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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life-Span Development
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- people change in size and appearance
- vital signs, body systems, and psychosocial development also change - may need to adjust treatment to patients |
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Infancy
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- birth to 12 months
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Toddler
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- 12 to 36 months
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Preschool Age
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- 3 to 5 years
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School Age
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- 6 to 12 years
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Adolescence
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- 13 to 18 years
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Early Adulthood
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- 19 to 40 years
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Middle Adulthood
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- 41 to 60 years
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Late Adulthood
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- 61 years and older
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Infant Vital Signs
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- greatest change in the range of vital signs are in the pediatric patient
- the younger the child, the more rapid the pulse and respiratory rate - birth - heart rate is 100-180 beats/min and 30-60 breaths - first 30 minutes settles to around 120 beats/min and 30-40 breaths in the first minutes - tidal volume is 6-8ml/kg initially and increases to 10 to 15ml/kg by 12 months - systolic bp increases from 60-90 at birth and 87-105 at 12 months |
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Infant Weight
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- normal birth weight is 3 to 3.5kg
- excretion of extracellular fluid in the first week, usually drops weight by 5-10% - usually exceed birth weight by second week - first month - infant grows 30g/day - 4-6 months - double their weight - 9-12 months - triple their weight - head is equal to 25% of weight |
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Infant Cardiovascular System
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- first few days - make transition from fetal to pulmonary circulation
- ductus venosus constricts - foramen ovale closes - ductus arteriosus constricts |
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Ductus Venosus
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- blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava in the fetus
- constricts after birth - becomes a fibrous cord called the ligamentum venosum in adults |
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Foramen Ovale
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- an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart
- close due to the blood pressure changes - in an adult it is marked by a depression called fossa ovalis |
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Ductus Arteriosus
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- blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus
- constricts after birth - once closed the blood can no longer bypass the lungs by moving from the pulmonary trunk directly into the aorta - constriction is functionally complete in 15 mins, but permanent closure takes 30 days to a year - left ventricle strengthens throughout the first year - becomes a cord called the ligamentum arteriosum |
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Cardiovascular System After Birth
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- circulation changes lead to an immediate increase in systemic vascular resistance and a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance
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Infant Pulmonary System
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- first breath must forceful because the lungs have been collapsed
- after first breath expands the lungs, breathing is easier - full term infants secrete surfactant |
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Surfactant
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- a chemical that reduces the surface tension that tens to hold the moist membranes of the lungs together
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Infant Airway
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- shorter, narrower, less stable and more easily obstructed than any other stage
- primarily a "nose breather" until at least 4 weeks - must keep nasal passages clear - common complaint in children under 6 months is nasal congestion - makes breathing difficult |
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Infant Lungs
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- tissue is fragile
- prone to barotrauma - injury caused by atmospheric pressure - must be careful providing oxygen with BVM - fewer alveoli with decreased collateral ventilation |
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Infant Accessory Muscle Use
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- the muscles are immature and susceptible to early fatigue
- cannot sustain a rapid respiratory rate for a long period of time - breathing becomes ineffective at higher than 60 breaths/min - air moves only in the upper airway and doesn't reach the lungs - rapid respirations also cause rapid heat and fluid loss |
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Infant Chest Wall
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- less rigid than an adult's
- ribs are positioned horizontally - causes diaphragmatic breathing - observe abdomen rise and fall - infant needs less ventilation pressure and volume - have a higher metabolic rate and higher oxygen consumption |
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Infant Renal System
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- kidneys are unable to produce concentrated urine
- baby excretes a relatively dilute fluid - newborn can easily become dehydrated and develop water and electrolyte imbalances |
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Infant Immune System
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- during pregnancy, antibodies pass into the fetal bloodstream from the maternal blood
