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65 Cards in this Set
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Justinian's Plague
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Who
Justinian--Eastern Roman Emperor even contracted the plague himself What The bubonic plague which also contributed to the Black Death in the 14th century Where Byzantine Empire, including Constantinople When 540s-- occurred when Justinian was trying to build back the glory of the Roman Empire and using a lot of money to build churches and on wars. Why The plague weakened the Byzantine Empire at the critical point at which Justinian's armies had nearly wholly retaken Italy and the western Mediterranean coast. |
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100 years War
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Who
Philip VI of France vs. Edward III of England What a conflict between two royal houses for the French throne. Philip VI confiscated Aquitaine, which had been held by the English monarch. To recover his lands, Edward III laid claim to the French throne. Occurred in 3 phases: 1. English triumph 2. France slowly winning 3. English expulsion from France Where France When 14th-15th century Why 1. Largest/longest conflict of late Middle Ages 2. Rise of Burgundy 3. Helps France consolidate power, known as distinct nation. Devastated France as a land, but awakened French Nationalism 4. Left England as an island nation torn by civil war. 5. Military evolution: introduction of new military tactics and weapons. 6. Englishmen wanted to prove themselves on the battlefield. Gave farmers a chance to gain booty. |
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The Great Schism
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What
The Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, just outside the borders of France. This gave the papacy a markedly French character. Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome in 1371, and when he died in 1378, cardinals met to elect a new pope. People wanted a Roman pope so the cardinals elected Urban VI who they thought was weak, but he tried to curb their power so they elected another pope: Clement VII and returned the papacy to Avignon. Charles V of France recognized Clement, b/c he didn't want the papacy to return to Rome; Richard II of England pledged allegiance to Urban. Because netiehr pope would willingly step down, there was a general council at the Council of Pisa which asserted its supremacy and declared both popes deposed. The council then elected Alexander V. The popes refused to step down so now there were 3 popes. At the council at Constance, cardinals, bishops, and theologians assembled. John XXIII was deposed as an antipope, Gregory XII resigned, Benedict XIII was deposed, Martin V was the new pope. This ended the Great Schism Where Started in Rome; ended at Constance When Late 14th to early 15th centuries Why The schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon papcy, Frances enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia, and most of the German princes. This paved the way to reform movements by showing the struggle with the church. |
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Civic Humanism
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Who
humanists that have an active life in the service to the state. They act as politicians, but also study--they are humanists. Bruni and Salutati: The main champions of this were the great Chancellors of the Republic, Colluccio Salutati and especially Leonardo Vruni, top civil servants and public intellectuals combined, who restored the practical pertinence of classical learning in the process of establishing the terms of a new consensus. What Defined as a mixture of political life and study of humanism. It's not good enough to read about Cicero, or learning for the sake of learning, you have to do something with that, i.e. do something good for your state, via active vs. contemplative. Where Italian states, most notably Florence When 14th-15th centuries Why It is creating a purpose to reading and studying more than more than just learning for the sake of learning. It served as an application of education. Used Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants. |
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Renaissance
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What
Rebirth of Classical age of antiquity-revival of classical antiquity (ancient Greece and Rome) in its purest form. It was not, however, really a "rebirth" of classics but rather a continuity with medieval intellectual thought. Humanism is a new education program studying different texts. Wasn't really for everyone, for example, women. Medievalists find it hard to believe because it was a period of extreme economic contraction and a lack of socioeconomic or political basis. Latin Revival: collection of manuscripts and spreading of libraries. Greek Revival: Greek scholars brought with them manuscripts to teach Italians how to read Greek. Where began in Florence and spread to Western and Northern Europe When 14th to 17th centuries Why Different because it is all encompassing. Deals with texts of distinctly different civilizations and begins the realization of different historical periods. Created a new mindset and way to look at the world. Better to call it Early Modern Europe which is a flexible term that accounts for continuity and change. Brings a new historical perspective which saw texts as authorities and authors in their own contexts. |
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Van Eyck's Adam and Eve
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Who
by Van Eyck, who was a Flemish painter What the are covering themselves with leaves, e e is holding a fruit that is NOT the traditional apple, but a small citrus knows as an Adam's Apple Garden of Eden. Adam seems to be walking out of the picture making it look 3D. Part of altar piece continuing a religious theme Where Ghent, Belgium When 14th century Why in the 19th centurey the naked representations of adam and eve were considered unacceptable in a church and the panels were replced by reproductions, which are still on display in the cathedral outside the Vijdt chapel. Naturalism. Medieval age and style |
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Yersinia Pestis
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Who
