and distances between then (very few of these)
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what is the oldest road in Rome
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Via Appia
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how long was a milestone
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1,000 paces
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milestones were the distance markers but why else were they important?
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they were landmarks, tributes, and art in some instances
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pons
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bridge
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what is the oldest bridge and what is peculiar about it?
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Pons Sublicius- made of wood not stone
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what is the cursus publicus
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the government's courier service
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how were the majority of goods transported
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by sea/water
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what did the ancients call the Mediterranean Sea?
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mare nostrum (our sea)
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who began and carried out the campaign to purge the Med. of pirates
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Pompey
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in what season was shipping done
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summer
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who built the first harbor in Ostia and who built a better one afterwards
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Claudius builds first, Trajan built better one (hexagonal)
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how did goods get from ports at the sea into the actual city
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loaded onto barges and pulled down the Tiber by men or animals
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how long was the barge ride from port to Rome?
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3 days
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how did people (not goods) travel by sea?
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they hitched rides on merchant ships; no passenger ships
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who was like a travel writer in ancient Greece
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Pausanius
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how was the early army of Rome divided
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into 3 tribes of 1000 men each plus 300 equites
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equites
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cavalry
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who instated the property or wealth requirement for the ancient army
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Servius Tulius
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how many classes of infantry were there
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5
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senores
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old men, veteran soldiers
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luniores
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the field army
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capite censi
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if you had no property then you were exempt from service
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who and how many made up the legion
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the monarchy, which were 60 centuries or 4,000 men
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how was the army run under the Roman republic?
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it was citizen led by elected magistrates
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what event happened in 390 BC
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Gauls sacked Rome
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alae sociourum
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part of the army added during the reform of the army under the republic; Italian soldiers and specialists from nations defended by Rome
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who funded the costs or the army
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the sate, or the people via tax dollars
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what reform replaced the alae sociorum
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the auxiliaris, which had fewer restrictions for recruits
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how long was the period of service in the Roman Army?
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20 years
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rostra
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ramming prow of battle ships (made the speaking platform in the Forum)
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corvus
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the 'crow' or gangplank of a battle ship, let sailors jump onto enemy ships
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what was the main purpose of the auxilia
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to extend and protect the boundaries of Rome
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what were the only positions available to non-citizens
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auxilia and navy
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how did Rome keep it's soldiers from shifting their loyalty to the areas they were stationed in
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by frequently moving and rotating troop locations
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what was a stipend
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money earned/given to military servicemen
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phalerae
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metal discs of honor, awards
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coronna civica
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honor/prize awarded for saving the life of another soldier
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what were the incentives for people to join the army
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they got a share of war spoils, grants, could earn citizenship
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who doubled the pay for the legion
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Caesar
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who nearly tripled the pay for the legionaries
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Augustus
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what was the difference between military training under the republic and under the empire
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empire training was more specialized, thorough, and intense
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what were some of the other occupations of the soldiers aside from fighting?
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peacekeeping, building roads and aqueducts and forts
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circumvallation
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the siege technique of building 2 walls around the enemy fortress
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testudio
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the 'turtle' formation
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