Water Certification Review

Front 1

Water rights to a water supply that is acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure are called?

Back 1

Appropriative

Front 2

A natural underground layer of porous, water bearing materials usually capable of yielding a large amount of water is called?

Back 2

An Aquifer

Front 3

A connection between a drinking water system and an unapproved or non-potable water supply is called?

Back 3

Cross-connection

Front 4

The theoretical time it takes for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given flow rate is called?

Back 4

Detention Time

Front 5

The drop in the water table or level of water in the ground when water is being pumped is called?

Back 5

Drawdown

Front 6

When is the drawdown taken?

Back 6

When the pump is running

Front 7

What do you call the process by which water becomes a gas?

Back 7

Evaporation

Front 8

The process by which water vapor passes into the atmosphere from living plants is call?

Back 8

Evapotranspiration or Transpiration

Front 9

The actual time in hours, minutes, or seconds that a small amount of water is in a basin or tank is called?

Back 9

Detention Time

Front 10

A detailed description of all underground features discovered during the drilling of a well is called?

Back 10

Geological Log

Front 11

What do you call the process of evaporation of water into the air and it's return to earth by precipitation?

Back 11

Hydrologic Cycle

Front 12

Water that contains objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents is called?

Back 12

Non-potable Water

Front 13

Water that is free from objectionable tastes, odors, color, and turbidity and is at a desirable temperature is called?

Back 13

Palatable Water

Front 14

Disease causing organisms are called?

Back 14

Pathogens

Front 15

Water that does not contain objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents and is considered safe to drink is called?

Back 15

Potable Water

Front 16

Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specific procedures are called?

Back 16

Prescriptive Rights

Front 17

Water rights which are acquired together with title to the land bordering a source of surface water are called?

Back 17

Riparian Rights

Front 18

When was the Safe Drinking Water Act put into law?

Back 18

1974

Front 19

When was the SDWA last amended?

Back 19

1996

Front 20

The annual quantity of water that can be taken from a source of supply over a period of years without depleting the source permanently is called?

Back 20

Safe Yield

Front 21

A condition that occurs in water tanks or basins that causes the water entering the tank to flow on a direct path from the inlet to the outlet is called?

Back 21

Short-Circuiting

Front 22

What is one method of fixing the problem in question 21? (Short-Circuiting)

Back 22

Adding Baffles to the tank or basin

Front 23

The formation of separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life in a lake or reservoir is called?

Back 23

Stratification

Front 24

The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter is called?

Back 24

Turbidity

Front 25

Nephelometric units are used to measure what parameter?

Back 25

Turbidity

Front 26

What is the upper surface of the zone of saturation of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer called?

Back 26

Water Table

Front 27

The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from surface or ground water sources is called?

Back 27

Yield

Front 28

Approximately how many feet of water evaporate annually from oceans?

Back 28

6 Feet

Front 29

What percent of treated water has groundwater as it's supply source?

Back 29

25%

Front 30

What percent of treated water has surface water as it's supply source?

Back 30

75%

Front 31

When do reservoirs or lakes destratify?

Back 31

Spring or Fall

Front 32

Do algal blooms occur during the winter?

Back 32

Yes, but are less likely to occur

Front 33

The porous materials just above the water table containing water is called?

Back 33

Capillary Fringe

Front 34

A branch of medicine which studies epidemics is called?

Back 34

Epidemiology

Front 35

The largest cause of water borne illnesses in the United States is?

Back 35

Cross Connection

Front 36

Name five physical characteristics of water?

Back 36

Color, Taste, Odor, Turbidity, and Temperature

Front 37

A water system that has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year is called?

Back 37

Public Water System

Front 38

A water system that has at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year round residents is called?

Back 38

Community Water System

Front 39

Any public water system that is not a community water system is classified as a?

Back 39

Non-Community Water System

Front 40

The three basic objectives of a water treatment plant operator are?

Back 40

Produce potable and palatable water at a reasonable cost

Front 41

What is the first priority for operating a water treatment?

Back 41

Production of potable water free of harmful bacteria and toxic materials; Health and Welfare of the consumer

Front 42

The Gathering of a liquid or gas on the surface or interface Zone of another material is called?

Back 42

Adsorption

Front 43

What do you call an electrical system designed to prevent rust, corrosion, or pitting of metallic surfaces that are in contact with water or soil?

Back 43

Cathodic Protection

Front 44

What is the indicator organism that is found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals including man and also in Plants, soil, air, and water?

Back 44

Coliform

Front 45

The development of vertical mixing within a lake or Reservoir to eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life is called?

Back 45

Destratification

Front 46

In direct filtration, which treatment process is omitted?

Back 46

Sedimentation

Front 47

Reservoirs and lakes that are rich in nutrients and very productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life are called?

Back 47

Eutrophic

Front 48

The vertical distance in feet equal to the pressure (PSI) at a specific point is called?

Back 48

Head

Front 49

What do you call the lowest layer in a thermally stratified lake or Reservoir?

Back 49

Hypolimnion

Front 50

What do you call the portion of a body of fresh water extending from the Shoreline Lakeward to the limit of occupancy of rooted plant life?

Back 50

Littoral Zone

Front 51

What is the strip of land along the shoreline between the high and low water levels?

Back 51

Littoral Zone

Front 52

A reservoir or lake that has a moderate amount of nutrients is called?

Back 52

Mesotrophic

Front 53

Methyl Orange is used to measure what water parameter?

Back 53

Alkalinity

Front 54

What is the middle layer of a thermally stratified lake or Reservoir called?

Back 54

Metalimnion or Thermocline

Front 55

Lakes and reservoirs that do not freeze during the winter and are relatively deep and generally undergo a single stratification and mixing cycle are called?