Discovered by Alexander Yersin, a Swiss/French physician who found it during an epidemic of plague in Hong Kong What A bacterium that survives in rats and wild rodents. The rats would get infected; flea bites the rat, rat dies, flea seeks warm body, flea bites human, human infected with yersinia pestis. Varieties of Plague: 1. Bubonic: attacks lymphatic system 2. Pneumonic: infect lungs; from human to human 3. Septicemic: pathogen Where discovered in Hong Kong, but the bacterium contributed to deaths in Europe When discovered it in the 19th century; Black Death was during the 14th century Why Found in teeth of an individual who died from the Black Death. They are not sure if this was the main bacterium that caused the Black Death, but It is at least a contributing factor in the black plagues in Europe. Helps us understand how people died from the plague, what the symptoms were, and what the effects were. The black plague killed 1/3 of the European population. |
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The Flagellants
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Who
Prohibited by Clement VI. The authorities and the church didn't like the movement so it became heretical What A radical Christian movement in which practitioners mortified their own flesh by whipping it. This was a method of atoning for mans simplicity and was supposed to be a demonstration of piety. Where Europe When 14th Century Why Created divine displeasure which worsened the black plague. This was an example of the many things that society blamed when the black plague occurred b/c it had been a popular interest in religion but when the black plague came it dissatisfied the church. |
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The Jacquerie
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Who
Led by Etienne Marcel What A revolt led by peasants seeking to take control of the city of Paris. His rebellion was put down and Marcel was killed. In the countryside, peasants began their own revolt, destroying manor houses and castles near Paris and Massacring entire noble families in a savage class war. It was brutally and swiftly repressed. Where Northern France When 14th century during the Hundred Years War Why Started the beginning of peasant revolts in general. (The Peasants Revolt and Revolt of Ciompi followed) Although this revolt had no lasting changes, it still showed the power that the peasants had in numbers over authority and the nobility. |
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Osman I
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Who
leader of the Ottoman Turks What Gave the Ottoman dynasty its name Where formidable force in Anatolia and the Balkans When 13th to 14th Century Why Political disunity opened the door for their advances. As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place. His empire would prevail as a world power for six centuries. |
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Studia Humanitatis
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Who
humanists practiced the studia humanitatis What all those educational disciplines outside of theology and natural science: 1. Trivium 2. Quadrivium 3. Grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy Where Europe When Renaissance period Why Sense of historical consciousness. Looked at Cicero not only as a philosopher but as an active statesman. New education program and new approach to reading historical texts, specifically classical greek and roman texts. |
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Cosimo d'Medici
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Who
First of the Medici dynasty What ruler of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance Where Florence When 14th to 15th century Why Patronage-client networks: Gain connections, make allies, and secure favors. Not just political, but also cultural. An example is Benozzo Gonzzoli and the Medici Chapel. It established a modern Platonic Academy in Florence. Marsilio Ficino was established as head of the Academy and commissioned Ficino's Latin translation of the complete works of Plato. |
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Alessandra Strozzi
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Who
Wife of prominent merchant family What His family was a competitor of the Medici's. Their competition makes them exiled. She was allowed to stay. Her husband dies and she is able to take over his merchant business, but only behind the scenes. Where Florence When 15th Century Why Tries to bring family back from exile by marrying family into other patron families. She was literate and could think about political systems. She is an example of the few displays of women's power, which is important b/c during the renaissance they had less power than before. |
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Isotta Nogarola
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Who
Writer and Intellectual What Wrote "The Dialogue on the Equal or Unequal Sins of Adam and Eve" She tried to gain the reputation of a humanist but was rejected. She continued her education but always submerged herself into the Bible. Where Italy When 15th Century Why Was given the privilege of being educated. During the renaissance women had less power than before, so this was uncommon. She tried to combat male works by saying that women did have power in the ancient times. |
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Virtruvian Man
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Who
by Leonardo da Vinci (The Renaissance Man) What da Vinci drew up a sketch that showed the ideal proportions of human being. This showed man as being geometrically perfect. Where Florence When 15th Century Why Shows relationship between art and science. Knowledge from science was applied to art, and was integrated into it. Creates a rational vision of the world. Contrasts Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants, because it shows past and present united equally. (Reborn Human figure that is wholly realized) |
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Boticelli's Birth of Venus
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Who
Sandro Botticelli painted for Lorenzo d'Medici What It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a full grown woman, arriving at the sea shore Where Florence When 15th Century Why 1. Quintessential Renaissance 2. Movement away from Christianity because it could be classical myths or it could be allegorical because Venus could represent Virgin Mary. 3. Brings back women as a celebration of the body. Admiring her body will bring you closer to God. |
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Early Modern Period
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What
The term used by historians to refer to a period in the history of Western Europe and its first colonies which spanned the centuries between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Where Began in Florence and spread to Western and Northern Europe When 15th to 18th Century Said to have begun with such events as the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450's while its end is linked with the French Revolution Why Flexible term for Renaissance that accounts for its continuity and change. |
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Printing Press
