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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle |
Philosopher, Catholic Church adopted his ideals, believed in heliocentricity |
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Heliocentricity |
sun is the center of the universe (those who opposed this were charged as heretics) |
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Leonardo de Vinci |
a renaissance man; studied human anatomy, initiated the Scientific Revolution, was the first to use the Scientific Method |
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Copernicus |
"Copernican Heliocentricity" came a thousand years after Aristotle |
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Galileo Galilei |
-improved upon the telescope -philosopher during the Renaissance -Father of astronomy -Geocentricity -came before the Inquisition twice, was put under house arrest after agreeing to stop publishing his geocentric ideals -published anyway in secret! |
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Renaissance man |
Renaissance era "jack of all trades", like Leonardo da Vinci. May have been... -orator -scientist -artist -philosopher -astronomer, etc |
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Alchemy |
turning base metals into gold (false science) |
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Isaac Newton |
put mirrored lens into telescope to further improve upon it |
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The Great Witch Craze (include dates) |
1450-1750 - primarily women/commonfolk were accused (midwifes, those that worked with herbs, etc) -perpetuated by common misbeliefs such as alchemy, superstitions, miasma, and no scientific understanding of germs |
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The Burning Times (include dates) |
1550-1650 - many jobs were created, such as witch hunters -The Burning Times were set apart in the witch craze because it was in this era that the Protestants and Catholics were in conflict -Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church |
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Heresy |
going against the Church's imposed beliefs -Galileo |
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The Inquisition |
Court of the Church, tried heretics, often used torture as a method of gaining confession |
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Penalties for heresy |
Exile, death, house arrest, visiting Church, imprisonment, wearing the cross of infamy, pilgramage |
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Autos-de-fa |
burning of heretics on Sunday, picnic event |
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Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith |
Modern-day Inquisition |
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Why did the Burning Times end? |
-Morality (people became more reasonable) -People were tired of the craziness! -Social stability was lacking |
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French Revolution (include dates) |
1789-1799 - uprooted absolute monarchy and the reign of the gentry/nobility |
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Ancien Regime |
social system that has been displaced - in this case, the monarchy preceding the French Revolution |
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The fiscal crisis of the French Rev |
Clergy and nobility took all the wealth and paid no taxes- government went bankrupt and taxes were consistently increased for the poor |
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Assembly of Notables |
Group of high-ranking officials called by king of France to speak on important matters of the state - advisors |
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Estates General 1789 |
clergy, nobility, and the rest of French society (97% bougeousie) were divided. in national votes, the votes were taken by class, not by head - though the lower class made up the majority of the population, the gentry and nobility would often vote together and overpower the lower class -The Estates General was called but the lower class was kicked out of the meeting hall |
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National Assembly (1789-91) |
The National Assembly was formed by the third estate, the bourgeoisie (poor people) during the French Revolution - created at the Tennis Court Oath |
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The Constitution of 1791 |
Short lived, first constitution after the fall of the absolute monarchy. Declared the right to popular sovereignty and adopting constitutionality |
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The Tennis Court Oath (June 1789) |
King locks the bourgeoisie out of the Estates General meeting, so they form a meeting at the Tennis Court, large enough to house the representatives and other members. Formed the National Assembly |
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Storming of the Bastille (1789) |
The militia of the lower class stormed the Bastille, as it was a symbol of monarchy, as freed the 7 prisoners inside despite their unimportance to the revolution |
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Law of the Lamppost |
Those that continued to support the monarchy were hung from lampposts for all to see |
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August 4th Decree |
decree abolished hierarchy of taxes - all had to pay taxes from that point forward |
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Refractory priests |
Priests that refused to sign loyalty to the constitution and make the Church a "state structure" - many were martyred |
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Jacobins |
radical political group that popularized the use of the guillotine- worked alongside Robspierre and the sans-culottes |
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Sans-culottes |
Parison radicals that pushed for futher reforms in the French Rev. Jacobins thought them annoying. The militant element of the opposition to the Monarchy |
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Reign of Terror |
Marat (propoganda) and Robespierre (pushed for the execution of the King, Louis XVI) - period of violence in the French revolution between two opposing forces that resulted in the guillotine death of 16,000 throughout France |
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September massacres |
In the early 1790s, there was a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris and that the inmates of the city's prisons would be freed and join them - so many of the prisoners were killed, despite having no involvement with the Revolution or it's oppostion |
