Roman History Fall Of The Republic

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New Politics

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Gestures of generosity to public

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Demographic shift

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Expansion, small farmers go to city

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Scipio Aemilianus

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Had Polybius as advisor and gave food and money to gain porr vote

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Laelius Sapiens

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Proposed Land reform bill to divide public land in 140BC but backed down and recieved name The wise or Sapien

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Plutarch

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Greek Aritocrat in 100CE. Wrote many Biographies such as the Life of Tiberius Graccus, Life of Gaius Graccus, and Life of Ceasar

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Tiberius Graccus highlights

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133BC Son of Cornelia Scipio, negotiated peace in Spain which Scipio Aemilianus voted against, describes demographic shift, stripps tribune of tribuneship, wants to expand Ager Publicus, Dies

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Lex Sempronia

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Brought forth by Tiberius to give public land to poor

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The radical tribunate

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Could go from tribune to people to law without going through the Senate. Thought of by Tiberius Graccus

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Gauis Graccus

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Tribune in 123BC, Lex Sempronia, Govt Equip Army, sponsored colonies, create grain subsidies, Questio de repetundis, Italian citizenship.

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Quaestio de repuntundis

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Provincial corruption court that Gauis fills with equestrians

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Senatus Consultum Ultimum

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Last decree of Senate allowed senate to make Gaius an enemy of the state

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Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)

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Novus Homo who ended up winning Jugurthine war. created client armies

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Jugurthine War

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113BCE. Difficult war Marius ends up with the Imperium after he becomes consul ends the war through negotiations that Sulla does.

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Cimbri and Teutoni

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Old Germanic tribal networks move into Roman territory after 120BCE. Win battles from 113 to 110. Ends with Marius changing the military and defeating them

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Reorganization of legions

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Legions were subdivided to 10 cohorts each cohort 6 centuries and the centuries were divided into 10 contubernia of 8 men

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The Social War

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Italian Socii start revolution in 91/90 BCE. Mint own coins, difficult for both sides. 88BCE try to end war by giving citizenship to anyone not fighting 87BCE give it to anyone who lays down arms

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Battle of Arausio

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Part of Cimbri and teutonic war in 105BCE. Defeated Rome causing Marius to have to retrain troops

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Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix

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Patrician, but not rich, HE captured Jugurtha even though he was under Marius, Gains Imperium for mithradatic war, he ends up marching on Rome first to stop Marius and returns in 85BC to become dictator for a year

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Mithradates of Pontus

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Hellenistic King to the East. He begins aggressive foreign policy and then attacks Roman Provinces in the East in 88 BCE

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Mithradatic War

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88BCE. A respectable war. Sulla gains Imperium but before he leaves has to fight Marius who took over, then leaves and fights the Marius faction upon return.

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Cinna

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Takes power when Sulla leaves. brings back Marius and begins killing Optimates in 87. when Marius dies him and carbo began leaders of Rome.

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Pompey

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also known as Adulescentulus Canifex. When Sulla returned he raised 3 legions himself and began executing many populares.

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Sulla's Reforms

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81BCE

1. Doubles size of senate

2. Increase number of Jr. offices

3. Makes Cursus Honorum fixed

4. New Treason law about Governors and war

5. Tribunes can't hold office after tribune and cant propose laws

6. Questio de Repetundis reforms

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Optimate Ideal

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Turn back to clock to before Tiberius Gracchus

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Graeus Pompeius Magnus

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Pompey, 106-48 BCE. Sulla's right hand man,Acquired great Gloria

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Crassus

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115-53BCE. one of Sulla's henchmen. active in proscriptions, interest in economic activity. perceived as richest man in Rome in 70's

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Lex Gabinia

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67BCE. Creten Pirates are attacking so give Privatus cum Imperium to Pompey then in 66 Imperium changed to Eastern mediterrean affairs

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Cicero vs. Verres

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Verres worked for Sulla. ended up ruthlessly exploiting his province and killed a retired soldier. Cicero sued him and won causing Cicero to gain consul

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Catiline's conspiracy

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in 63BC Bitter about losing consulship and makes a popular speech. Goes against Sulla. Cicero gains evidence and executes Catiline

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Cato the Younger

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Tribune of Plebians even though he is an Optimate in 62BC. In 60 he convinces Senate not to ratify Pompey's Acta. Also goes against Crassus.

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Gual

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59 BCE Ceasar had governorship. He continued to wage war to length in his territory even though technically against law.

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Commentaries

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How Caesar justified his war. he wrote these things that were spread through the marketplace in rome saying he only fought in hot pursuit.

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Crossing the Rubicon

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49BCE Ceasar is told that he is to stand trial for his wars which he then takes his army to Rome to take back Republic.

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Battle of Pharsalus

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48 BCE. Caesar beats Pompey who flees to Egypt.

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Dictator Perpetuus

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dictator for life. given to Caesar when he returns from Egypt.

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popular measure Caesar enacted

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Grain for poor, land for city poor, public works projects

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Battle of Actium

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31BCE. Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra who commit suicide.

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Theodor Mommsen

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Stressed Primary sources and stressed legal technicalities of Octavian war

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Sir Ronald Syme

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Argued that the Roman republic was in decline since 133bce. Octavian just used choas and armed forces and terror to make himself dictator

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27BCE

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The republic has been restored.