Back 55

Monomictic

Front 56

Lakes and reservoirs that are nutrient-poor and contain little plant or aquatic plant or animal life are called?

Back 56

Oligotrophic

Front 57

What do you call the spontaneous mixing of all layers of water in a thermally stratified lake or Reservoir?

Back 57

Destratification; Overturn; Turnover

Front 58

What term is used to express the intensity of the basic or acidic condition of water (liquid)?

Back 58

pH

Front 59

The logarithm (base ten) of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity is called?

Back 59

pH

Front 60

What is the numerical range of pH?

Back 60

0-14

Front 61

What do you call the process by which organisms with the aid of chlorophyll (green plant enzyme) convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and inorganic substances into oxygen and additional plant material, using sunlight for energy?

Back 61

Photosynthesis

Front 62

What compounds react with chlorine to form THMs?

Back 62

Naturally occurring volatile organics

Front 63

Why is air added to a lake or Reservoir?

Back 63

To replenish DO

Front 64

A flat, white disc lowered Into Water by a rope until it is just barely visible is called?

Back 64

Secchi Disc

Front 65

The point at which the secchi disc is barely visible is called?

Back 65

Secchi Disc Transparency

Front 66

The minimum odor of a water sample that can be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water is called?

Back 66

Threshold Odor Number (TON)

Front 67

The greatest dilution of a sample with odor free water that still yields a just-detectable odor is called?

Back 67

TON

Front 68

Small, usually microscopic animals (such as protozoans) found in lakes and reservoirs are called?

Back 68

Zooplankton

Front 69

What change takes place in a lake or Reservoir during daytime when there is an algal bloom?

Back 69

ph goes up

Front 70

After Sundown, what change takes place in a lake or Reservoir that has experienced an algal bloom?

Back 70

pH goes down

Front 71

When is the pH at its lowest level in a lake or Reservoir?

Back 71

Just before sunrise (5 AM, 6 AM)

Front 72

After Sundown, plants give off carbon dioxide which drastically reduces the dissolved oxygen level in a lake or Reservoir. The oxygen depletion can cause what event?

Back 72

Fish Kill

Front 73

Regulations enacted for land areas that surround a source of water are called?

Back 73

Watershed

Front 74

What is another name for copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 5H20)?

Back 74

Bluestone

Front 75

What affects the efficiency of Bluestone?

Back 75

Alkalinity, pH, suspended matter, water temperature

Front 76

If the total alkalinity of a lake or Reservoir is less than 50 mg/L, the effective dosage of copper sulfate is?

Back 76

0.9 lb/acre-foot

Front 77

If the total alkalinity of a lake or Reservoir is more than 50 mg/L, the effective dosage of copper sulphate is?

Back 77

5.0 lbs/acre-foot

Front 78

Which acid when added to Bluestone, will delay the precipitation of copper sulfate from the Bluestone solution?

Back 78

Aliphatic Hydroxy Acid (such as citric acid)

Front 79

What term is used to define a well or underground basin, in which the water is under pressure greater than atmospheric and will rise above the level of its upper confining surface if given the opportunity?

Back 79

Artesian

Front 80

When is the drawdown of a well taken?

Back 80

When the pump is running

Front 81

What term is used to define a detail evaluation and/or inspection of a source of water supply and All conveyances, Storage, treatment and distribution facilities to ensure protection of the water supply from all pollution sources?

Back 81

Sanitary Survey

Front 82

The Gathering of a gas or liquid on the surface or interface zone of another material is called?

Back 82

Adsorption

Front 83

What do you call small, usually microscopic plants, such as algae, found in lakes and reservoirs?

Back 83

Phytoplankton

Front 84

What do you call small, usually microscopic animals (such as protozoans) found in lakes or reservoirs?

Back 84

Zooplankton

Front 85

When a reservoir freezes, what action is necessary to protect structures and embankments?

Back 85

Lower the Reservoir water level

Front 86

When a reservoir freezes, ball floats for level control become virtually useless. What other level device can be used in place of the ball floats?

Back 86

Blubber tube or manometer

Front 87

To protect the blubber tube from Ice formation, the tube should be equipped with what device?

Back 87

Pyrotenax Cable (heating tape)

Front 88

What type of device is usually used for withdrawing water from a lake or Reservoir?

Back 88

Multi-level intake

Front 89

Lakes or reservoirs are classified according to what parameter?

Back 89

Depth

Front 90

What type of lakes or reservoirs are operators more likely to encounter?

Back 90

2nd Order Classification

Front 91

What is the purpose of a screen or trash rack on a multi-level intake structure?

Back 91

Prevent fish, leaves, debris, etc from entering the WTP

Front 92

How can you minimize the entrance of silt into the intake system of a Reservoir?

Back 92

Install Baffles

Front 93

What do you call the clumping together of very fine particles into larger particles (floc) after the addition of a chemical?

Back 93

Coagulation

Front 94

Water Treatment Plant operators are mainly concerned with particles that have what type of charge?

Back 94

Negative Charge

Front 95

The capacity of water to neutralize acid is called?

Back 95

Alkalinity

Front 96

What parameter is measured when water is titrated with 0.2 N H2S04 to a pH of 4.5?

Back 96

Total Alkalinity

Front 97

Water color that includes not only the color due to substances in the water but suspended matter as well is called?

Back 97

Apparent color

Front 98

Water color of a sample that has had turbidity removed is called?

Back 98

True Color

Front 99

A polymer that has a positive charge is?

Back 99

Cationic Polymer

Front 100

A polymer that is often used as a filter Aid is called?

Back 100

Nonionic Polymer

Front 101

Where is the filter aid added?