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Who
Johannes Gutenburg What A mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image. Movable type and print Where first in Germany When 15th Century Why printing methods based on Gutenberg's printing press spread rapidly first throughout Europe adn then the rest of the world. Gutenburg Bible: Was one of the first books printed in Europe. Was his major achievement, and has iconic status in the West as the book that marks the start of the age of the printed book. Allowed more people access to learning and availability of books: More copies of books spread learning farther and faster Preservation of texts Greater access to information around the world. Europeans became better educated and knew more about the world. Early Prints look much like manuscripts. Instrumental to spreading the doctrines and ideas of protestant reformers. For those that were illiterate, they used the press to publish images that had to do with faith and Christianity. |
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Nicolo Machiavelli
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What
Wrote "The Prince", which was: 1. About how to remain in control and be feared by others. 2. A manual to acquiring and keeping political power. 3. State is an army which protects those inside and scorch those outside it. He was the original humanist with logic on politics and power, and represents the spirit of the age. He wrote discourses, such as his republican government sonnets. Wrote works in order to be patronized by the Medici family. Considered to be one of The Renaissance Men: 1. Looks at things through economic, social, military facets. Where Florence When 16th Century Why Considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Gave a great example of how rulers should rule and explained the current means of ruling. |
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Vlad Tepes
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Who
Prince of Wallachia What He is the legend of Dracula. If someone had wronged him or couldn't pay him he would take them, impale them on a stake, and put it in his front lawn. Utilized Machiavellian tactics before Machiavelli as well as Renaissance politics concerned with power: 1. Engaged in duplicitous/amoral diplomacy-- wrote letters to Hungarian kings and Turkish emperors about trade and Ottoman issues. 2. Do antyhing in your power to gain and maintain control=amoral, NOT christian. 3. tried to centralize rule with extreme prejudice. 4. His mentality was that you should make people the same as you or crush them and he used terror for political purposes. Cleared the South Bank of the Danube, killing 20,000 people. Records show that he requested that soldiers bring back body parts of victims to count the mortalities. Resisting Mehmet the Conqueror, he finished off the Byzantines. Centralized his power at home: 1. Eliminated the Boyars: Invited Boyar families for easter dinner, executes and decapitates all men and hangs them in town square, the rest of the families are sold as slaves. 2. With Saxon Merchants: The King of Hungary regulated trade in Wallacia; Vlad executed and decapitated apprentices. Vlad was well educated, wrote in Latin, and didn't attend university but was educated by tutors (usually orthodox monks), spoke a few languages. Historically Vlad is best known for his independent policy towards the Ottoman Empire, the expansionism of which he resisted and for the exceedingly cruel punishment he imposed. Where Modern day Romania When 15th Century Why An example of taking Machiavellian tactics to the extreme and going too far. |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Who
Negotiated by Pope Alexander VI What Divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian west of the Cape Verde islands. Line of demarcation to split the Atlantic Ocean between Portugal (east) and Spain (west) |
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The 'Cartas de Relacion
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Who
written by Hernan Cortes, who conquered the Aztecs What his personal account of the conquest of Mexico is narrated in his five letters addresed to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor Where he is from spain, but writes about mexico when 15-16th centuries why provides people a personal experience of travel and exploration |
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'Encomienda' System
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who
created by the Crown of Castile what labor system employed by the spanish crown during the spanish colonization f the americas and philippines. was a grant of Indians within a geographic region, which were given to an encomendero, the Spaniard who received the grant of Indians. were supposed to instruct the natives in the spanish language and in the catholic faith. in return, the could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labour where spain, americas, phillipines when created in 15th century why came to signify oppression and exploitation of native americans, an example of the feudal system |
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rafael's school of athens
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who
raphael what a fresco painting-an illusion of visual space. pagan picture, not a Christian picture, two main figures in the center are plato and aristotle. those depicted are philosophers where italy when 16th century why perfect embodiment of the environment of the renaissance |
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triangular trade
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what
western euro trading nations sent ships loaded w/ goods to buy slaves from local rulers on west african coast, then transported slave to colonies in north and south america and the caribbean and sold them to the owners of plantations producing coffee, sugar, cotton, and tobacco; and bought raw commodities produced in the colonies and shipped them to euro where europe africa and the americas-dominated by spain and portugal when 17-19th centuries why created growth of international trade and helped create new consumer society. permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people. sugar was medicine before but after atlantic system it became a standard food item. created system of slavery-had to justify actions by demeaning the mental and spiritual qualities of enslaved africans |
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saving the appearances
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who
