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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metaphysical Systems
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(non-physical magical sources)
-Animism -Mythology & Religion -Astrology |
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Philosophy
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(study nature of reality through speculation)
-Introduced Logic & Reasoning |
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Physiology & Physical Sciences
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(interrelation of body & brain)
-Introduced the experimental method |
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4 Canons of Science
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-Determinism
-Empiricism -Parsimony -Testability |
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Determinism
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-Universe is orderly
-All events have meaningful systematic |
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Empiricism
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-Observation
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Parsimony
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-K.I.S.S. is usually he best explanation
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Testability
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-MUST be able to confirm or disconfirm hypothesis
-FALSIFIABILITY: must be possible to scientifically disprove |
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4 Ways of Knowing
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-AUTHORITY : Expertise
-INTUITION : Feelings -LOGIC -OBSERVATION REL GOV PHIL SCI 1) auth 1) auth 1) log 1) obs 2) int 2) int 2) obs 2) log 3) log 3) log 3) int 3) int 4) obs 4) obs 4) auth 4) auth |
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DOGMA
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-Principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true
-Serves as a part of the primary basis of an ideology or belief system, and it cannot be changed or discarded without affecting the very system's paradigm, or the ideology itself -can be used disparagingly to refer to any belief that is held stubbornly, including political and scientific beliefs |
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What is the Scientific Method
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-Ask a question
-Do background research -Construct a hypothesis -Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment -Analyze your data and draw a conclusion -Report your results (Was your hypothesis correct?) |
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Empirical Reasoning
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-Logical
-Measured -Based on observation -REPLICABLE |
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Theory
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A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.
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Purpose of Theories
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-Theories provide a framework for understanding human behavior, thought, and development.
-Theories create a basis for future research. -Researchers use theories to form hypotheses that can then be tested. |
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Types of Theories
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-Grand Tehories
-Mini-Theories -Emergent Theories -All good theories utilize: LAW OF PARSIMONY LAW OF PARSIMONY: the one w/fewest assumptions -K.I.S.S. |
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Grand Theories
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-Seek to explain MUCH of human behavior
-Outdated -Incomplete -Current researchers use as basis for exploration |
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Mini-Theories
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-Describe a small, very specific aspect of development
-might explain fairly narrow behaviors (how low self-esteem is formed or early childhood socialization) -Often rooted in ideas established by grand theories -NOT seek to describe and explain WHOLE of human behavior growth |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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LOOK AT CHART AND SAY COLOUR NOT WORD
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Emergent Theories
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-Created fairly recently
-Formed by systematically combining various minitheories -Draw on research and ideas from many different disciplines -Not as broad or far-reaching as grand theories |
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Psychology Theories
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-Behavior/Learning
-Cognitive -Developmental -Personality -Social -Humanist |
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Developmental Theories
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-Provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explain human development
-Specific Quality: Kohlberg's theory of moral development & attachment theory -Growth Throughout Lifespan: Erikson's theory of psychological development |
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Learning/Behavioral Theories
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-All behaviors are acquired through conditioning:
-social -operant -radical behaviorism -John B Watson and BF Skinner dominated psych during early half of 20th century -Today, behavioral techniques are widely used |
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Cognitive Theories of Psychology
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FOCUSED ON INFORMATION PROCESSING
(Focused on information processing) -Motivation -Problem Solving -Decision-making -Thinking -Attention |
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Personality Theories
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-Explain patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique
-Some of best known are devoted to subject of personality |
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Social Psychology
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(Social theories are generally centered on specific social phenomena)
-Group behavior -Prosocial behavior -Social influence -Love -Conformity -Bystander effect |
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Humanist Theories
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-Humanistic psychology theories begin to grow in popularity during the 1950s
-Earlier theories focused on abnormal behavior and psychology problems -Humanist theories instead emphasized the basic goodness of human beings +Carl Rogers +Abraham Maslow |
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Why Does Theory Matter?
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---->
Basis for hypothesis formation ------> Basis for research --------> Basis for interpreting results/data |
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Steps in Research
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Observe phenomena
Formulate hypothesis Operationalize variables Determine measures Design study Collect data Analyze data Draw conclusions Repeat |
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Hypothesis
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-Tenative explanation for observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation
DIFFER FROM THEORY -Repeatedly tested by experiments and can be used to make predictions -Well-sustained explanation |
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Formning a Research Hypothesis
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-Have an interest in something
-Have an idea -Formulate the initial question -Consider it from different perspectives -Reformulate into a hypothesis -"If X, then I expect Y" |
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Forming a Research Hypothesis Example
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Observe Phenomena
FACEBOOK ACTIVITY ------------> Formulate Initial Question WHAT IS THE APPEAL? ----------------> Different Perspectives SOCIAL INTERACTION, LESS PRESSURE, EXPLORATION, GOSSIP, STALKING |
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Reformulate into a Research Question
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Are people who are more isolated in RL more likely to seek out virtual friends?
-----> -Formulate testable hypotheses H1: Ss higher in social isolation, are more likely to spend more time on Facebook H0: Social isolation does not predict time on Facebook ----------> Design Study |
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Independent Variable
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Cause
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Dependent Variable
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Effect
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Once you have the question?
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-Clearly state the hypothesis
-Clearly state your IV's and DV's -Clearly state how each is measured -Clearly state how hypothesis is tested |
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Determinism
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the belief that all events are caused by things that happened before them and that people have no real ability to make choices or control what happens
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Parsimony
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It is pointless to do with more what is done with less.
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Empiricism
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the practice of basing ideas and theories on testing and experience
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Testability
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applying to an empirical hypothesis, involves two components: (1) the logical property that is variously described as contingency, defeasibility, or falsifiability, which means that counterexamples to the hypothesis are logically possible, and (2) the practical feasibility of observing a reproducible series of such counterexamples if they do exist
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