Back 101

Filter influent

Front 102

A negatively charged polymer is called?

Back 102

Anionic

Front 103

A collection of individual samples obtained at regular intervals, usually every one or two hours during a 24-hour period and combined in proportion to the flow is called?

Back 103

Composite sample

Front 104

A contaminant formed by the reaction of disinfection chemicals with other substances in the water being disinfected is called?

Back 104

Disinfectant By-Product (DBP)

Front 105

The Gathering Together of fine particles after coagulation to form larger particles by a process of gentle mixing is called?

Back 105

Flocculation

Front 106

A single sample of water collected at a particular time and place, which represents the composition of the water only at that time and place, is called?

Back 106

Grab Sample

Front 107

What test is used to determine the correct chemical dosage during water treatment?

Back 107

Jar Test

Front 108

The sum of the atomic weights of the elements in a compound is used to determine?

Back 108

Molecular Weight

Front 109

A sample portion of water that is as nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger body of water being sampled is called?

Back 109

Representative Sample

Front 110

A condition that occurs in tanks or basins when some of the flowing water entering a tank or basin flows along a nearly direct pathway from the inlet to the outlet is known as?

Back 110

Short-Circuiting

Front 111

The Cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter is called?

Back 111

Turbidity

Front 112

What parameter is obtained when you measure the optical property of water based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles?

Back 112

Turbidity

Front 113

What are the three types of solids found in water?

Back 113

Settable, Suspended, and Dissolved

Front 114

When the coagulant sodium aluminate is added to water what happens to the pH?

Back 114

pH goes up

Front 115

When aluminum sulfate (alum) is added to the water what happens to the pH?

Back 115

pH goes down

Front 116

When the alum dosage is decreased what generally happens with the lime dosage?

Back 116

Lime dosage decreases

Front 117

When the alum dosage is increased what normally takes place with the lime dosage?

Back 117

Lime Dosage Increases

Front 118

A physical and chemical reaction occurring between the alkalinity of the water and the chemical added which results in the formation of insoluble floc is called?

Back 118

Coagulation

Front 119

When using Alum as a coagulant, the most effective pH range for the water is?

Back 119

5-7

Front 120

What is the best pH range for coagulation?

Back 120

It depends one the coagulant used

Front 121

What water treatment process is known as "flash mix"?

Back 121

Coagulation

Front 122

The coagulation process requires what amount of detention time?

Back 122

Less than a minute; a few seconds

Front 123

Reducing the speed of the mixers in each succeeding tank to lower the turbulence is called?

Back 123

Tapered energy mixing

Front 124

The flocculation process takes place in what length of time?

Back 124

5-30 minutes

Front 125

What type of Floc should be formed during Flocculation?

Back 125

Discreet and fairly dense; Popcorn flake

Front 126

What is considered the best chemical dosage obtained during coagulation?

Back 126

The dosage, which produces finished water that meets drinking water standards at the lowest cost.

Front 127

During the jar test, the floc starts to settle before the mixer is turned off, and 80% of the floc is settled within 1 - 2 minutes. What does this indicate?

Back 127

Overdosage

Front 128

Jar tests are useless unless?

Back 128

Applied and verified

Front 129

During a jar test, the floc start settling after the mixer is turned off and 80% of the floc settles within 15 minutes. What does this indicate?

Back 129

Good Settling/Dosage

Front 130

During a plant tour, the operator notices a small, well disperse floc throughout the flow. What action is needed?

Back 130

None. This is good treatment

Front 131

If the operator does not notice a small, well-dispersed floc, what is likely the cause?

Back 131

Chemical dosage or feed rate too low ; flash mixer not providing effective mixing

Front 132

The water treatment plant is using Alum as a coagulant. The floc being form is Tiny. What does this indicate?

Back 132

Under-dosage

Front 133

In the solids contact unit the water appears to have a bluish tint or milky color. What is the likely cause?

Back 133

Overdose of alum

Front 134

As the floc enters the flocculation basin, the size of the floc increases. As it flows through the basin the flow starts to break up. What is the likely cause?

Back 134

Flocculator/Floc mixer speed too high

Front 135

As the floc enter the flocculation basin the size of the floc increases. As it flows through the basin the flow starts to break up because the Flocculator/Flocculation mixer speed is to high. What action is needed to correct the problem?

Back 135

Reduce Flocculation speed or increase dosage

Front 136

During a plant tour, the operator notices floc flowing over the laundering weirs. What is the likely cause?

Back 136

Floc too light for the detention time produced by the flow rate; Cougulant Underdosage; Alkalinity too low

Front 137

Alum is the coagulant being used. The floc is Tiny and has a very fine appearance. What is the likely cause

Back 137

Alum Underdosage; Correct by increasing the dosage

Front 138

If alkalinity is an important factor in coagulation, what parameter in the water must the operator measure?

Back 138

Alkalinity

Front 139

If the turbidity of the raw water increases, what action is usually taken to ensure good coagulation?

Back 139

Increase coagulant dosage

Front 140

When water temperature decreases, what action is needed to ensure good coagulation?

Back 140

Increase coagulant dosage

Front 141

In Enhance coagulation, when is the acid added?

Back 141

Prior to coagulation

Front 142

How many zones are there in a sedimentation tank?

Back 142

4

Front 143

Which is the largest Zone in a sedimentation tank?

Back 143

Settling Zone

Front 144

In a conventional sedimentation tank, how long is the detention time?

Back 144

2-6 hours

Front 145

What is short-circuiting?

Back 145

When water takes a different path from the influent to the effluent without fully mixing with the contents of the tank

Front 146

What do you call the four zones in a sedimentation tank?