ptolemy's idea what since time of greeks, purpose of astronomy was to "save the appearances" of celestial phenomena. this famous phrase is usually taken to mean resorting to desperate expedients to "sace" or rescue the Ptolemaic system. to save the apearances, the astronomer must rescue them from this apparent irregularity adn disorder. all celestial bodies, by their nature, move in perfect circles at constant speeds. but because of retrograde motion, they appear to move faster when they are closer to the earth and slower when they are farther away. in order to "save the appearances" Ptolemy came up with the epicycle that moves along the eccentric circle at a rate that would appear to be constant if viewed from the equant point. where europe when 1st and 2nd centuries AD why remains the purpose of all astronomers as they continue on from Ptolemy's ideas-keeping the planets away from disorder is actually not taking the plantets for what they are, becuase space is disorderly |
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andreas osiander
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who
oversaw the publication of the book DE revolutionibus orbium coelestium (on the revolution of the celestial spheres) by Copernicus what he added a prefa e suggesting the model described in the book was not necessarily true, or even probable, but was useful for computational purposes where germany when late 15-16th centuries why many readers, unaware that Osiander was the author of the preface, believed that Copernicus himself had not believed that his hypothesis was actually true |
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stellar parallax
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who
ptolemy used it what angle of parallax decreases as distance from earth to stellar sphere increases, making parallax harder to detect. by observing parallas, measuring angles, and using geometry, one can determine the distance to various objects. when the object in question is a star, the effect is known as stellar parallax where ptolemy is from egypt when 1st and 2nd centuries why attempt to use math in astronomy |
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phases of venus
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who
observed by galileo what phases of venus result from the planet's orbit around the sun inside the earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. using a telescope, Galileo was able to ovserve Venus going through a full set of phases, something prohibited by the Ptolemaic system, which would not allow venus to be fully lit from the perspective of the earth or more than semi-circular where italy when 16 and 17th centuries why this observation essentially ruled out the Ptolemaic system, and was compatible only with the Copernican system |
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copernicus
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what
first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the earth from the center of the universe. attacked the ptolemaic account in his treaties "on the revolution of the celestial spheres" by placing the sun instead of the earth at the center of the system of spheres he could eliminate many epicycles from the calculations. math was simplified where poland when 15 and 16 centuries why brought new way of thinking about heavens. dwarfs of the shoulders of giants. started scientific revolution |
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Mehmet the Conqueror
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Who
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire What Conquered Constantinople, leading to the end of the Byzantine Empire. Came into conflict with Prince Vlad Dracula. It was hot so he tried crossing the Danube but Vlad struck. Upon realizing the cruelty of Vlad when seeing the bodies of the Bulgarians he said "I don't know how to conquer a man who is capable of such cruelty." After this he stopped any association with Vlad. Where Ottoman Empire When 15th Century Why Ended the Byzantine Empire, finally cutting it off from being a major power. When you are standing against ruthless power, even if you are powerful, there is only so much you can do. |
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Who
The Renaissance Man, withholding curiosity and invention What renowned primarily as a painter: (The Virtruvian Man, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper) Not of the world; Saw himself as a genius. Created things no one had thought of/done before. Made profit by being supported by powerful men like the Medicis Where Florence When 15th Century Why People who owned printing presses weren't artists, they saw themselves as artisans, whereas sculptors, painters, see themselves as artists. Larger goal: bring people closer to God He greatly advanced the knowledge in the fields of art and science in his time. |
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The Art Market
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What
A Capital system for artwork: Wealthy men and women who weren't patrons were able to buy artwork Where Italy When Renaissance period, 14th-15th centuries Why Spread the great works of art further than the court where they were being produced |
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Albrecht Durer
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Who
Printer, Painter, and Theorist What Early Life: 1. From southern Germany, trading town. 2. Not from the nobility, but still prosperous upbringing (goldsmith father; grandfather was printer) 3. Apprenticed to the most famous Nuremberg wood cut artist, providing him the opportunity to travel. 4. 1494 prearranged marriage to Agnus Frey, who brought money to marriage, enabling him to set up a workshop, while she ran the household for him. Italy: 1. Traveled there twice. 2. 1494 3. 1505: 3 years 4. Trained with other artists, learned perspective, balance, harmony. 5. Maximillion the First was his client Period of "Masterworks"--period of prestige: 1. By making things more accurate, his work looks more like Jesus as time went on. 2. After returning from Italy. 3. Painted Adam and Eve: male and female nudes in the Humanistic tradition. Where From Germany but traveled to Italy to paint When 15th-16th centuries Why Shows how Italy really was the center of Renaissance art. Served as an example of changes in Renaissance artistic techniques. |
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Indulgence
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Who
Martin Luther fought against the abuses of indulgences What The full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven. The indulgence is granted by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. The sale of indulgences by professional pardoners bring in abuse. Martin Luther believed that indulgences undermined the seriousness of penance and argued that if the church actually had the power to lessen peoples' time in purgatory, then why didn't the Catholic Church do that for everyone because it would be the ultimate sign of love and compassion. He also argued that there was no biblical standing for indulgences. Primary Purpose of Indulgences: 1. Used to raise revenue 2. Used to buy time off in purgatory John Tetzel wanted to use the money from selling indulgences to pay for acquiring office. Luther responded with the 95 Theses. Where Europe When 15th to 16th centuries Why Brought forth the Protestant Reformation and the break from one whole church of Christianity |