- fetus acquires some active immunites against pathogens from mother - these are naturally acquired passive immunities that can remain effective for 6 months to a year after birth - breast fed baby receives antibodies from mother's milk |
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Infant Nervous System
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- sensation is present in all portions of the body at birth
- will feel pain but can't localize it and isolate a response to it - as nerve connections develop pain response becomes more localized - motor and sensory development is most advanced in the cranial nerves at birth - cranial nerves control blinking, sucking, and swallowing - have a strong coordinated sucking and gag reflex - extremities move equally when stimulated |
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Infant Reflexes
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- will disapper over time
- Moro reflex - palmar grasp - rooting reflex - sucking reflex |
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Moro Reflex
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- sometimes referred to as the "startle reflex"
- when baby is startled they throw their hands wide, spread fingers, and grab with arms and fingers - should be brisk and symmetrical - asymmetric reflex may indicate paralysis or weakness on one side of the body |
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Palmar Grasp
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- strong reflex in the full-term newborn
- elicited by placing a finger firmly in the infant's palm - will become weak as the hand becomes less continuously fisted - sometimes after 2 months it merges as a voluntary ability to release an object held in the hand |
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Rooting Reflex
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- causes a hungry infant to turn their head to the right or left when something touches their cheek, above or below the mouth
- the infant's mouth, lips and tongue tend to follow in that direction - should be present in all full-term babies for 3-4 months, but may persist during sleep for 7 to 8 months |
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Sucking Reflex
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- stroking the infant's lip causes a sucking movement
- should be present in all full-term babies for 3-4 months |
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Fontanelles
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- allow for compression of the head during childbirth and for rapid growth of the brain
- diamond-shaped soft spots of fibrous tissue at the top of the infant's skull where 3 or 4 bones will eventually fuse - fibrous tissue is strong and protects the brain from injury |
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Posterior Fontanelle
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- usually closes in 2 or 3 months
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Anterior Fontanelle
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- closes between 9 and 18 months
- may be used to provide an indirect estimation of hydration - should be level with the skull surface or slightly sunken in - in dehydration it may fall below skull level and appear sunken |
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Infant Sleep
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- newborn - usually sleeps 16-18 hours daily distributed evenly over 24 hours
- will gradually decrease to 14 to 16 hours, with 9 to 10 hours at night - infants may begin sleeping through the night within 2 to 4 months - should be easily aroused |
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Infant Musculoskeletal System
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- extremities grow in length from growth plates located on the ends of long bones
- also have epiphyseal plates - muscle weight is about 25% of entire musculoskeletal system |
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Epiphyseal Plate
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- secondary bone-forming centers that are separated by cartilage from larger (or parent) bones
- as each epiphysis grows it becomes a part of the larger bone - bones grow in thickness by way of depositon of new bone on existing bone |
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Factors Effecting Bone Development and Growth
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- nurtrition
- exposure to sunlight - growth hormone - thyroid hormone - genetic factors - general health |
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2 Months
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- can track objects with their eyes and recognize familiar faces
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3 Months
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- can move objects to mouth with his hands and displays primary emotions with distinct facial expressions (smile/frown)
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4 Months
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- drools without swallowing
- begins to reach out to people |
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5 Months
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- should be sleeping through the night without waking or feeding
- should be able to discriminate between family and strangers - teeth begin to appear between 5-7 months |
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6 Months
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- sit up in a high chair
- make one-syllable sounds - ma, mu, da, di |
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7 Months
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- has fear of strangers
- moods can quickly shift from crying to laughing |
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8 Months
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- begins to respond to the word "no"
- can sit alone - can play peek-a-boo |
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9 Months
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- responds to adult anger
- begins to pull themselves up to a standing position - explores objects by mouthing, sucking, chewing and biting them |
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10 Months
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- pays attention to his name
- crawls well |
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11 Months
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- attempts to walk without assistance