Back 146

Inlet; Settling; Sedimentation or Sludge, and Outlet

Front 147

What affects the settling process?

Back 147

Temperature and Turbidity

Front 148

What are the advantages of a solid contact unit?

Back 148

Save on land use, all processes take place in one tank, save on chemicals, ability to adjust the slurry, especially to deal with algal problems, capital and maintenance cost are reduced.

Front 149

For the volume over volume test, a ______ sample is taken from the _____ Zone, and allowed to settle for _____ minutes?

Back 149

100 mL, reaction zone, and 5 min

Front 150

What advise can you give to an operator at a neighboring plant who is experiencing high chemical cost?

Back 150

Recirculate chemicals

Front 151

When you took sludge samples, you determined that there was too much sludge in the tank. What will you do to correct this problem?

Back 151

Increase the number of blowdowns or increase the duration of the blowdowns, or both

Front 152

Observation of the treatment process indicated that there is not enough sludge in the treatment tank. What action is needed?

Back 152

Reduce the number of blow downs or their duration/ adjust recirculation rate

Front 153

How do you adjust the recirculation rate?

Back 153

Increase or decrease the flow (Some solid contact unit have a sludge recirculation device)

Front 154

By _____ the recirculation rate, a _____ amount of sludge will be held in the tank.

Back 154

Increasing, Larger

Front 155

If the recirculation rate is too high,_____ will be carried over to the _____.

Back 155

Sludge slurry, filter

Front 156

How are the bottoms of sedimentation tanks and solid contact unit configure to Aid in sludge removal?

Back 156

They are sloped toward the center

Front 157

What would you install to improve sedimentation?

Back 157

Tube settlers

Front 158

What affects the efficiency of tube settlers?

Back 158

High winds

Front 159

The Gathering of a liquid or dissolve substance on the surface or interface zone of another material is called?

Back 159

Adsorption

Front 160

An electrical system for the preventing of rust or corrosion of metal surfaces that are in contact with water is called?

Back 160

Cathodic protection

Front 161

In direct filtration, what process is omitted?

Back 161

Sedimentation

Front 162

A water treatment process in which solid particles settle out of water being treated is called?

Back 162

Sedimentation

Front 163

Put these processes in the correct order- flocculation, filtration, sedimentation, and coagulation.

Back 163

Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration

Front 164

How do you prevent short-circuiting?

Back 164

Install baffles

Front 165

If an overdose of coagulant occurs, what happens in solids contact tank?

Back 165

Sludge settles too rapidly, and there is not enough sludge slurry recirculated

Front 166

How many sedimentation basins or solid contact units are needed in a water treatment plant?

Back 166

2

Front 167

How does the operator of a solid contact unit control the performance of the unit?

Back 167

Adjusting the chemical dosage, recirculation rate, and sludge control

Front 168

A solid contact unit has a surface loading rate of 0.95 GPM/sq ft. what is the rise rate in feet per minute?

Back 168

Front 169

What factors control the detention time?

Back 169

Flow and tank volume

Front 170

Lower temperatures cause what condition in solids contact tank?

Back 170

Slow settling

Front 171

Solids contact units are most unstable during what conditions?

Back 171

During rapid changes in temperature, flows and turbidity

Front 172

When there is a large increase in turbidity of the flow to a solid-contact unit, what action is needed?

Back 172

Jar test, increase coagulant dosage, change coagulant, increase alkalinity, adjust flash mixer/flocculator speed/ intensity

Hint 172

JICIN

Front 173

What will happen if the recirculation rate is too low?

Back 173

Sludge will settle too fast and there will not be enough sludge recirculating

Front 174

How is pin floc removed?

Back 174

Filtration, recarbonation

Front 175

What is the best test to evaluate the water treatment process?

Back 175

Turbidity

Front 176

What is the best way to control chemical feed rates / dosage in a water treatment plant?

Back 176

Electronically Controlled Chemical Feeders

Front 177

A water treatment plant is having problems maintaining its sludge blanket. What action is needed?

Back 177

Adjust recirculation rate

Front 178

A water treatment solids contact unit is 75 ft long, 25 ft wide and 10 feet deep. What is the surface loading rate of the tank at a flow 6.5 MGD during the 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. shift?

Back 178

Front 179

The release of dissolved air in saturated cold water due to a decrease in pressure causes which of the following?

Back 179

Air Binding

Front 180

The color of filtered water is called?

Back 180

True color

Front 181

What is the final step for removal of suspended solids?

Back 181

Filtration

Front 182

Which FAC chapter addresses drinking water standards, monitoring, and Reporting?

Back 182

FAC 62-550

Front 183

Inaccurate test results are generally due to?

Back 183

Poor sampling techniques

Front 184

What is the highest possible turbidity reduction expected when operating a filtration process under Optimum conditions?

Back 184

99.5%

Front 185

How is pinpoint floc removed?

Back 185

Filtration

Front 186

Direct filtration omits which process?

Back 186

Sedimentation

Front 187

What are the main removal mechanisms in a filter?

Back 187

Adsorption and sedimentation

Front 188

Sand drying beds are similar to what type of filters

Back 188

Gravity sand filters

Front 189

Which of the following coagulants is generally used as a filter Aid?

Back 189

Nonionic polymer

Front 190

What parameters are used to determine when to backwash a filter?

Back 190

Head loss, turbidity, and time

Front 191

Where is the application point for a filter Aid?

Back 191

Filter influent

Front 192

Before starting the backwash process, what must you check first?

Back 192

Water supply

Front 193

Mudballs are caused by which of the following?

Back 193

Improper backwash

Front 194

If mudballs are caused by improper backwash how do you correct the problem?