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Martin Luther
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Who
Priest and theology professor at Wittenburg What Believed indulgences were hypocritical and argued that if the church actually had the power to lessen peoples' time in purgatory, then why didn't the Catholic Church do that for everyone because it would be the ultimate sign of love and compassion. Also said there was no biblical standing for them. Responded to Tetzel's selling of indulgences with his 95 Theses which attacked the wealth of the church and the sale of indulgences. Also attacked Papacy for using indulgences to raise revenue. He was powerful because his beliefs were adopted by secular leaders wanting to liberate themselves from papal interference, like Duke Frederick of Saxony. Luther's Main Ideas: 1. Salvation by Faith Alone 2. Religious authority in bible alone. 3. Church=entire community of Christian believers +no hierarchy 4. All vocations have merit. 5. Only 3 sacraments (not 7) 6. Bible should be in the vernacular 7. Priests can marry 8. Consubstantiation not Transubstantiation: Bread and wine isn't transformed, but Christ is nevertheless present. Where Germany (born in Saxony) When 16th Century Why His grievances initiated the Protestant Reformation. Translated the Bible into the vernacular, making it more accessible. His 95 Theses were translated from Latin to German. It was reprinted, widely read, and gained much support in and out of Germany. His preaching appealed to peasantry, but they misunderstood him because he was very against revolts. |
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Predestination
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Who
one of John Calvin's main ideas What Before the creation, God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space. People are predestined for heaven or hell regardless of actions on Earth. Calvinist: 1. Wanted his followers to believe they were among the select few destined for heaven. 2. If they demonstrated their virtue then they were saved. 3. Believed that it was reasonably possible to see how they were determined to live. Lutherans do not believe in predestination or damnation. They teach eternal damnation as a result of the unbeliever's sins, rejection of the forgiveness of sins, and unbelief. Where Europe When differing ideas about predestination with Calvinists and Lutherans in 15th to 16th centuries Why The idea that god is absolute and the humanity is weak; playing puppets. Shows how different sects will emerge with different opinions. |
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Consubstantiation
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Who
belief of Luther What Theological doctrine that describes the nature of the Eucharist It holds that during the sacrament, the fundamental "substance" of the body and blood of Christ are present alongside the substance of the bread and wine, which remain present. (bread and wine aren't transformed, but Christ is still nevertheless present) Lollards affirmed a form of consubstantiation--that the Eucharist remained physically bread and wine, while becoming spiritually the body and blood of Christ. Where Lollards started in England Luther was in Germany When In the 14th century the Lollards in the 16th century brought back by Luther Why Lutherans believed in consubstantiation, not transubstantiation. One of the ideas that establishes this as a reformation, since doctrines are now changing and applied differently. |
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John Calvin
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Who
French theologian and pastor What Spiritual Crisis of 1533: convinced that scriptures had spiritual authority God was absolute and humanity weak. Calvinist: 1. Wanted his followers to believe they were of the select few who were predestined for Heaven. 2. They had to demonstrate their virtue and they were "saved" 3. Believed that it was reasonably possible to see how they were determined to live. Agreed with Luther by acknowledging that god has infallible will, his views on predestination, but disagreed with the idea that all man could be saved. He needed a harder reality: Some of us are vessels of mercy, some of us are vessels of almighty wrath. One cannot earn salvation, nor are they entitled to it, but good works are still necessary because they are the public exhibition of our true fate. Need pure discipline of pure faith Where from France brought reformation to Switzerland, specifically to Geneva When 16th Century Why Calvin's thought exerted considerable influence over major religious figures and entire religious mov'ts, such as Puritanism, and some political historians have argued that his ideas have contributed to the rise of Capitalism, individualism, and representative democracy in the West. Shows the mov't towards reform from within. Geneva quickly became the new center of the Reformation, sending out pastors trained for mission work and exporting books that taught Calvinists doctrines. |
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Anabaptists
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Who
started by lay people Melchior Hofmann is one of the first What they rejected the authority of the courts and magistrates and refused to bear arms or swear oaths of allegiance. They adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount and Believer's baptism. Believed that only adults had the free will to truly understand and accept baptism and therefore had to be rebaptized. Like Luther, they believed in a separation of Church and State. Believed in nonviolence, based in the belief that the end was coming (no point in fighting) Munster Anabaptists: Abolished private property and dissolved traditional marriages allowing multiple wives. Also believed the end of the world was imminent. Where Spread from Zurich, Switzerland to many cities in southern Germany. Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland When 16th century Why Holy Roman Empire condemned the mov't and many were executed b/c it was considered heresy. |
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tycho brahe
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what
brahe worked to combine what he saw as geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe-the Tychonic system. his observations of a new star and comet called into question the Aristotelian view that the universe was unchanging, but the still rejected heliocentrism where denmark when late 16 and 17 centuries why tycho is credited with the most accurate astronomical observations of his time, and the data was used by his assistant Kepler to derive the laws of planetary motion. no one before tycho had attempted to make so many planetary observations |
