Western Civ Ii - Chapters 28&29

Front 1

Charlie Chaplin

Back 1

Englishman working in Hollywood; king of the silver screen; lonely Little Tramp with baggy trousers battered derby; symbolized the gay spirit of laughter in a cruel crazy world; demonstrated that in the hand of a genius the new medium could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment;Great Dictator; a number of films with political theme

Front 2

Nellie Melba

Back 2

sponsored in a broadcast of Lord Northcliffe as the world’s best soprano sang from London; was heard simultaneously all over Europe on June 16, 1920; the event launched the career of radio;

Front 3

Leni Riefenstahl

Back 3

a young and immensely talented woman filmmaker; Hitler asked her to film a documentary of propaganda The Triumph of the Will based on the Nazi party rally in Nuremberg in 1934; created a documentary of Nazi rebirth;

Front 4

Little Entente

Back 4

an alliance that joined Czechoslovakia, Romani, and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter Hungary France associated itself with this; 1920-21

Front 5

Reparations

Back 5

French believed that these were a vital economic necessity because they had to shoulder reconstruction while paying debts to the US; the Allied *this* commission concluded on April 1921 that Germany had to pay $33 billion in annual installments; first payment made in 1921;

Front 6

Rhineland

Back 6

The Treaty of Versailles authorized France to occupy this;

Front 7

Ruhr

Back 7

the heartland of industrial Germany; in January 1923, armies of France and Belgium moved out of Rhineland and occupied this district in reaction to Weimar Republic’s decision to stop paying reparations; people in this place stopped working in coal mines an steel mills to resist passively French occupation; French responded by seal off Rhineland and this place;

Front 8

Dawes Plan

Back 8

1924; after Charles D., who headed a committee of financial experts appointed by the reparation commission; was accepted by France , Germany and Britain; reduced Germany’s yearly reparations and made them dependent on Germany’s economic prosperity; gave Germany the right to receive large loans by the United States;

Front 9

Spirit of Locarno

Back 9

1925; leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements here; Germany and France pledged to accept their common border and both Britain and Italy agreed to fight either France or Germany of one invaded the other; Stresemann agreed to settle boundary disputes with Poland and Czechoslovakia and France promised those countries military aid if Germany attacked them; gave Europeans a sense of stability;

Front 10

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Back 10

signed by 15 countries in 1928; initiated by French prime minister Aristide B. and US secretary of state Frank B. K; multinational pact that condemned war as an instrument of national policy ;the signing states agreed to settle disputes peacefully; made no provision for action in case of war;fostered hope and encouraged hope that the United States would accept its responsibility and contribute to european stability;

Front 11

Mein Kampf

Back 11

1925-26; my struggles; a book written by Adolf Hitler in which he outlines his theories and program for a national socialist revolution;

Front 12

Labour Party

Back 12

1924-25; in Britain; replaced the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the conservatives; in 1924 and 1929 governed the country under Ramsay McDonald; moved toward socialism and democratically so that the middle classes were not over-frightened;

Front 13

Great Depression

Back 13

a world wide economic depression from 1929 through 1933 unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery;

Front 14

John Maynard Keynes

Back 14

English economist who believed that if Germany was impoverished by war reparations and other economic measures , all Europe would suffer; counter-cyclical policy:run deficits to stimulate economies;

Front 15

New Deal

Back 15

1933; FDR‘s plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy;

Front 16

WPA

Back 16

The Works Progress Administration set up in 1935. The most famous of FDR’s New Deal programs, it employed one-fifth of the entire labor force at some point in the 1930s, constructing public buildings, bridges and highways;

Front 17

Oslofrokosten

Back 17

the oslo breakfast; exemplified scandinavian socialism that championed cooperation and practical measures, playing down class conflict;it provided every schoolchild in the Norvegian capital with a good breakfast free of charge;

Front 18

Popular Front

Back 18

formed by the Communists, Socialists and Radical in France to win the elections of 1936; a new deal inspired party in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacation and a forty-hour workweek; collapsed in 1937 after Blum attempted to launch reforms;

Front 19

Josef Stalin

Back 19

became successor of Lenin in 1924;achieve supreme power between 1922-1927;final triumph at the party Congress in 1927;

Front 20

Five-Year Plan

Back 20

a plan launched launched by Stalin in 1928 and termed the “revolution from above” , the ultimate goal of which was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity;