Back 194

Properly backwash the filter

Front 195

During a plant walkthrough, an operator discovers a filter is air bound. What action should she take?

Back 195

Backwash the filter immediately

Front 196

Media boils are caused by?

Back 196

High backwash rates

Front 197

What is the main goal of filtration?

Back 197

Removal of turbidity

Front 198

What is the 4th step in the backwash process?

Back 198

Start the surface scours

Front 199

How should an air bound filter be backwashed?

Back 199

Slowly

Front 200

The color in unfiltered water is called?

Back 200

Apparent color

Front 201

After backwashing a filter, there is a high initial head loss. What is most likely the cause?

Back 201

Insufficient backwash

Front 202

What causes air binding?

Back 202

Operating the filter at high head loss too long and the release of O2 in saturated cold water due to a decrease in pressure

Front 203

During a plant tour, an operator noticed that filter 16 has a sudden increase in head loss. What action should she take?

Back 203

Do a jar test

Front 204

What do you call the process of reversing the flow of water through filter media to remove trapped particles?

Back 204

Filter backwash

Front 205

The common boundary layer between two substyances such as water and a solid is called?

Back 205

Interface

Front 206

The difference between the water surface and the media surface is called?

Back 206

Submergence (Head)

Front 207

What is the filter rate in GPM/sq ft of slow sand filters?

Back 207

0.015-0.15 GPM/sq ft

Front 208

High water temperatures require what type of backwashing rates?

Back 208

Higher backwash rates

Front 209

The Filter Backwash Rule requires the backwash water to be sent where after dewatering the sludge?

Back 209

Upstream of all conventional or direct filtration systems (includes coagulation, filtration, and sedimentation)

Front 210

What is the ripening period of a filter?

Back 210

This occurs at startup of a new filter or after backwash of a filter

Front 211

A filter 12 feet long and 8 feet wide drops 3 inches in 90 seconds. What is the filtration rate in GPM/sq ft?

Back 211

Front 212

What is the backwash rate in inches/ minute if the backwash flow rate is 35 GPM/sq ft?

Back 212

Front 213

What is the backwash pumping rate in GPM for a filter 20 ft long x 30 ft wide with a desire backwash rate of 25 GPM/sq ft?

Back 213

Front 214

How much water is needed to backwash the filter in question 35 for 8 minutes?

Back 214

120,000 Gallons (15,000 GPM x 8 min)

Front 215

During a filter run, flow through the filter was 12.8 MG. It took 120,000 gallons to backwash the filter. What percent of the filter's water production was used for backwashing?

Back 215

1%

Front 216

What Is the minimum treatment required for drinking water by the Surface Water Treatment rule (SWTR)?

Back 216

Filtration and Disinfection

Front 217

Where should you install a particle counter at a water treatment plant?

Back 217

As close as possible to the point of measurement

Front 218

The length of a sample line of a particle counter should be how long?

Back 218

A short as possible

Front 219

Pumping sample water to the particle counter may cause what problem?

Back 219

Air bubbles, which may be erroneously counted as particles

Front 220

What material is recommended for the sample line of a particle counter?

Back 220

Black nylon with Hytryl liner

Front 221

What is the final step for removal of suspended solids?

Back 221

Filtration

Front 222

Chlorine is how many times heavier than air?

Back 222

2.5

Front 223

A quart of liquid chlorine will evaporate into how many quarts of gaseous chlorine?

Back 223

450 quarts

Front 224

At what temperature does a fusible plug melt?

Back 224

Between 158 degrees and 165 degrees Fahrenheit

Front 225

How many fusible plugs are there on a ton cylinder?

Back 225

6

Front 226

How many fusible plugs are there on a 100 or 150 lb chlorine cylinder?

Back 226

1

Front 227

What is the most common cause of a chlorine leak?

Back 227

Lead washer failure or failure to change lead washer

Front 228

What type of respirator is needed when entering a chlorine room?

Back 228

SCBA

Front 229

What is the IDLH for chlorine?

Back 229

10

Front 230

How many PPM of chlorine in a room will bring death in seconds?

Back 230

1,000 ppm or 0.10% by volume

Front 231

What percentage of the air is oxygen?

Back 231

20.9%

Front 232

What chemical is used to oxidize iron from water?

Back 232

Chlorine

Front 233

How do you open a chlorine cylinder?

Back 233

With a 6 inch box wrench

Front 234

The iodometric test is used to test for what parameter?

Back 234

Ozone Residual

Front 235

What is the minimum free chlorine residual for the distribution system?

Back 235

0.2 mg/L

Front 236

What is the minimum combined residual?

Back 236

0.6mg/L

Front 237

What is the maximum residual disinfectant level?

Back 237

4mg/L

Front 238

What does the C in CT value mean?

Back 238

Concentration of the chlorine residual

Front 239

What is measure from the chlorine application point to the point where the chlorine residual is taken?

Back 239

Time

Front 240

How many pounds of chlorine can you withdraw from a ton cylinder in a day?

Back 240

400 pounds

Front 241

How many pounds of chlorine can you draw from a 100 or 150 pound cylinder in a day?

Back 241

40 pounds

Front 242

When chlorine is used to disinfect drinking water, the chlorine cylinders are placed on what device to measure usage?

Back 242

Scale

Front 243

What is a device used to measure the flow rate of liquid or gasses?

Back 243

Rotameter

Front 244

The chlorine scale reading does not equal the rotameter setting for the past 24 hours. What is the most likely cause?

Back 244

Air leak Downstream of the chlorinator

Front 245

Pumping air into a container or cylinder to assist with the withdrawal of a liquid or gas is called?

Back 245

Air padding

Front 246

What is an open or vertical drop or space that separates a potable drinking water supply from an unapproved water or nonpotable water called?