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galileo galilei
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what
provided evidence to support the heliocentric view and challenged the doctrine that the heavens were perfect and unchanging. he developed an improved telescope and then observed the earth's moon, four satellites of Jupiter, phases of Venus, and sunspots. the moon, planets, and sun were no more perfect than the earth and the shadows he could see on the moon could only be the product of hills and valleys where italy when 16 and 17 centuries why first to publish his studies in the vernacular rather than latin because he hoped to appeal to a lay audience of merchant and aristocrats. because his discoveries challenged the Bible, as well as the common sensical view that the sun rises and sets while the earth stands still, he was obeyed to teach and forced to appear before the Inquisition. he had to publicly recant his assertions |
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masaccio's expulsion from the garden of eden
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who
by masaccio what a fresco. depicts the expulsion from the garden of Adam and Eve, from the Biblical Book of Genesis chapter. 3 centuries after fresco was painted, Cosimo III de' Medici, in line with contemporary ideas of decorum, ordered that fig leaves be added to conceal the genitals of the figures. later recovered where painted on walls of the Brancacci Chapel in Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence Italy when 15 century why church could control peoples artwork (genitals). they are covering themselves and in devastation. finally recognize temptation and sin |
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maleficia
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who
done by witches what means intend to do harm to others, implies a pact with the devil. white magic vs black magic (maleficia). any malicious acts which were contributed to witches and sorcerers in past times that were believed to cause harm or death to people animals and crops where euro when 16 and 17 centuries why shows how every bad thing was linked to witches and how easily they could be condemned, since bad things happen often |
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witches sabbat
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what
a supposed meeting of those to do witchcraft. were woodcuts that depicted a perfect example of witchcraft accusations-included diabolical pact, devil's mark, sexual orgies, and dancing, incest, cannibalism, intent to harm crops, livestock, sickness. depicted as being celebrated in isolated places (forests, etc). descriptions of sabbats were made or published by priests, jurists and judges who never took part in these gatherings, or were transcribed during the process of the witchcraft trials where euro when 16 and 17 centuries why much of what was written about them may be product of popular imagination or deliberate mininformation. shows lack of evidence being killing these women. using sabbat as a way to cleans popls and create an image of what ppl shouldnt do |
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malleus maleficarum (hammer of the witches)
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who
written by Heinrick Kramer and Jacob Spregner-to Inquisitors of the Catholic Church what purpose was to refute arguments claiming that witchcraft doesnt exist, refute those who expressed skepticism about its reality, to prove that witches were more often women than men, and to educate magistrates on the procedures that could find them out and convict them. asserts that three elements are necessary for witchcraft: the evil-intentioned witch, help fo the devil, and permission of God where euro-began in germany when 15 century why fervor of this book is due to printing press-it spread so rapidly so witch hunting spread with it |
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wars of religion
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what
war caused by religious differences catholicas vs protestants. french wars of religion-1562-1598-huguenots vs catholics, total ciil war, St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-1572 30 years war-1618-1648 Holy Roman Empire appoints archduke Ferdinand (Catholic). strong feelin in protestantism in prague, which he is a king of bohemia. tries to crack down on prague and convert them back to catholicism. defenestration of prague, throw the king out the window and throw him in shit where euro when 15-17 centuries why religious designations are sometimes used as shorthand for cultural and historical diffs between combatants, giving the often misleading impression that the conflict is primarily about religious diffs, used as a way to create The Other ideal |
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trial of suzanne gaudry
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who
she was a refugee from religious wars what her trial attests to persistence of a deeply felt fear among many ppl regarding the presence of diabolical forces in everyday life where euro when 17 century why turns everything into a battle of neighbor against neighbor. the village dynamics falls. example of how the court can force people to confess |
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tertiaries
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who
the "third order" first order-monks second order-nuns those persons who live according to the third rule of religious orders, either outside of a monastery in the world, or in a religious community what patron rule as a liason between diff comunities. records of diff guildspeople having seats. had regulars (monastic participants) and seculars (didnt take any vows, but would participate in religious exercises). in 1289 Pope Nicholas IV approves the Third Order of the Franciscans. Franciscan, Dominicans, Carmelites, Augistinians all have Third Orders where euro when as early as 8th century why showed how much of a distinct and separate communities religion served as. that persons who on account of certain circumstances cannot enter a religious order, strictly so-called, may, nevertheless, as far as possible enjoy the advantages and privileges of religious orders |
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beguines
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who