- begins to show frustration about restrictions |
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12 Months
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- can walk with help
- knows own name |
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Psychosocial Development
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- begins at birth and develops as a result of instincts, drives, capacities, and interactions with the environment
- family is a key component |
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Reciprocal Socialization
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- interactions that babies have with their families help them to grow and change and help their families to do the same
- recognizes a child's role in their own development |
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Crying
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- newborn's only means of communication
- parents can tell if it is an anger cry, basic cry or pain cry |
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Attachment
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- infants have their own unique timetables and paths to becoming attached to their parents
- a sense of security must develop within the first 6 months of life |
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Bonding
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- the formation of a close personal relationship, especially through frequent or constant association
- initially base on secure attachment |
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Secure Attachment
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- a type of bonding that occurs when an infant learns that his caregivers will be responsive and helpful when needed
- an infant's sense that their needs will be met - consistent with healthy development - leads to a child who is bold in explorations and competent in dealing with it |
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Anxious Resistant Attachment
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- a type of bonding that occurs when an infant is uncertain about whether or not his caregivers will be responsive or helpful when needed
- leads to a child who is always prone to separation anxiety - cause them to be clinging and anxious about exploring |
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Anxious Avoidant Attachment
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- occurs when an infant has no confidence that they will be responded to helpfully when they seek care
- expects to be rebuffed - they attempt to live without love and support of others - severe cases include repeated rejection and prolonged institutionalization - can lead to personality disorders |
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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- refers to a stage of psychosocial development that lasts from birth to about 1-1/2 years of age
- infant wants the world to be orderly and predictable where causes and effects can be anticipated - infant develops trust based on parental care - if there is irregular or inadequate care the infant develops anxiety and insecurity - can develop into antisocial or even criminal behavior |
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Scaffolding
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- a teaching/learning technique in which one builds on what has already been learned
- as a baby learns the parent chnages the nature of the dialogue so that they continue to support the baby but also give them responsibility for the task |
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Temperament
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- easy child
- difficult child - slow-to-warm-up child |
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Parental-Separation Reactions
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- a predictable sequence of behaviors when a child experiences situational crisis
- first stage is protest - second stage is despair - last stage is detachment or withdrawl |
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Easy Child
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- characterized by regularity of bodily functions, low or moderate intensity of reactions and acceptance of new situations
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Difficult Child
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- characterized by irregularity of bodily functions, intense reactions, and withdrawl from new situations
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Slow-to-Warm-up Child
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- characterized by low intensity of reaction and a somewhat negative mood
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Toddler Vital Signs
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- 12 to 36 months
- 80 to 110 beats per minute - respiratory rate 24 to 40 breaths - systolic 95 to 105 mmHg - temperature 96.8 to 99.6 degrees - gain ~2kg per year |
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Preschooler Vital Signs
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- 3 to 5 years old
- 70 to 110 beats per minute - respiratory rate 22 to 34 breaths - systolic 75 to 110 mmHg - temperature 96.8 to 99.6 degrees - gain ~2kg per year |
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Toddler/Preschooler Cardiovascular System
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- capilllary beds are now better developed and assist in thermoregulation more efficiently
- hemoglobin levels approach normal adult levels |
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Toddler/Preschooler Pulmonary System
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- terminal airways branch off from bronchioles
- alveoli increase in number - provides more surface area for gas exchange - still have immature chest muscles and cannot sustain rapid resp. rate - tire quickly and rate will decrease |
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Toddler/Preschooler Renal System
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- kidneys are well-developed by the toddler years
- specific gravity and other characteristics of urin are similar to those of an adult |
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Toddler/Preschooler Immune System
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- immunity born with the infant is lost
- child becomes more susceptible to minor respiratory and gastrointestinal infections - will develop their own immunities as they are exposed to them |
