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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two basic divisions of the nervous system?
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The two basic divisions of the nervous system:
1) CNS (Central Nervous System) - Brain and Spinal Cord 2) PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) - Nerves and Ganglia |
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What are three major functions of the nervous system?
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The three major functions of the nervous system:
1) Sensory input - collecting information, detecting changes in the environment 2) Integration - processing and evaluating information, interpreting the input 3) Motor output - responding to information |
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What is neural tissue made of?
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Neural tissue is made of neurons and supporting cells (glia)
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How many neurons are in the human body?
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The human body has around 100 billion neurons
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How many supporting cells are in the human body?
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More than 1 trillion glial (supporting) cells are in the human body
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What are some special characteristics of neurons?
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Some special characteristics of neurons:
1) They conduct electricity 2) They are extremely longevous 3) They do not divide 4) They have a high metabolic rate |
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What are some of the different structural parts of a neuron? Can you describe each one?
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Some of the different structural parts of a neuron:
1) Cell body - all the typical components of a cell 2) Dendrites - receptive regions (neurons have many of these) 3) Axon - impulse generator and conductor (each neuron has one of these) 4) Synapses - sites of communication between neurons |
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What are the four structural classifications of neurons?
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The four structural classifications of neurons:
1) Axonic - having no axon 2) Unipolar - One process coming off the cell body 3) Bipolar - Two processes coming off the cell body 4) Multipolar - more than two processes coming off the cell body |
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What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
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The three functional classifications of neurons:
1) Sensory neurons - detect stimuli 2) Motor neurons - elicit response from effector organ 3) Interneurons - process info/modify response |
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What are some different types of glial (supporting) cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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Some different types of glial cells in the CNS:
1) Astrocytes - control ionic environment ("star-shaped" cell) 2) Ependymal cells - help circulate cerebrospinal fluid 3) Microalgia - phagocytes (eat up debri) 4) Oligodendrocytes - wraps around neuronal processes |
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What are some different types of glial (supporting) cells in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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Different types of glial cells in the PNS:
1) Satellite cells - surround cell bodies 2) Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) - surround axons in the PNS |
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What is myelin?
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Myelin is a fatty substance made of lipids and proteins
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What function does a myelin sheath have?
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A myelin sheath will increase the speed of impulse conduction within a nerve cell
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What are neurofibril nodes (also called nodes of Ranvier)?
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Neurofibril nodes are gaps between myelin bundles where nerve impulses jump from one node to the next
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How can axons be unmyelinated (unmyelinated axons)?
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Rather than having a myelin sheath, some axons can be surrounded by neurolemmocytes
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What are two types of synapses?
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The two types of synapses are electrical and chemical. In this class, we're primarily concerned with chemical synapses
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Do synapses always result in the same activity? If not, what is the difference?
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Synapses can result in either increased activity (excitatory) or decreased activity (inhibitory)
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What is the mechanism of nicotine?
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Nicotine binds to receptor sites
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What is the mechanism of cocaine?
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Cocaine blocks neurotransmitter re-uptake into the presynaptic cell
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What is the mechanism of anesthetics (barbituates)?
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Anesthetics (also called barbituates) decrease neurotransmitter release
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What is the mechanism of curase?
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Curase prevents neurotransmitters from binding to receptors
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What is the mechanism of benzodiazepines such as valium?
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Benzodiazepines like valium incease the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
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What is the mechanism of selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) such as zoloft and prozac?
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SSRI's like zoloft and prozac block the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters
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What are some of the elements of a chemical synapse?
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Elements of a chemical synapse:
1) presynaptic neuron 2) postsynaptic neuron 3) synaptic cleft 4) synaptic vesicles 5) neurotransmitters 6) receptors 7) channels |
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What is the difference between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?
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Presynaptic neurons sit before the synapse, while postsynaptic neurons site after the synapse
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What is a synaptic cleft?
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A space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
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What are synaptic vesicles and how do they relate to neurotransmitters?
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Synaptic vesicles a bits of membrane (look like bubbles) that hold chemicals that can signal a change. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters
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What is the function of receptors in a synapse and how do they relate to channels?
