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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Automatic thinking |
Thought that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless |
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How are schemas an example of automatic thinking? |
They are mental representations and help organize what we know and interprets new situationsadvant |
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Advantages of schemas |
Information is accessible, situations can be sized up quickly, and often quick conclusions are correct |
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Disadvantage of schemas |
Contributes to stereotyping |
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Priming |
The process of recent experiences increases the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. |
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Types of automatic thinking |
Automatic goal pursuit, automatic decision making, judge mental heuristics, availability heuristics, and representativeness heuristics. |
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Automatic goal pursuit |
Goals can be activated and influence people behavior without their knowing. |
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Availability heuristics |
People base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind |
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Holistic thinking style |
People focus on the overall context, such as the ways that objects relate to each other |
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Analytic style of thinking |
People focus on the properties of objects without considering their sureounding context |
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Social psychology |
Scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people |
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Social influence |
The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, oh behavior |
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Individual differences |
The aspect of people’s personalities that make them more different other people |
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Fundamental attribution error |
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors |
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Construal |
The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world |
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Gestalt psychology |
School of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people’s minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object |
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Naive realism/objectivity illusion |
The conviction that we perceive things as they really are and if others see the same thing differently then they must be biased |
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Self esteem |
People’s evaluation of their own self-worth |
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Social cognition |
How people think about themselves and the social world; how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgment and decision |
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Schemas |
Mental structures to organize knowledge about the social world around themes and influence the information people notice, think about, and remember |
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Accessibility |
The extend to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are likely to be used when making judgements about the social world |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like which influences how they act towards that person which cases that person to behave consistently with people’s original expectations, making the expectations comes true |
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Judgmental heuristics |
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently |
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Representative heuristics |
Mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case |
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Base rate information |
Information about the frequency of members difference categories in the population |
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Controlled thinking |
Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful |
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Counterfactual thinking |
Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been |
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Overconfidence barrier |
The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy in their judgments |
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Social Perception |
The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people |
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Nonverbal Communication |
The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze |
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Encode |
To express nonverbal behavior |
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Decode |
To interpret the meaning of other people’s expressed nonverbal behavior |
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Display rules |
Culturally determined rules about which behaviors are appropriate |
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Emblems |
Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions |
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Thin slicing |
Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person based on a brief sample of behavior |
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Primacy effect |
The first traits we perceive in others influences how we view information we learn about them later |
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Belief perseverance |
The tendency to stick with an initial judgement even in the face of new information |
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Attribution theory |
The way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior |
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Internal attribution |
The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person |
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External attribution |
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation that they are in |
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Fundamental attribution error |
The tendency to infer that people’s behavior corresponds to their personality |
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Perceptual salience |
The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention |
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Two-step process of attribution |
Analyzing another persons behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for behavior |
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Self-serving attributions |
Explanations for ones successes that credit internal factors and explanations for failures that blame external/situational factors |
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Bias blind spot |
The tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are |
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Cognitive dissonance |
The discomfort when two cognitions conflict; when they behave in ways that are inconsistent with their conception of themselves |
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Impact bias |
To overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future negative events |
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Postdecision dissonance |
Dissonance after making a decision; reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating the rejected alternative |
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Justification of effort |
The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attajn |
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External justification |
A reason for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual |
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Internal justification |
Reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself |
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Insufficient punishment |
The dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity/object; results in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object |
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Self-persuasion |
A long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification |
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Hypocrisy induction |
Dissonance of individuals making statements that run counter to their behaviors and then reminding them of the inconsistency to lead individuals to more responsible behavior |
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Independent view of the self |
Defining oneself in terms of their internal thoughts, feelings, actions |
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Interdependence view of the self |
Defining oneself in terms of ones relationships to other people |
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Intrinsic motivation |
The desires to engage/continue in an activity because it is enjoying or interesting |
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Extrinsic motivation |
The desires to engage in an activity behavior of external rewards or pressures |
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Over-justification effect |
Viewing own behaviors as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons; underestimating the extend of intrinsic reasons |