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Toddler/Preschooler Nervous System
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- brain is now at 90% of adult weight
- myelination (development of covering of nerves) has increased - allows effortless walking as well as other basic skills - fine motor skills begin developing |
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Toddler/Preschooler Musculoskeletal System
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- both muscle mass and bone density increase
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Toddler/Preschooler Dental System
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- all primary teeth have erupted by age of 36 months
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Toddler/Preschooler Senses
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- visual acuity is at 20/30
- hearing reaches maturity at 3 to 4 years old |
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Children and Toilet-Training
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- capable at age 12 to 15 months
- psychologically not ready until 18 to 30 months - shouldn't rush toilet training - average age is 28 months |
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Cognition of Toddlers/Preschoolers
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- begin to use actual words at 10 months, but do not grasp what they mean until age 1
- by 3 or 4, they have mastered the basics of language - they will continue to refine it - at 18 to 24 months they begin to understand cause and effect, develop separation anxiety, becoming clinging - between 24 and 36 months, they begin to develop "magical thinking" and engage in play-acting |
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Play of Toddlers/Preschoolers
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- exploratory behavior accelerates
- can play simple games and follow basic rules - begins to display signs of competitiveness - provide an emotional release - observation may uncover frustrations otherwise unexpressed |
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Sibling Relationships of Toddlers/Preschoolers
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- can lead to sibling rivalry
- younger children often only see the privileges extended to older children (later bedtime, more freedom) - most prefer to keep siblings around when asked |
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First-Born Child
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- often finds it difficult to share the attention of their parents with a younger sibling
- older child must help care for younger children - may become more frustrated - usually maintain a special relationship with parents, they are also expected to show more self-control and responsibility when interacting with younger siblings |
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Peer Group Functions
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- peers, youngsters of a similar age (within 12 months of each other)
- very important to development and become more important as childhood progresses - offers opportunities for learning skills, comparing oneself, and feeling part of a group |
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Parent Styles
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- authoritarian
- authoritative - permissive |
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Authoritarian
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- parents are demanding and desire instant obedience from a child
- no consideration for the child's view, no explanation why - child is punished frequently for asking the reason - leads to children with low self-esteem and low competence - boys are often hostile and girls are often shy |
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Authoritative
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- parents respond to the needs and wishes of children
- believe in parental control and attempt to explain their decisions - expect mature behavior and will enforce rules - encourage independence and actualization of potential - believe both sides have rights and try to maintain a happy balance - lead to self-assertive, independent, friendly and cooperative children |
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Permissive
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- parents take a tolerant, accepting view of children's behavior
- includes aggresion and sexual behavior - rarely punish or make demands, allow them to make most of their decisions - may be "permissive-indifferent" or "permissive-indulgent" - may lead to impulsive, aggressive children with low self-reliance, low self-control, low maturity, and lack responsible behavior |
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Divorce and Child Development
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- nearly half of marriages end in divorce
- physical way of life changes - effects on child's development depends on child's age, cognitive and social competencies, amount of dependency on parents, how parents interact with each other and the child, and even the type of child care - toddlers/preschooler generally express shock, depression and fear that their parents no longer love them - may feel abandoned, believe divorce centers on them - parents need to respond to child's needs |
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Television and Toddlers/Preschoolers
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- virtually every family has one tv
- most children watch for several hours - with few, if any restrictions - tv violence increases level of aggression - parental screening may avoid these outcomes |
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Modeling
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- a procedure whereby a subject observes a model perform some behavior and then attempts to imitate that behavior
- many believe it is the fundamental learning process involved in socialization |
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Modeling and Toddlers/Preschoolers
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- begin to recognize sexual differences
- begin modeling to incoporate gender-specific behaviors they observe in parents, siblings and peers |
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School Age Physiological Development
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- 6 to 12 years