Back 246

Air gap

Front 247

What is the most common cause of waterborne illnesses in the US?

Back 247

Cross-connection

Front 248

What method is considered the most reliable in measuring chlorine residuals?

Back 248

Amperometric Titration

Front 249

The addition of chlorine until the demand is satisfied and, thereafter, every drop of chlorine added is free residual is called?

Back 249

Breakpoint chlorination

Front 250

What is the disadvantage of breakpoint chlorination?

Back 250

THM formation

Front 251

Substances which cause cancer are called?

Back 251

Carcinogens

Front 252

What do you call a substance that changes the speed or yield of a chemical reaction without being consumed or chemically change?

Back 252

A catalyst

Front 253

What parameter is determined by this formula? Cl2 dosage - residual =?

Back 253

Demand

Front 254

What do you call the indicator organism that is found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including human beings, and in Plants, soil, water, and air?

Back 254

Coliform

Front 255

What is DPD used for?

Back 255

Measuring chlorine residuals

Front 256

Why is chlorine added to drinking water?

Back 256

To disinfect the water

Front 257

How many pounds of chlorine can you withdraw from a cylinder in 24 hours?

Back 257

Depends on ambient temperature (8 pounds per degree Fahrenheit)

Front 258

Disease-causing organisms are called?

Back 258

Pathogens

Front 259

What does HTH mean?

Back 259

High-test hypochlorite

Front 260

What does OCl mean?

Back 260

Hypochlorite

Front 261

What does HOCl mean?

Back 261

Hypochlorous acid

Front 262

What is NaOCl?

Back 262

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)

Front 263

An increase in the heterotrophic plate count indicates?

Back 263

Nitrification

Front 264

What do the initials MPN mean?

Back 264

Most Probable Number

Front 265

What bacteria break down ammonia nitrogen to nitrites?

Back 265

Nitrosomonas

Front 266

Which bacteria break down nitrites to nitrates?

Back 266

Nitrobacter

Front 267

Which are the ideal conditions for nitrification to take place?

Back 267

A dark environment, temperature between 25 - 30°C, a pH of 7.5 - 8.5, and free ammonia available

Front 268

What is used to detect a chlorine leak?

Back 268

Ammonia

Front 269

What is used to detect a sulfur dioxide leak?

Back 269

Ammonia

Front 270

What is used to detect an ammonia leak?

Back 270

Hydrochloric acid

Front 271

If your plant is pre-chlorinating and you find that you are exceeding the MCL for THM's, what should you do?

Back 271

Stop pre-chlorinating

Front 272

Naturally occurring volatile organic compounds react with chlorine and form what cancer-causing compound?

Back 272

THMs

Front 273

A pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or is used in chemical test to measure, detect, or analyze other substances is called?

Back 273

A reagent

Front 274

The concentration of chlorine present in water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied is called?

Back 274

Residual

Front 275

What is this formula used to detect? Demand + residual=?

Back 275

Dosage

Front 276

The dosage is 5 PPM and the residual is 3 PPM. What is the demand?

Back 276

2 PPM

Front 277

What do you call the process of adding a chemical reagent in small increments until completion of a reaction, as signaled by the end point?

Back 277

Titration

Front 278

What do you call the Cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter?

Back 278

Turbidity

Front 279

Why are water plant operators concerned with turbidity?

Back 279

Turbidity interferes with disinfection

Front 280

What is the MCL for turbidity?

Back 280

0.5 Nephelometric units

Front 281

Name four bacteria found in contaminated water?

Back 281

Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery, and Salmonella

Front 282

Name two parasites that are found in contaminated water?

Back 282

Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia

Front 283

What determines the number of coliform samples that a water system has to take?

Back 283

Population served

Front 284

What is the MCL for coliform?

Back 284

Presence or absence

Front 285

If a sample tests positive for coliform what actions should be taken?

Back 285

Retest at the site within 24 hour notification of the positive test and Sample one site upstream and downstream from the positive site.

Front 286

If a water systems samples 40 or more sites for coliform, how many positive samples are allowed?

Back 286

2 or 5%

Front 287

If a water system samples 39 or fewer sides for coliform, how many positive samples are allowed?

Back 287

1

Front 288

What are the optimum conditions for disinfection?

Back 288

High Cl2 concentration, long contact time, low pH, and low turbidity

Front 289

Why is turbidity of the water important?

Back 289

High turbidity interferes with disinfection and coagulation

Front 290

Ultraviolet rays are used to disinfect water. What limits the UV rays efficiency?

Back 290

No residual; also, if a pathogen is caught between two particles, the Rays have no effect on the pathogen.

Front 291

What color is chlorine gas?

Back 291

Greenish-yellow

Front 292

Chlorine cylinders are filled to what capacity?

Back 292

85% to allow for the expansion of the liquid into the gaseous state

Front 293

How many parts per million of chlorine is needed to oxidize one ppm of H2S to Elemental sulfur?

Back 293

2.08 mg/L

Front 294

How many parts per million of chlorine is needed to oxidize one ppm of H2S to sulfates?

Back 294

8.32 mg/L

Front 295

If sulfur dioxide comes into contact with a person's mucous membrane, what can happen?

Back 295

The formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Front 296

What does this chemical reaction indicate? H2S + Cl2 + O2- ➡️ S⬇️ + H2O + 2 Cl

Back 296

Oxidation of H2S by chlorine to elemental sulfur

Front 297

What does this chemical reaction indicate? H2S + 4 Cl2 + 4 H2O ➡️ H2SO4 + 8 HCl

Back 297

Oxidation of H2S by chlorine to sulfate or sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Front 298

In the last four questions, what do you call the oxidation process that took place?