one of the female orders what individ women who would live alone and cater to the poor. like minded ppl would band together and form these orders. highly individualized groups. common women who wanted to serve the lord, each other, and their communities. self-sufficiency and community. worked for their faith and themselves where germanic lowcountry origins; euro when 13 and 14 centuries why started as the movement towards mysticism, based on pursuit of individual union with God. writing, artwork, etc. charges of heresy. mystics want personal relationship with God that isnt mediated by the church. symbolic bc they are mediating between diff groups of people, unlike monasteries that are secluded |
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Society of Jesus
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Who
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola What The society was recognized by Pope Paul III Founded hundreds of colleges in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, the German States, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland. Among their alumni were the elite. Served as missionaries, spreading their faith to different regions and peoples, such as Native Americans and Japanese. Jesuits had 1,000 members in Asia, Africa, and New World, saving souls through gentle conversion. Total obedience to the Church. (What is white is black if the church says so) Continue in vows of chastity and poverty. Where Europe When late 15th to 16th centuries Why A reaction to the waves of Protestant challenge, the Catholic church mobilized for defense in a movement that is called the Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reform. To ensure rapid Christianization, the missionaries focused initially on winning over local elites. They saw their effort as proof of the truth of Roman Catholicism and the success of their missions as a sign of divine favor. |
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Council of Trent
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Who
Started by Pope Paul III What he convened a general church council to codify church doctrine. The council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints. Where Modern day Italy When 16th century Why Its decisions shaped the essential character of Catholicism until the 1960's. It rejected major Protestant positions, reasserting the supremacy of clerical authority over the laity and reaffirmed transubstantiation. |
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Act of Supremacy
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Who
King Henry VIII, called the "Defender of Faith" What Established England's King Henry VIII as the head of the Anglican Church (Church of England). The legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England. Invalidated the claims of Catherine and Princess Mary to the throne. Recognized Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn. The main purpose of this act was so that Henry could get an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, b/c Henry had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. Allowed the English crown to confiscate the properties of the monasteries. Where England When 16th Century Why Demands public consent to king's newly assumed role as head of the Church of England. B/c the pope wouldn't annul his marriage with Catherine, he decided to take away the pope's power, showing how powerful monarchs were in England, and the aim to further increase this power and decrease the influence of Rome. By tying the church and monarch so closely together, support for Catholicism became not simply a statement of personal religious conviction, but a repudiation of the authority of the monarch, and as such, an act of treason, punishable by death. |
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Huguenots
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Who
Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (French Calvinists) What Beliefs: 1. Saw Christian life as something to be expressed as a life of simple faith in God, relying upon God for salvation, and not upon rituals, while obeying Biblical law. Limited toleration by Catherine d'Medici who acted as regent to her son Henry II. Catherine tried to play the factions off each other so that neither would dominate. She arranged the marriage of her daughter to a Huguenot but assassins tried to kill him. She panicked at the thought of Huguenot revenge and convinced her son to kill all Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's day. Three days of killing followed. Where St. Bartholomew's day killings took place in Paris When 16th to 18th centuries Why B/c of the Huguenot deaths, Protestants and Catholics saw the conflict as an international struggle for survival that required aid to coreligionists in other countries. Therefore, it created the way for wider international conflicts over religion in the future. |
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The Elect
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Who
Calvin's idea of predestination What An English word that has been used to translate the original Hebrew and Greek words of The Bible which describe those who have been, or will be, elected, or chosen by God for a purpose: to become the "first fruits" of salvation. They will be resurrected, or transformed if alive that day, into immortal spirit beings at The Return of Jesus Christ. They will then reign with Him for the 1,000 years, after which the resurrection of the rest of humanity will occur. Also a Calvinist teaching that before God created the world, he chose to save some people according to his own purposes and apart from any conditions related to those persons. Where Calvinism started in France When 16th Century Why Changed the way people lived. Is part of the idea of predestination, separating society into those who are worthy and those who are not. |
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Book of Common Prayer
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Who
In the reign of Edward VI What The work of producing English-language books for use in the liturgy was largely that of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury at first under the reign of Henry VIII, only more radically under his son Edward VI. In a full prayer book, set out with a daily office, readings for Sundays and Holy Days, the Communion Service, Public Baptism, of Confirmation, of Matrimony, The Visitation of the Sick, At a Burial, the Ordinal Where England When 16th Century Why Product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. Shows the English mov't towards uniformity, all doing the same prayers. Was written in the vernacular so it was widely read and accessible. |
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Curse of Ham
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Who