- heart rate is 65 to 110 beats/min - respiratory rate is 18-30 breaths/min - systolic bp is 97-112 mmHg - body temp is ~ 98.6 degrees - gains ~3kg/year and grow 6cm/year - most children reach adult level vital signs - lymph tissues are proportionately larger than an adult - brain function increases - primary teeth are replaced by permanent ones |
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School Age Psychological Developement
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- have developed decision-making skills
- usually allowed moore self-regulation with general supervision from parents - parents spend less time with them - development of self-concept occurs - have more interaction with others and compare themselves |
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School Age Children and Self Esteem
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- begin to develop self esteem
- tends to be hihger in early years than later - based on characteristics and may be affected by popularity with peers, rejection, emotional support, and neglect - negative self esteem can be very damaging to further development |
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Moral Development in School Age Children
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- mature, moral development begins when they are rewarded for what their parents believe to right and punished for what their parents believe to be wrong
- moral reasoning appears with cognitive growth and control of the child's behavior shifts from external sources to internal self control - three levels of development, with each having two stages |
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Preconventional Reasoning
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- the stage of moral development during which children respond mainly to cultural control to avoid punishment and attain satisfaction
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Conventional Reasoning
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- the stage of moral development during which children desire approval from individuals and society
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Postconventional Reasoning
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- the stage of moral development during which individuals make moral decisions according to an enlightened conscience
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Preconventional Reasoning - Stage 1
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- punishment and obedience
- children obey rules in order to avoid punishment - no concern about morals |
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Preconventional Reasoning - Stage 2
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- individualism and purpose
- children obey rules but only for pure self-interest - they are aware of fairness to others but only as it pertains to their own satisfaction |
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Conventional Reasoning - Stage 3
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- children are concerned with interpersonal norms, seeking the approval of others and developing the "good boy" or "good girl" mentality
- begin to judge behavior by intention |
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Conventional Reasoning - Stage 4
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- develop the social system's morality
- become concerned with authority and maintaining the social order - realize that correct behavior is "doing one's duty" |
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Postconventional Reasoning - Stage 5
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- concerned with community rights as opposed to individual rights
- children believe that the best values are those supported by law because they have been accepted by the whole society - believe there is conflict between human need and the law - individuals should work to change the law |
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Postconventional Reasoning - Stage 6
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- concerned with universal ethical principles, such as that an informed conscience defines what is right, or people act not because of fear, approval, or law, but from their own standards of what is right and wrong
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Adolescence Vital Signs
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- 13 to 18 years
- heart rate is 60-90 beats/min - respiratory rate is 12-26 breaths/min - systolic bp is 112 to 128 mmHg - body temp is ~98.6 degrees |
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Adolescence Physiological Development
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- usually experiences 2 to 3 year growth spurt - begins distally with enlargement of feet and hands, then arm and legs, the chest and trunk
- girls finish growing at 16 and boy by 18 - average male is taller and stronger than the average female |
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Adolescence and Reproductive Maturity
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- development of external sexual organs
- pubic and axillary hairs appear - males vocal quality changes |
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Adolescent Female Development
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- females begin menstruation
- breast and ductile system of the mammary glands develop - increased depostion of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer of the breasts, thighs, and buttocks - endocrine system changes include the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and gonadrotropin (promotes estrogen and progesterone in women and testosterone in men) |
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Adolescence Muscle Mass and Bone Growth
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- nearly complete at this stage
- body fat decreaes in early adolescence and increases later - females require 18 to 20% body fat for mecnarche (first menstruation to occur) |
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Other Adolescent Changes
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- blood chemistry is nearly equal to that of an adult
- skin toughens through sebaceous gland activity |
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Adolescence and Family
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- can be a time of serious family conflicts due to control
- biological changes cause inner conflict - privacy and modesty becomes important - questions asked in front of parents may not always be answered honestly - they experience idealism - believe adults should live up to their expectations, which leads to disappointment |
