Water-Topic 8 First Half

Front 1

hydrologic cycle

Back 1

water cycle

Front 2

describe the hydrologic/water cycle

Back 2

solar energy (insolation) changes liquid or solid water to water water, and gravity pullls water down.

Front 3

what is the ultimate source of most water on land

Back 3

the evaporation of the oceans' water

Front 4

what four things can happen to water when precipitation falls on it?

Back 4

1. water retention
2. infiltrattion
3. tunoff
4. evapotranspiration

Front 5

water retention

Back 5

precipitation can be stored or retained on the land surface as ice or snow, or on the leaves of trees and other plants

Front 6

infiltrate

Back 6

precipitation sinks into the upper parts of earths lithosphere under the influence of gravity

Front 7

subsurface water

Back 7

all the water beneath earths surface

Front 8

runoff

Back 8

when precipitation flows over earths surface

Front 9

evapotranspiration

Back 9

precipitation is evaportated or transpired back into the atmosphere

Front 10

how much precipitation is put back in the atmopshere by evaporation or transpiration

Back 10

about 2/3

Front 11

how is the other 1/3 returned?

Back 11

by runoff

Front 12

how does the slope of the land affect infiltration?

Back 12

the stepper the slope of earths solid surface, the less infiltration or seepage

Front 13

how does saturation affect infiltration?

Back 13

the more saturated the loose materials at earths, the less infiltration

Front 14

2 zones that earths surface is divided into

Back 14

zone of saturation and the zone of aeration

Front 15

zone os saturation

Back 15

where the pores or openings between solid partiles are filled with water

Front 16

zone of aeration

Back 16

where the pores are partlyfilled with air and partly filled with water

Front 17

which zone is on top

Back 17

aeration

Front 18

water table

Back 18

the interface between the two zones

Front 19

subsurface water below the water table

Back 19

ground water

Front 20

porosity

Back 20

the percentage of open spaces in a material compared to its total volume

Front 21

affect of porosity on infiltration

Back 21

the greater the porosity, the greater the amount of infiltration that can occur

Front 22

shape affect on porosity

Back 22

rounded particles have greater porosity than other shapes

Front 23

packing affect on porosity

Back 23

the more closely packed the particles, the lower the pososity

Front 24

sorted

Back 24

if all the particles in a material are about the same size

Front 25

unsorted

Back 25

if the particles are mixed sizes

Front 26

sorted/unsorted affect on porisity

Back 26

the more unsorted the particles, the lower the porosity

Front 27

affect of size alone on porosity

Back 27

none; a material with large particles may have the same porosity as one with smalller particles if teh shape, packing,, and sorting of both particles sizes are about equal

Front 28

permeability

Back 28

the ability of a material to allow fluids such as water to pass through

Front 29

permeability rate

Back 29

the speed at which fluids will flow through a material

Front 30

affects on permeability

Back 30

how well connected the openings are

Front 31

in loose particles, the large the particle size...(permeability rate and inflitration)

Back 31

the faster the permeability rate and infiltration

Front 32

why?

Back 32

the size of the pores increases

Front 33

capillarity

Back 33

the attractive force between water molecules and the surrounding earth materials that stops some water from moving downward during infiltration

Front 34

water that is stored in small openinings in the zone of aeration

Back 34

capillary water

Front 35

what causes water to move up from the water table, against gravity, towards earths surface in the zone of aeration

Back 35

capillarity?

Front 36

what is this upward movement of water called?

Back 36

capillary action/migration

Front 37

when the particle size gets smaller, capilarity and capilary migration...

Back 37

becomes greater

Front 38

when the size of particles increases and the size of pores increases, capillarity..

Back 38

is reduced

Front 39

how does vegetation affect infiltration

Back 39

more vegetation=more infiltration

Front 40

why?

Back 40

vegetation intercepts falling precipitation
reduces speed of precipitation and gives the ground more time to absorb the water

Front 41

when can surface runoff occur? (4)

Back 41

1. the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate of infiltration
2. the pore space is saturated w/ water
3. the slope of a surface is too great to allow infiltration to occur
4. the water on the surface has not evaporated or sublimated into a gas

Front 42

stream discharge

Back 42

the volume of water flowing past a certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time

Front 43

the greater the runoff the ___the stream discharge

Back 43

greater

Front 44

what is the largest source of moisture for teh atmosphere?

Back 44

ocean water

Front 45

what is the primary source of water for the local water supplies?

Back 45

precipitation