Discussed by church authorities such as Jerome and Augustine. What One of Noah's sons was named Ham. Nobody was to have sex on the ark. Ham wanted his son to be the first in the new world. Wife gave birth to a son named Cuss, who was dark skinned b/c of Ham's disobedience to God. Blackness=sin of lust and disobedience, which shows disfavor to God, is used as an exploitation device and to describe all African as the cursed descendants of Ham. It is similar to original sin because it is an evil inheritance marking these people as less favored and morally suspect. Where Seen in the book of Genesis When Racist story was highly held during the 15th and 16th centuries Why Used to justify racism and the enslavement of Black Africans, who were believed to be the descendants of Ham. Shows that some people adhered literally to the Bible. |
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Washing the Ethiope White
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Who
in Thomas Elyot's Biblioteca Eliotae What If Christianity was strong enough, we could convert all colored to one true faith and even their skin would be washed clean, like their souls. Became a joke and a negative connotation that lasted until 19th century. Where Europe When written in his book in 16th century, but lasted until 19th century. Why shows early prejudicial thinking. Can be seen in Othello, with the character of the Moor. |
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Geohumoralism
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Who
Mary Floyd-Wilson wrote a book about it. It stems from the ideas of Aristotle, Galen, Virtruvius, and others. What Describes early climate theory. Four humours (blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile)--makes up complexion, ethnicity, behavior, etc. Held that there is a relationship between geographical location and teh balance of the four humours. The humours not only shape one's disposition but also differentiates one's ethnicity. Humoral temperance and civility are most naturally produced in a temperate climate. The problem of relativity: geography can change your humoral and thus physical makeup. Where Europe When relevant in the Renaissance period when race becomes a factor Why In Othello, when he went to fight the Turks, the climate changed and his character change along with it. |
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lollards
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who
john wycliffe credited as founder what no official leaders, beliefs, or doctrines church was a "community of believers" wanted to bypass hierarchy-everyone is a child of God adn we can connect with him through the Bible Bible is important but you must listen to indiv conscience-focus on faith as an emotional experience practice charity-wanted simple, humble lives where england when 14th century why produced Wycliffe Bible that was written in the vernacular so that everyone could read it (not in Latin/Greek). Repudiated monasticism, priesthood, Mass, excommunication, exorcism, pilgramages, and transubstantiation-all things of the church, put these things aside as a faulty system and go back to the Bible |
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Julian of Norwich
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who
originally an anchoress then a mystic what woman who chooes to withdraw from the world to live solitary life of prayer and mortification-the anchoress was enclosed within the confines of her cell. most often attached to the parish church. meaning the anchoress was not cut off from the world an anchoress whose writings tell of her life and spiritual journey-she stayed in one small room with one window opening to sanctuary you are supposed to pray, meditate, write, stay in room until death. she wrote "Revelations of Divine Love"-idea of a familiar god, Jesus as mother; trinity as God the father, holy ghost as wisdom jesus-loving, caring, forgiving God is love as a mystic, had visions where norwich when 14-15 centuries why had sensitive, loving, peaceful, beautiful view on faith inspired many people around her |
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affective piety
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who
margery kempe what affect is emotional being a dramatic and emotional gesture of faith for margery-wearing white clothing symbolized her new virginity, her weeping and wailing, her experiential and sympathetic expressions of faith where england when 14th century why creates more emphasis on the personal connection with God |
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John Leo Africanus
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What
Captured in Mediterranean by pirates and taken to Rome as a slave. Given to Pope Leo X and christened "Johannes Leo d'Medicis" Converted to Christianity and widely traveled throughout Africa. People wanted to hear about his travels and for him to write them down. His works were influential even after increased travel to the areas he originally went to. Originally wrote in Latin. Wrote "A Geographical History of Africa". Where Traveled/lived in Africa When 16th Century Why He was a Muslim born in Spain, which made him a Moor. An example of conversion of "the other" and an attempt to "wash the ethiope white". |
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Prestor John
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Who
A king in a legend What The legend told of a Christian patriarch and king said to rule over a Christian nation lost amidst the Muslims and pagans in the Orient. Prestor John was said to be descendent of three magi (brought gifts to baby Jesus), hope that christianity is universal, hope that Prester John will return again to battle infidels (muslims). Where He was said to reside in India, but not many people visited India, so India became Ethiopia. Ethiopia becomes legendary Christian kingdom, surrounded by muslims. When Popular from 12-13th century in Europe Why Prester John's kingdom was thus the object of a quest, firing the imaginations of generations of adventurers, but remaining out of reach. He was a symbol to European Christians of the Church's universality, transcending culture and geography to encompass all humanity, in a time when ethnic and interreligious tension made such a vision seem distant. |
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Ptolemy's Geography
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Who
His "Geographia" was what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire during his time. What Questions about the past Questioned Erastothenes' estimate of global circumference. Ptolemy also devised and provided instructions on how to create maps, both of the whole inhabited world and of the Roman provinces. Declared the impossibility of sailing in the Southern hemisphere. Suggested the Indian Ocean was landlocked. Postulates that a Eurasian continent can be reached by Westward passage Where Egypt When written in 1st and 2nd century Why Questions things about the past Created maps so that people could travel the world |