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Development of Identity in Adolescence
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- try to achieve more independence
- takes time to experiment with a variety of identities - tries to develop their own identity, self-consciousness, and peer pressure increases - become interested in the opposite sex and find it somewhat embarrassing - how well they progress depends on how they handle crises |
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Adolescence and Body Image
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- it is a great concern in their life
- continually make comparisons - led by the media of what the perfect body is - time when eating disorders are common - may develop self-destructive behaviors - most common age for depression and suicide |
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Ethical Development in Adolescence
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- develop their capacity for logical, analytical, and abstract thinking
- begin to develop their personal code of ethics - get disappointed when adults don't live up to their expectations - tend to get disappointed with anyone who doesn't meet their personal code |
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Early Adulthood Vitals
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- between 19 to 40 years
- heart rate 70 beats/min - respiratory rate is 12 to 20 breaths/min - bp averages 120/80 - body temp is 98.6 degrees |
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Early Adulthood
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- when lifelong habits and routines are developed
- peak physical condition is between 19 to 26 - all body systems are at optimal performance - after 26 spinal disks settle, fatty tissue increases, muscle strength decreases and reaction times level off and stabilize - accidents are leading cause of death for this age - highest levels of job stress - love develops and childbirth is common |
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Middle Adulthood Vitals
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- between 41 to 60
- heart rate is 70 beats/min - respiratory rate is 12 to 20 breaths/min - bp is 120/80 mmHg - body temp 98.6 degree |
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Middle Adulthood
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- body still functions at a high level with varying degrees of degradation based on the individual
- some vision and hearing changes - cardiovascular health becomes a concern with cardiac output decreasing and cholesterol levels increasing - cancer often strikes this age - weight control becomes more difficult - menopause commences in women - concerned with their social clock - become more task oriented - can be financially burdened by aging parents and adult children |
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Late Adulthood Cardiovascular System
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- changes in ways that affect its overall function
- walls of blood vessels thicken and cause peripheral vascular resistance and reduced blood flow to organs - decreased baroreceptor sensitivity - by 80 years vessel elasticity decreases 50% |
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Maximum Life Span
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- theoretical, species-specific, longest duration of life, excluding premature or "unnatural" death
- in humans it is approx. 120 years |
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Life Expectancy
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- based on the year of birth
- is defined as the aver number of additional years of life expected for a member of a population - humans almost always die of disease or accident before they reach their biological limit |
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Late Adulthood Vital Signs
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- 61 years or older
- heart and respiratory rate, and bp depends on the individual's physical health status - body temp averages 98.6 degrees |
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Late Adulthood Heart
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- tends to show disease in the heart muscle, heart valves, and coronary arteries
- increased workload causes cardiomegaly (enlargement), mitral and aortic valve changes, and decreased myocardial elasticity - myocardium is less able to respond to exercise - SA node and other cells repsonsible for producing heartbeats become infiltrated with fibrous connective tissue and fat - pacemaker cells diminish resulting in dysrhythmia - decreased response to medication and increased resistance to electrical stimulation - tachycardia is not well tolerated |
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Blood Volume of Late Adulthood
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- functional blood volume decreases
- platelet counts and number of red blood cells decrease - leads to poor iron levels |
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Late Adulthood Respiratory System
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- trachea and large airways increase in diameter
- enlargement of the end units of the airway results in a decreased surface area of the lungs - decreased elasticity also causes the chest to expand and the diaphragm to descend - end of the ribs calcify to the breastbone - produces a stiffening of the chest wall and increases the workload of respiratory muscles |
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Lung Disase in Late Adulthood
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- changes lead to increased likelihood for older adults to develop lung disease and progressive - declines lung function
- metabolic changes may lead to decreased lung function - coughing can become ineffective because of a weakened chest wall and bone structure - smoking is the greatest factor for diminished lung function |
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Life Span and Disease
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- life span continues to increase
- due to better health care, widespread availability for vaccines, safer agricultural and manufacturing equipment, safer vehicles, the absence of major wars, and others - with an extended life span - starting to see diseases that were once uncommon - example - Alzheimer's has increased in the last 20-30 years |