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Receptors are proteins that can recognize a neurotransmitter and allow the chemical to go through a channel to the postsynaptic neuron
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What are nerves, and are they found in the PNS or CNS?
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Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers (called axons) found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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What are tracts, and are they found in the PNS or CNS?
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Tracts are bundles of nerve fibers (called axons) found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
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What are ganglia, and are they found in the PNS or CNS?
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Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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What are nuclei, and are they found in the PNS or CNS?
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Nuclei are clusters of cell bodies found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
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What is gray matter?
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Gray matter is nerve cell bodies
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What is white matter?
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White matter is mostly myelinated axons
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What are meninges?
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Meninges are supporting structures of the brain
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What are the three meninges found in the human brain?
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The three meninges (supporting structures) found in the human brain are:
1) dura mater - "tough mother" 2) arachnoid - "spider like" 3) pia mater - "delicate mother" |
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What is the meninge known as dura mater composed of?
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The dura mater is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
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What is the meninge known as arachnoid composed of?
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The arachnoid is composed of a net-like membrane of collagen and elastin fibers
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What is the meninge known as pia mater composed of?
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The pia mater is composed of areolar connective tissue
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What is the cranial dura septa and where is it found?
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The cranial dura septa is a double layer of dura mater that forms partitions at four places:
1) falax cerebelli 2) falax cerebri 3) tentorium cerebelli 4) diaphragma sellae |
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What is a ventricle (of the brain)?
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A ventricle is a hollow space filled with cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)
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What are the three functions of cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)?
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Cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) has the following functions:
1) buoyancy - reducing weight, preventing crushing 2) protection - it acts as a liquid cushion and shock absorber 3) environmental stability - it bathes the brain in nutritive fluid and removes toxic substances |
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What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
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It prevents certain harmful things from getting into your brain
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What are the five structures of an adult human brain?
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The five structures of an adult human brain are:
1) Cerebral hemispheres (left and right) 2) Diencephalon 3) Cerebellum 4) Brainstem |
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What are the different lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
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The different lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are:
1) frontal lobe 2) parietal lobe 3) temporal lobe 4) occipital lobe 5) insula |
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What does the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere control?
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The frontal lobe controls motor commands and speech, as well as possibly personality
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What does the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere control?
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The parietal lobe controls somatosensory
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What does the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere control?
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The temporal lobe controls auditory and smell
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What does the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere control?
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The occipital lobe controls visual
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What does the insula of the cerbral hemisphere control?
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The insula controls memory and taste
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How are the two sides of the cerebrum connected?
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The left and right cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) are connected by the corpus callosum
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What is the corpus callosum?
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The corpus callosum is a band of white matter that bridges the gap between the left and right cerebral hemipheres. It is best seen with a frontal plane
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What are sulci?
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Sulci are grooves found on the surface of the brain
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What are gyri?
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Ridges (the top of the grooves) found on the surface of the brain
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What are fissures?
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Fissures are deep grooves found on the surface of the brain
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What are the major fissures of the human brain?
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Major fissures of the brain:
1) transverse fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum 2) longitudinal fissure - separates the cerebral hemispheres |
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What are the major sulci of the human brain?
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Major sulci of the brain:
1) central sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes 2) parieto-occipital sulcus - between parietal and occipital lobes 3) lateral sulcus - separates temporal and front/parietal lobes |
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What are the major gyri of the human brain?
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Major gyri of the brain:
1) Precentral gyrus - anterior to the central sulcus 2) Postcentral gyrus - posterior to the central sulcus |
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What is the cerebral cortex, where is it found and what is its function?
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The cerebral cortex is gray matter found on the superficial surface of the cerebrum. It is the site of "consciousness"
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How can we divide the cerebral cortex based on function?
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Functional divisions of the cerebral cortex:
1) Motor areas 2) Sensory areas 3) Association/Integration areas |
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What are the three motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
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Motor areas of the cerebral cortex:
1) Primary motor cortex 2) Motor speech area 3) Frontal eye fold |
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What is the primary motor cortex?
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The primary motor cortex is a motor area of the cerebral cortex. It is located on the precentral gyrus and is responsible for voluntary muscle movements
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