Back 298

Sub-residual chlorination

Front 299

In the normal pH range of drinking water, what is the usual form of chlorine?

Back 299

Monochloramines

Front 300

When you add ammonia to chlorine you form?

Back 300

Chloramines

Front 301

When chlorine is added to water what is the usual first reaction?

Back 301

Chlorine is used up ( destroyed) by reducing compounds (viruses, bacteria, solids, parasites, Etc)

Front 302

After the reduction of the chlorine dosage, what reaction takes place?

Back 302

Chlororganics and chloramines are formed- residual is present

Front 303

What is the next reaction in the chlorination chain?

Back 303

Residual is reduced- Chlororganics and chloramines destroyed

Front 304

After the reaction in question 85, what takes place?

Back 304

Breakpoint chlorination

Front 305

What causes the swimming pool taste and odor in water?

Back 305

Low chlorine residual-plant did not use breakpoint chlorination

Front 306

What is the best residual for disinfection?

Back 306

Free available chlorine

Front 307

At water pH levels of 4.0 or lower, what form will chlorine take?

Back 307

Trichloramine

Front 308

Above pH of 7.5 chlorine is found as?

Back 308

Monochloramines

Front 309

Dichloramines and monochloramines exist together at what PH range?

Back 309

5.5 - 7.5

Front 310

Dichloramines and trichloramines are associated with what water complaint?

Back 310

Tastes and odors

Front 311

If chlorine is used to treat an odor cause by phenols (Benzene), what happens?

Back 311

The odor and taste are intensified

Front 312

Customers are complaining of a sweet, aromatic, medicinal taste in the water. What is the likely cause?

Back 312

Phenols

Front 313

What is the best method to remove taste and odors caused by phenols?

Back 313

GAC

Front 314

To avoid THM formation, what options are available to the Water Treatment Plant?

Back 314

Switch disinfectants, remove the precursors, or form THMs and remove them after they are formed

Front 315

What is the most common alternate disinfectant used to avoid the formation of THMs?

Back 315

Chloramines

Front 316

What is the highest chlorine to ammonia ratio by weight?

Back 316

5 ppm Cl2 as free residual to 1 PPM of NH3

Front 317

When measuring combined chlorine residuals (chloramines) in the field, what is the process?

Back 317

Analyze for total chlorine (no free chlorine should be present at Cl2 - NH3 ratios of 3:1 to 5:1)

Front 318

What is the MCL for nitrites?

Back 318

1

Front 319

What is the MCL for nitrates?

Back 319

10

Front 320

What is the combined MCL for nitrites and nitrates?

Back 320

10

Front 321

Before moving a chlorine cylinder, what should you do?

Back 321

Replace the protective cap

Front 322

The chlorine cylinders have iced up. What is the likely cause?

Back 322

Too rapid a withdrawal

Front 323

In what direction do you turn a chlorine valve to open the cylinder?

Back 323

Counterclockwise

Front 324

How many turns does it take to open the cylinder valve fully?

Back 324

One complete turn opens the tank fully

Front 325

If the bottom valve of a cylinder is leaking, what should you do?

Back 325

Rotate the tank so the leak is at the top

Front 326

A minimum PSI at the injector should be?

Back 326

50 PSI

Front 327

When a direct-mount chlorinator, water is showing in the metering tube. What is the likely cause?

Back 327

Check valve failure

Front 328

What action is needed in question 110?

Back 328

Clean or replace valve

Front 329

Ona direct-mount chlorinator, water is venting into the atmosphere. What is the likely cause?

Back 329

Excess water PSI

Front 330

What action is needed in question 112?

Back 330

Remove vacuum regulator

Front 331

On a direct-mount chlorinator, there is no indication on Flow Meter when a vacuum is present. What is the likely cause?

Back 331

Vacuum leak

Front 332

On a direct-mount chlorinator, there's an indication on the flow meter, but air is present, not chlorine gas. What is likely the cause?

Back 332

Gasket leaks

Front 333

If the DPD test is taken on water that has a combined residual, what error can take place?

Back 333

False positive reading- precipitate forms and gives sample appearance of having color

Front 334

Chlorinator will feed OK at maximum output, but there is no control at lower feed rates. What is the problem?

Back 334

Vacuum regulating valve

Front 335

Chlorinator will not reach maximum Point. What's the problem?

Back 335

Faulty injector

Front 336

Variable vacuum control will not go below 30% feed. Signal OK. What is causing the problem?

Back 336

CPRV

Front 337

Variable vacuum control reaches full speed, but will not go below 50% feed rate. CPRV OK. What is causing the problem?

Back 337

Signal vacuum too high

Front 338

Variable vacuum Control won't go to full feed. Gas pressure OK. CPRV OK. What's causing the problem?

Back 338

Plugged restrictor

Front 339

Low injector vacuum reading. What is the problem?

Back 339

Flow restricted

Front 340

There is an increase in the coliform level. What is the cause?

Back 340

Low chlorine residual

Front 341

There is a sudden drop in the chlorine residual. What causes this?

Back 341

Increase in chlorine demand or drop in chlorine feed rate

Front 342

How and what is used to detect a chlorine leak?

Back 342

Soak a rag with chlorine and hold it near connections. Also, Polyethylene spray bottle can be used to spray ammonia Vapors near the connections. A white cloud indicates a leak

Front 343

How do you reduce high chlorine residuals before the water leaves the plant?

Back 343

GAC or Sodium Bisulfate

Front 344

If there is a leak around the chlorine valve stem, what action is needed?

Back 344

Tighten the nut or stem by turning it clockwise

Front 345

What chemicals can be used to neutralize chlorine?

