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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which people founded Rome?
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The Latins
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Before 509 B.C., Rome was most strongly influenced by what group?
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The Etruscans
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What was the law code establishing a common standard of justice for all citizens in 451 B.C.?
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The Twelve Tables
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How did the First Punic War begin?
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Carthage and Syracuse became alarmed at Rome's intervention in their domain.
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Who introduced radical land reforms in an attempt to solve the problems of the late Roman Republic?
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Tiberius Gracchus
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Who marched on Rome and forced the Senate to legitimate his command in 88 B.C.?
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Sulla
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Who belonged to the First Triumvirate?
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Caesar, Pompey, and Crassius
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Who controlled Rome by 45 B.C.?
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Caesar
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After the collapse of the Second Triumvirate, who won the ensuing civil war?
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Octavian/Augustus
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What did Brutus and Cassius expect would be the consequences of assassinating Caesar?
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Brutus and Cassius thought that eliminating Caesar would reform the Republic, but it was the Republic's inadequacy that brought Caesar to power in the first place. When he was murdered, a power vacuum was created.
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How should we best understand the constitution of the early Roman Republic?
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It divided power--there were magistrates, and the people had legislative authority. The Hortensian Law gave plebiscites voting power. The executive power was split between the two consuls to prevent a monarchy.
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In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate acknowledged Octavian’s services to the republic by giving him which title?
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Augustus, meaning 'revered'.
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Why would a provincial non-citizen have been attracted to join Augustus’ auxiliary military units?
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Because after serving an honorary term, the soldier was granted citizenship.
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Who is considered to be Rome’s greatest poet?
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Virgil (1st century B.C.)
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From Augustus to Nero, how were the members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty linked to one another?
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Augustus --> Tiberius (stepson) --> Gaius Caesar/Caligula (grandnephew) --> Claudius (uncle) --> Nero (adopted son)
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After Caligula’s murder, who reestablished order in Rome, financed new colonies including the rebuilding of Ostia, and made Britain a Roman province?
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His uncle Claudius.
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After a devastating fire in Rome, how did Nero respond?
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Nero directed Rome's anger to Christians and charged them for arson. When an army revolted in a Gallic province over another fire, he committed suicide.
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What effect did Diocletian’s political reforms have on the administration of the empire?
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He restored the empire's unity and stability. He ruled a military state with divine implications. He also increased Rome's economic difficulties.
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How did Diocletian attempt to halt inflation?
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By issuing an Edict of Prices, which decreased what could legally be charged for many items. Led to a black market.
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Augustus’ method of governing Rome would best be described as:
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'Invisible Monarchy'. He ruled as a principate, claiming that Rome was a Republic. Principate was an old republican term for general.
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What did Augustus’ program of Romanitas call for?
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The protection of Rome's Italian virtues--they had been able to conquer the world through their superior strength and virtues. To preserve this culture, he wanted to employ as many Italians in government as possible. He encouraged high birth rates and traditional values.
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How is Hadrian’s Wall symbolic of his leadership style?
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Symbolized his defensive military style--he wanted to stabilize the empire and be able to retreat with his army if needed.
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How did Septimius Severus’ advice to “Enrich the troops, and despise everyone else” backfire?
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If the Roman army realized it was being controlled, it would kill officers and rally behind leaders who promised to do what they wanted. Killed 4/5 Severan emperors this way.
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Why did Caracalla extend citizenship to all free residents of the empire?
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He wanted to expand the tax base.
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How did class affect Roman women’s rights?
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Roman aristocratic women had great political power and influence. Divorce and remarriage was common.
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Under Roman law, what was the condition of slaves?
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Slaves were frequently freed. Some emperors passed humane laws to protect slaves, but the slaves were basically a captive work force on estates.
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Which emperor initiated an empire-wide attempt to eradicate Christianity?
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Diocletian
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Which emperor embraced Christianity and began to convert the empire?
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Constantine
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Which city became the capital of the Roman Empire under Constantine?
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Constantinople
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After Honorius moved the seat of his government there, what city was the last capital of the western Roman Empire?
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Ravenna
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Which eastern Roman emperor sought unsuccessfully to recover the western territories that had been lost to the Germans?
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Justinian
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Who was Justinian’s court historian, who described his many building projects?
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Procopius
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What was arguably Justinian’s most lasting achievement?
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Building the Church of Holy Wisdom/Hagia Sophia.
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From which ancestor do Arabs claim descent?
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Ishmael, Abraham's son by Hagar.
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Where was Muhammad born?
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Mecca, Arabia.
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What event in Muhammad’s life marked the beginning of Islam as an independent religious movement?
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When Muhammad went on a hajira (journey) to Medina.
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Who was Muhammad’s caliph or “successor” after his death?
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His close friend and early convert, Abu Bakr.
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Who was Anthony of Egypt?
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A Christian hermit who lived in seclusion and wrote a biography on religious asceticism.
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How does Islam differ from Christianity in terms of their respective relationships between sacred and secular authority?
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The church lived within the Roman Empire's protection for awhile. When it fell, the church had to assume political responsibility to fend for itself. Islam had no state and had to provide itself with secular government. The distinction between secular and religious is much more unclear in Islam.
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How should we think of Romulus Augustus?
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A boy ruler who was deposed by 476 A.D.
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Why were monasteries important institutions during the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the west?
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Monasteries were important because they served as centers of learning.
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Which of the following statements best represents Muhammad’s attitude toward Christian and Hebrew prophets?
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Islam had many of the same prophets as Christianity and Judaism. Respect "people of the book."
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What is the best explanation for the rapid spread of Islam?
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It spread partly because it was popular and partly because of material conquest--under Abu Bakr, Muslim raiding parties were very successful against hte Persians and the Byzantines. Islamic empire!
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Why did early Christian congregations resist the tendency that many religions have to splinter as they spread?
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Christianity evolved in opposition to the state, and saw tolerance of other faiths as betrayal to God...?
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What was the most important long-term significance of Constantine?
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Constantine legitimized Christianity and moved the capital east.
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Why do Islamic states, both in their early years and today, differ from Christian states in the relationship between church and state?
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Sha'ria law, and less of a distinction between church and state.
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How was Rome affected by the three Punic Wars?
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Rome lost Sicily in the 1st Punic War, lost soldiers in needless wars in the next few (3rd Punic War), suffered disorder, the poor rising up, increasing social tensions, and the destabilization of the empire.
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What do the careers of Roman leaders from Marius to Sulla to Pompey to Caesar demonstrate about late Republican politics?
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Late Republican leaders had to be backed by an army--Sulla, Caesar, Marius, all had this.
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What is the best explanation for the ultimate failure of the Roman Republic?
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The ultimate reason that the Republic failed was because Octavian claimed to be creating the Republic again, only to have it be a monarchy. Bad management led to power vacuums for people like Caesar to step in .
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