Front 21

NEP

Back 21

New Economic Policy; Lenin’s 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration; peasants were permitted to sell their surpluses in free markets, and small traders were allowed to reappear; brought rapid recovery; rise of Stalin to power marked its end;

Front 22

Permanent Revolution

Back 22

Trocky’s doctrine that socialism in the Soviet Union could succeed only if revolution occurred quickly throughout Europe;

Front 23

Collectivization

Back 23

1929; the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises; beginning 1929 peasants all over the Soviet Union were ordered to give up their land and animals and become members of collective farms;

Front 24

Kulak

Back 24

the better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally permitted to join the collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for re-education;

Front 25

Great Purges

Back 25

1936-39; in an effort to reorganize a socialist state, Stalin ordered purges of the Communist Party by the secret police with public show trials and confessions sending millions to labor camps, prison, or executions, replacing them with new party members who would serve the party and Stalin faithfully;

Front 26

Benito Mussolini

Back 26

began as revolutionary socialist but turned against working class and sought the support of conservatives; son of a blacksmith and a schoolteacher; began his career as a Socialist Party leader and radical newspaper editor; expelled from the Socialist Party because urged Italy to join the Allies during WWI;

Front 27

Fascist

Back 27

union of forces; the member of a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, an anti-socialism aimed at destroying working-class movements, alliances with powerful capitalists and landowners, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military; march on Rome in October 1922; was granted dictatorial powers by Vittorio Emmanuelle III;

Front 28

Black Shirts

Back 28

a private army under Mussolini that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy;

Front 29

Lateran Agreement

Back 29

a 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as a tiny independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support; in turn the pope urged Italian to support Mussolini;

Front 30

Giacomo Matteotti

Back 30

the leader of the Socialists in the parliament; Mussolini’s thugs kidnapped and murdered him five days after the Fascist Party won elections in 1924;

Front 31

Nazism

Back 31

a movement born of extreme nationalism and racism, and dominated by Adolf Hitler for as long as it lasted;

Front 32

Karl Lueger

Back 32

mayor of Vienna; Hitler was deeply impressed with him; anti-semite, racist and Slave hater

Front 33

Fuhrer

Back 33

a leader-dictator with unlimited arbitrary power, this name was bestowed upon Adolf Hitler;

Front 34

Hindenburg

Back 34

president of the Weimar republic;

Front 35

Enabling Act

Back 35

the act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis in March 23, 1933 after Hindenburg died; gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years;

Front 36

SA

Back 36

a quasi military band of 3 million in brown shirts who had fought communists and beaten up Jews before Nazis took power; expected top positions so HItler killed more than thousand of these on June 30, 1934;after this massacre army leaders sworn obedience to Hitler;

Front 37

SS

Back 37

Hitler’s elite personal guard; on JUne 30, 1934 arrested and shot more than 1000 brown shirts; Heinrich Himmler was their leader; built a system of terror after 1935 that smashed all leftists;

Front 38

Gestapo

Back 38

the political police; expanded the network of special courts and concentration camps; Nuremberg Laws,in 1938 deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship;

Front 39

Kristallnact

Back 39

an well-organized wave of violence in late 1938; mobs smashed windows, looted shops; destroyed homes and synagogues; german jews were then forced to pay for the damage;

Front 40

Appeasement

Back 40

the British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at grantimg Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war; Lebensraum, living space; Hitlers‘ goal was a conquest of new living space in the Central Europe/East and its ruthless Germanization;

Front 41

Axis Alliance

Back 41

Germany-Japan-Italy

Front 42

Francisco Franco

Back 42

Spanish general who became a fascist dictator; fought republicans;

Front 43

Sudetenland

Back 43

German-speaking minority of western Czechoslovakia; Hitler demanded that it be returned to Germany causing a crisis;

Front 44

Munich Conference

Back 44

in 1938 Chamberlain flew here; and Britain and French agreed to cede this to Germany;Chamberlain said that he had secured peace with honor, peace for our time

Front 45

Danzig

Back 45

Hitler used the German minorities living here as a pretext to claim Poland; Chamberlain threatened that Britain and France would fight;

Front 46

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Back 46

Hitler and Stalin signed a ten year non aggression pact in August 1939; each dictator promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in war;in secret they agreed to divide Eastern Europe in zones;

Front 47

Blitzkrieg

Back 47

lightning war; starting Sept 1939, Hitler crashed Poland in 4 weeks

Front 48

Dunkirk

Back 48

June 1940; again using the lightning war, German motorized troops broke through southern Belgium. split Franco-British forces and trapped the entire British army on here; British withdraw their forces but not their equipment.

