Western Civ. Final

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Carolingian Renaissance

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A culture and intellectual flowering that took place during the court of Charlemagne in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.

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Charles Martel

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Grandfather of Charlemagne , Frankish ruler of 715-741, who checked the muslim invasion of Europe by defeating the Moors at Poitiers

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Charlemagne

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742-814 King of the Franks and founder of the first Empire in western Europe after the fall of Rome became the center of the Carolingian Renaissance.

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Vikings

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800-1000 Groups of nomads , turned from traders to raiders. These raids often escalated into invasions that contributed to the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, resulted in the devastation of settled territories, and ended with the establishment of viking colonies

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Feudalism

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A problematic modern term that attempts to explain the diffusion of power in medieval Europe, and the many different kinds of political, social, and economic relationships that were forged through the giving and receiving of fiefs.

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William the Conqueror

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1027-1087 Duke of Normandy who laid claim to the throne of England. Defeating the Anglo-saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. He and his Norman followers imposed imperial rule in England through a brutal campaign of military conquest, surveillance, and the suppression of the indigenous Anglo-Saxon language

Front 7

Capetian Dynasty

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987-1328 A Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987-1328

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Crusades

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Any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy land from the Muslims

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Magna Carter

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1215 enacted during the reign of King John of England and designed to limit his powers.

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King John 1

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1167-1216 One of the more controversial monarch of Medieval England and is most associated with the signing of the Magna Carter

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Papel Monarchy

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The Vatican City is a city-state that came into existence in 1929 and is thus distinct from the central authority of the Roman Catholic Church, known as the Holy See, which existed long before 1929.

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University

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is a corporation organized during the High Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning

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Saint Thomas Aquinas

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1225-1274 Italian Theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God.

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Mongols

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group of Nomadic peoples inhabiting central asia
highly accomplished horsemen and raiders
1206- Genghis Khan united all mongols
conquered china, central asia, and southern russia

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Ivan the terrible

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1530-84 Grand duke of Muscovy and first tsar of Russia. He conquered Kazan, Astrakhan, and siberia, but was defeated by Poland in which his rule became increasingly oppressive.

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Black Death

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the epidemic of bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, Asia, and North Africa in the 1400 century, killing one third to one half of the population.

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Hundred years war

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1337-1453 the series of wars fought intermittently between England and France. After the early victories the English were expelled from all of France except Calais.

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Chaucer

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English poet regarded as the greatest literary figure of medieval England

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Renaissance

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From the French word "rebirth," this term came to be used in the nineteenth century to describe the artistic, intellectual, and cultural movement that emerged in Italy after 1300

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Humanism

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A program of study associated with the movement known as the Renaissance, Humanism aimed to replace the scholastic emphasis on logic and philosophy with the study of ancient languages, literature, history, and ethics

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leonardo de Vinvi

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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance.

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Michelangelo Buonarroti

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1475-1564 a virtuoso Florentine sculptor, painter, and poet who spent much of his career in the service of the papacy.

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Raphael Santi

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Italian painter whose works, including religious subjects, portraits, and frescoes, exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance.

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John Calvin

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1509-1564 Swiss theologian whose tenets defined presbyterianism

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Ulrich Zwingli

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Swiss Theologian whose sermons began the reformation in Switzerland

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Indulgence

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Grants exempting Catholic Christians from the performance of penance, either in life or after death.

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Martin Luther

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1483- 1546 German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds

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Salvation by faith

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belief that those who god has justified through faith will manifest that fact by acts of piety and charity, but that those acts are not what saves them.
a central thought in lutheran belief

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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1394-1460 Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

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Conquistador

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A conqueror, especially on the 16th century Spanish soldiers who defeated the indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, or Peru.

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Columbus

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Columbus brought America to the attention of the civilized world, i.e., to the growing, scientific civilizations of Western Europ