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Late Adulthood Endocrine System
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- a decrease in glucose metabolism and insulin production
- thyroid shows some diminished triiodothyronine (T3) production, cortisol is diminished by 25%, the pituitary gland is 20% less effective, and reproductive organs atrophy in women |
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Late Adulthood Gastrointestinal System
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- stomach contractions appear to be normal, but it takes longer for liquids to empty
- stomach acid secretions decrease (loss of gastric acid cells) - small amount of atrophy of the small intestine lining - atrophy of the large intestine lining, muscle layer, an blood vessels - weak bowels |
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Late Adulthood and Teeth
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- there are age-related dental changes
- may be tooth loss due to cavities and periodontal disease - location of cavities can change and there can be root cavities and cavities around dental work - tooth loss can change diet, and increase malnutrition and vitamin and mineral deficiencies - false teeth alters the individuals ability to chew and swallow |
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Late Adulthood and Opiate Receptors
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- number increases with age and may lead to constipation
- changing metabolism and absorption of sugars, calcium and iron - fat- soluble compounds are absorbed faster - lactase production decreases |
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Late Adulthood Renal System
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- 25 to 30% decrease in kidney mass
- 50% of nephrons are lost and abnormal glomeruli are more common - reduced kidney function leads to decreased clearance of some drugs and decreased elimination - kidney's hormonal response to dehydration is reduced also its ability to retain salt |
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The Senses of Late Adulthood
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- taste buds diminish - leads to loss of taste
- after age 50 smell diminishes so that by 80 it is 50% poorer than at it's peak - response to pain is diminished - visual acuity and reaction time is decreased |
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Hearing of Late Adulthood
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- ear canal atrophies, ear drum thickens and there may be degenerative and even arthritic changes in the small joints connecting the bones in the middle ear
- structure changes significantly affect hearing - presbycusis and pitch discrimination |
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Presbycusis
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- hearing loss of pure tones
- increases with age - higher frequencies become less audible than lower - speech discrimination declines - are more sensitive to loud noises |
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Late Adulthood Nervous System
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- decrease of neurotransmitters and a loss of neurons in the cerebellum (controls coordination) and the hippocampus (involved in aspects of memory function)
- sleep-wake cycle is also disrupted |
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Psychosocial Development of Late Adulthood
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- abilty to learn and adjust continues throughout life
- greatly influenced by interests, activity, motivation, health and income - terminal-drop hypothesis |
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Terminal-Drop Hypothesis
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- a theory that death is preceded by a 5 year period of decreasing cognitive functioning
- individual may or may not be aware of diffuse changes in mood, mental functioning, or the way his body responds |
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Late Adulthood Housing
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- stay in own home
- home-care services - health care services in the home - assisted living |
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Home-Care Services
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- usually provide assistance with household chores like preparing meals, cleaning, laundry, feeding, bathing
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Health Care Services
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- provided by nurses and physical or speech therapists
- covered under Medicare - patient must be home-bound, need an intensive level of service and be expected to benefit from such services over a reasonable amount of time - usually time-limited |
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Assisted Living/Nursing Home
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- greater sense of control, independence, and privacy
- has more choices while still be in an institutional setting |
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Retirement Communities
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- 95% of older adults live in communities
- have cultural and recreational activities on a residential campus - entrance fees can be $250,000, plus $1,000 monthly fees |
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Late Adulthood Challenges
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- major challenge is maintaining self-worth
- commonly seen as over the hill, less intelligent, less capable - many are forced into retirement because they are seen as less productive - in reality - they are more concerned with quality of work |
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Late Adulthood Financial Burdens
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- depends on the ages of family members for each stage of a life cycle
- late children can cause serious economic problems for retirees on fixed incomes - retirement means a decrease in income and standard of living - 22% of older people live in households under the poverty level - 50% of all single women over 60 live at or below poverty level |
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Dying Companions and Death
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- the death of a companion or one's own impending death, fear and grief are in common
- grief follows death and it may precede it, if there is warning - everyone must deal with each ot the stages of death before they can grieve |