Front 49

Vichy

Back 49

the new french government formed by marshall Henri-Philipe Petain; it accepted defeat;pro-nazis;

Front 50

Winston Churchill

Back 50

Britain’s prime minister;

Front 51

Battle of Britain

Back 51

in 1940 up to a thousand German planes attacked British airfields and key factories in a single day, dueling with British defenders in the skies; in September Hitler indiscriminately bombed London and other cities; Britain won;

Front 52

Operation Barbarossa

Back 52

in June 1941 Germans attacked the Soviet Union; as a result by October Leningrad was surrounded, Moskow was besieged, and most of Ukraine had been conquered;

Front 53

New Order

Back 53

Hitler’s program based on the guiding principle of racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples - Dutch, Norwegians, Danes - while the French, an inferior Latin people occupied a middle position; Slavs in the conquered territories to the east were treated harshly, as subhuman;

Front 54

Totalitarianism

Back 54

a dictatorship that exercises unprecedented control over the masses and seeks to mobilize them for action; racial imperialism was the guiding principle;

Front 55

Holocaust

Back 55

the systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate in the murder of six million Jews;

Front 56

Final Solution

Back 56

the solution to the Jewish question;

Front 57

Auschwitz-Birkenau

Back 57

in Poland; major concentration camp;

Front 58

Primo Levi

Back 58

Italian Jew; deported to Auschwitz in 1944;

Front 59

Pearl Harbor

Back 59

Dec 1941; Hawaiian Islands; Japanse attack on US naval base here; immediately afer Hitler declared war on the United States;

Front 60

Europe First

Back 60

the Allied policy to defeat Hitler in Europe before turning their attack on Japan;

Front 61

Great Patriotic War

Back 61

refers to the fact that the war was based on the broad-based Russian nationalism, as opposed to narrow communist ideology;

Front 62

Stalingrad

Back 62

in July 1942 German troops attacked this city; in November 1942 Soviet armies counterattacked and trapped 300,000 soldiers;

Front 63

El Alamein

Back 63

Nov 1942; British forces defeated German and Italian armies here; 70 miles from Alexandria;

Front 64

Normandy

Back 64

on June 6 1944, American and British forces landed on the beaches here in the history’s greatest naval invasion;

Front 65

Eisenhower

Back 65

commander of Allies troops in Europe; D-day; rejected the proposal to strike straight at Berlin in a massive attack; instead moved cautiously;

Front 66

Red Army

Back 66

Soviet army;

Front 67

Coral Sea

Back 67

May 1942; an American carrier force fought its Japanese counterpart to a draw, thereby stopping the Japanese advance on Port Moresby and reliving Austria from the treat of invasion; one of the two greatest naval battles in history;

Front 68

Midway

Back 68

June 1942; one of the two greatest naval battles in history; American carrier-based pilots sank all four of the attacking Japanese aircraft carriers and established overall naval equality with Japan;

Front 69

Island Hopping

Back 69

American and Australian troops opened this campaign against Japan; first they pounded Japanese forces on a given island with saturation bombing; then the army would hit the beaches with rifle and flame throwers and engage in hand-to-hand combat;

Front 70

Leyte Gulf

Back 70

Oct 1944; American forces won a great victory here in a four-day battle; the greatest battle in naval history with 282 ships involved; destroyed the Japanese navy;

Front 71

Hiroshima

Back 71

August 6 1945; Americans dropped atomic bomb here

Front 72

Nagasaki

Back 72

August 9, 1945; Americans dropped an atomic bomb here;

Front 73

Gustav Stresemann

Back 73

foreign minister of Germany; called off passive resistance in Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations but asked a re-examination of Germany’s ability to pay; denounce as traitor by german nationalists and Hitler; became chancellor; his government quelled communist uprisings; put down rebellions in Bavaria including Hitler’s coup;

Front 74

Anschluss

Back 74

Hitler threatened to invade Austria and forced the austrian chancellor to put Nazi forces in control of government in March 1938; Austria became part of the greater Germany;