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Three important factors that fueled the Industrial Revolution |
Coal, steam, new machines |
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Primogeniture |
first child inherits all - others become gentry/shopkeepers |
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Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in England? |
England/Great Britain had already experienced the Enlightenment and was open to progress - furthermore, there was easy access to natural resources like coal and iron, and the landscape was right (rivers). Also, England had a sufficient banking system and knew how to use/spend their money, unlike Spain |
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Untapped resources |
Raw materials that fueled the IR - coal, steam, new machines, rivers |
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the putting out system |
merchant employers put out new materials to rural producers - created work and money |
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Convertible husbandry |
rotation of crops in a specific manner that allowed for more fertile soil and nitrogen fixation - most important aspect (arguably) of agricultural revolution |
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The Enclosure Movement |
land became owned- no more "public pastures" |
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Laissez-faire economics |
Free trade, minimal government interference |
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Flying Shuttle and Spinning Jenny |
key developments in the Industrial Revolution that made mass production possible |
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The Luddites |
English textile workers (or self-employed weavers who feared the end of their trade) who protested against newly developed labor-economizing technologies - lost jobs when replaced by machines
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Titus Salt |
philanthropist - best known for having built Salt's Mill, a large textile mill, together with the attached village of Saltaire, the first "suburb" - could not hang laundry outside |
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Gentry |
upper middle class, merchant class |
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Optimism and reason |
aspects of the Enlightenment that were deemed preferable to cruel, blind faith
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Cultural relativism |
not using one's own culture as a comparative tool to degrade or judge the culture of another |
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The Encyclopedia - facts and who made it? |
Denis Diderot -26 yrs to make -he was imprisoned for it -was outlawed by the Church bc it was believed to be an act of heresy to seek out information outside of the Church/not ask the pastor -only the rich and literate had access |
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The dictionary - facts and who made it? |
Samuel Johnson -little fame, less money, 9 years to make -incomplete -no dirty words |
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Deism |
the belief that God is creator, but once established, natural laws explained the progression of Earth/science |
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Coffeehouses and saloons |
Fueled the Enlightenment - political hub for conversation and shared learning |
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Popular Literature |
as people became literate, newspapers, pornography, "episodes" within newspapers, travel logs, and fables of morality became popular
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Mary Wollstonecraft |
"first feminist" - wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" |
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Spanish Power |
Spain, while wealthy, was not motivated to use that wealth for industrial progress. Food production was low, not many nationals memorials, all wealth went to ships (Spanish Armada) |
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Spanish Armada |
the undefeated Spanish fleet that was destroyed by English Protestant ships |
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The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) |
Mercenaries were hired - brutality, cannibalism, pillaging, religious war over property |
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The defenestration of Prague |
two men thrown out a window in an argument over land- initiated the 30 yrs War |
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The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 - Three main principles |
1. humans organized into territories 2. No power for the leader beyond the state (sovereignty) 3. creation of nation states |
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The nation state |
sovereignty; fixed borders, rulers had complete authority |
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Absolutism |
strong central government, total rule, no private life. King of Swassiland |
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Divine Right of Kings |
Kings are God's representatives on Earth - monarch not subject to most authority - lepers would try to touch his cloak bc they believed they would be healed by his grace and divinity |
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Louis XIV |
King at age four, served longer than any Monarch in Europe, warming pan baby |
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Versailles |
Political hub of France - hall of mirrors - wealth - ppl showed up to get things done |
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Peter the Great |
Russian czar that Westernized Russia. Dressed like French, shaved beards, striven to have imitation of French court |
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Two roles of French Kings |
King in Court (social) King in Council (political) |
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Gentry in England |
merchant class, shopkeepers. Napoleon once said England was a nation of shopkeepers |
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House of Commons and House of Lords |
The House of Commons of England was the lowerhouse of the Parliament of England - House of Lords, upper house of the Parliament
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Whigs |
Opposed Royal Privilege |
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Tories |
longest-standing political party in England, pro monarchy |