Back 345

Caustic Soda; Soda Ash; Lime

Front 346

What kit is used to repair a defective ton cylinder?

Back 346

B Kit

Front 347

What kit is used to repair a 100 or 150 pound cylinder?

Back 347

A kit

Front 348

What is the maximum temperature that chlorine cylinders should be stored at?

Back 348

100° C

Front 349

ORP probes are used to measure what?

Back 349

Direct measure of the disinfecting power of chlorine

Front 350

Where should the ORP probe be located?

Back 350

6.5 minutes Downstream from the injection point

Front 351

In rooms where there is chlorine or carbon dioxide present, what type of respirators should not be used?

Back 351

Gas mask

Front 352

What should you give someone who has inhaled chlorine?

Back 352

Milk or peppermint spirits

Front 353

What causes UV systems to be ineffective?

Back 353

Scaling or fouling of the quartz sleeves. Also, high flow velocities; turbidity; and decline in lamp output

Front 354

If 30 pounds of chlorine are used during an average week at a WTP, how many 150 pound cylinders will be used per month?

Back 354

0.86 Cylinder

Front 355

A water system treats 12.8 MGD. It doses the water with 5 PPM of chlorine. How many pounds of chlorine will the WTP use in 30 days?

Back 355

16,013 lbs

Front 356

If the free chlorine residual leaving the plant is less than 0.2 mg/L, what action is needed?

Back 356

WTP/system is allowed up to 4 hours to correct problem

Front 357

A heterotrophic plate of less than 500 colonies/mL is considered equivalent to?

Back 357

Equivalent to a detectable disinfectant residual

Front 358

Bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including human beings, and also in Plants, water, soil, and air are called?

Back 358

Coliform

Front 359

Name three disease-causing bacteria found in water?

Back 359

Salmonella, cholera, and typhoid

Front 360

Which tablet is always found in a coliform sampling Twirl bag?

Back 360

Sodium Thiosulfate

Front 361

Why is a space left in the twirl bag?

Back 361

To allow for mixing

Front 362

If the sample site is contaminated and you have no other sample site available, what should you do?

Back 362

Swab the spigot with an NaOCl solution

Front 363

What is the minimum amount needed to test for coliform?

Back 363

100 mL

Front 364

How long can you hold a sample collected for coliform?

Back 364

6 hours

Front 365

What test is also taken when the coliform samples are collected?

Back 365

Chlorine residual

Front 366

What causes blue babies?

Back 366

Nitrites

Front 367

What do heterotrophic organisms use for their growth?

Back 367

Organic matter

Front 368

Which substance in water increases the chlorine demand?

Back 368

Nitrites

Front 369

An increase in the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) indicates what process is taking place?

Back 369

Nitrification

Front 370

A HPC of less than 500 is an indication that there is a ____?

Back 370

Chlorine residual

Front 371

When taking samples for analysis by the lab, which of the following protocols must be followed?

Back 371

Must fill out Chain of Custody Report

Front 372

Greensand treated with potassium permanganate is used to remove ______ from water?

Back 372

Iron and manganese

Front 373

An iron bacteria that will oxidize iron in water and use the energy for reducing carbon dioxide to organic forms is a?

Back 373

Crenothrix, Thiothrix

Front 374

What is the best method to test for iron in the water?

Back 374

Atomic absorption (AA)

Front 375

When testing for iron, if there is clay or visible rust you should not _____ the sample?

Back 375

Acidify; also ask the lab to analyze immediate

Front 376

Polyphosphate should always be added to the water prior to?

Back 376

Chlorine

Front 377

Never use a polyphosphate over _____ old?

Back 377

48 hours

Front 378

A WTP using polyphosphate to control iron corrosion is getting calls because of red water in the distribution system. What is the likely cause of the red water?

Back 378

Iron bacteria, polyphosphate reverted to orthophosphate

Front 379

Soluble iron can be oxidized to insoluble precipitates by _____ and remove by sedimentation and filtration?

Back 379

Clorine; Aeration; Potassium Permanganate

Front 380

When using aeration to oxidize iron from the water, increasing the _____ will improve the removal efficiency?

Back 380

pH

Front 381

What chemical is commonly used to dechlorinate large amounts of water?

Back 381

Sodium Bisulfite

Front 382

Potassium permanganate is used with _____ to remove iron and manganese from water.

Back 382

Greensand Filtration

Front 383

What is used to regenerate a manganese green sand filter?

Back 383

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

Front 384

,

What causes pink water?

Back 384

Overdose of KMnO4

Front 385

A WTP with greensand treatment is receiving red water complaints from its customers. What is the likely cause?

Back 385

Iron Bacteria; Greensand needs to be regenerated with KMnO4

Front 386

Electromedia iron and manganese removal systems use what chemical to remove sulfur compounds causing taste and odor problems?

Back 386

Small dose of sulfur dioxide

Front 387

The influence to a manganese green sand filter has a pinkish/orange color. What does this indicate?

Back 387

Normal and will be removed by the filter

Front 388

A pink color in the greensand filter effluent indicates?

Back 388

Overdose of KMnO4

Front 389

Greensand filter effluent has a yellow to Brown brownish color. Effluent has high iron and manganese content. What is the problem?

Back 389

High Alkalinity

Front 390

How would you correct the problem in question 18?

Back 390

Reduce Alkali feed; maintain pH during Cl2 addition between 6.2 - 6.5

Front 391

How would you get rid of the red water that is in the distribution system?

Back 391

Flush fire hydrants

Front 392

Filter effluent clear, iron level low, and manganese level higher than raw water. What is the most likely cause?

Back 392

Manganese leaching from greensand; bed is insufficiently regenerated