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380 Cards in this Set

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What are the 3 roles/responsibilities of Company Officers within the Incident Command System?


1. Occupy the position of IC when appropriate.


2. Occupy the position of Sector Officer when appropriate.


3. Manage task level activities and supervise firefighters.

What are the 4 Tactical Objectives(in order of priority)?

1. Remove endangered occupants and treat the injured.


2. Stabilize the incident and provide for life safety.


3. Conserve property.


4. Provide for the safety, accountability, and welfare of personnel (this is ongoing throughout the incident).
What are the 8 functions of command?


1. Assume and announce Command and establish effective initial command position (Command Post).


2. Rapidly evaluate the situation (size up).


3. Initiate, maintain, and control effective incident communications.


4. Provide and manage a steady, adequate, and timely stream of appropriate resources.


5. Identify the incident strategy, develop an Incident Action Plan (IAP), and assign companies and personnel consistent with plans and standard operating procedures.


6. Develop an effective incident organization using Sectors/Divisions/Groups to decentralize and delegate geographic and functional responsibility.


7. Review and revise (as needed) the strategy to keep the IAP current.


8. Provide for the continuity, transfer, and termination of Command.
What 7 things does the initial radio report include?


1. Clear alarm.


2. Unit designation/on the scene.


3. Building/area description (occupancy, size, height).


4. Obvious problem/conditions (Nothing showing, smoke showing, fire showing, working fire, fully involved).


5. Action taken (assuming command, laying a line, attacking with...).


6. Declaration of strategy (offensive or defensive)


7. Command confirmation with name.
What 4 things does the Follow-up Report include?


1. Any immediate safety concerns.


2. Accountability started (announce the initial accountability location).


3. Disposition of resources (hold/add/return).


4. IRIC - in place and indentify.
Define investigative mode.


This is a mobile IC on a portable radio moving around and evaluating conditions while looking for the incident problem.


The company officer should go with the company to investigate while utilizing a portable radio to command the incident.
What are 5 examples of a fast attack?


1. Visible working fire in a house or small commercial occupancy.


2. Critical life safety situations (rescue that must be achieved in a compressed time).


3. Any incident where the safety and welfare of the fire fighters is a major concern.


4. Obvious working incidents that require further investigation by the Company Officer.


5. Combined crew experience level.
What 3 situations end the Fast-attack-mobile Command mode?

1. Situation is stabilized.


2. Command is transferred from the fast attack company officer IC to a later arriving command officer.


3. If the situation is not stabilized, the fast attack company officer must move to an exterior (stationary) command position and is now in the Command mode.


The company officer must now decide whether or not to withdraw the remainder of the crew, based on the crew's capabilities and experience, safety issues, and the ability to communicate with the crew.


No crew will remain in a hazardous area without radio communications.

If the Company Officer assumes a Command mode, what are the 3 options available with regards to the assignment of the remaining crew members?

1. "Move up" an acting officer within the company.


2. Assign the crew members to perform staff functions to assist the IC.


3. Assign company personnel to another company.
What are the 5 benefits of an upgraded Command Post


1. Provides IC#2 with a Support Officer.


2. Established an incident Safety Officer (FIT/BSO).


3. IC#2 has a wider view of the fireground.


4. Improves communication.


5. Creates a lighted, warm (or cool), and dry environment for IC#2 to operate in.
What are the 7 things in the Transfer of Command process?


1. The first fire department member arriving on the scene will automatically assume Command.


2. The first arriving Company Officer will assume Command after the Transfer of Command procedures have been completed.


3. The first arriving Command Officer should assume Command of the incident following Transfer of Command procedures and becomes IC#2.


4. Subsequent arriving Command Officers should report their location to the IC and wait for an assignment.


5. Assumption of Command is discretionary for Assistant Chiefs and the Fire Chief.


6. Local events that are of long duration or require long term evacuations may require a larger Command staff including Planning Chief, Liaison, and PIO.


7. When an incident is so large or of such duration that State of Federal resources are called to assist, an Incident Management Team may be assigned to manage these resources.
What is the procedure for the actual transfer of Command process?


1. The officer assuming Command (IC#2) will communicate with the person being relived (IC#1) by radio or face to face (face to face is preferred).


2. The person being relieved will brief the officer assuming Command indicating at least the following: general situation status (Incident conditions (fire location and extent/hazmat spill or release/number of patients/other), incident management plan, completion of the tactical objectives, safety considerations); deployment and assignments of operating companies and personnel; appraisals of need for additional resources.
What 5 things does strengthening the Command organization do?


1. Improves safety.


2. Decreases the span of control.


3. Improves communication.


4. Improves accountability.


5. Improves management of the Sector.
What are the 3 levels of the basic configuration of Command?


1. Strategic (overall direction of the incident).


2. Tactical (objective assigned to Sectors).


3. Task (task objectives assigned to Companies).
What are the 6 Strategic Level responsibilities?


1. Determining the appropriate strategy.


2. Establishing a strategic plan for the incident.


3. Setting priorities.


4. Obtaining and allocating resources.


5. Predicting outcomes and planning.


6. Assigning specific objectives to tactical level units.
What is a sector?


A smaller, more manageable unit of incident scene organization


A standard system of dividing incident scene command into smaller units or pieces.
Whenever there are _____ or more companies operating in a sector, the IC should assign a BC and FIT/BSO to that sector.

3
What is the span of control than an IC can effectively manage?


Usually 5 sectors and should never exceed 7.

Divisions are assigned by their___________.

Geographic location.

Groups are assigned by their___________.
Function.
What are 5 advantages of utilizing sectors?

1. Reduces the IC's span of control.


2. Creates more effective incident scene communications.


3. Provides a standard and logical system to divide large geographical incidents into effectively sized units.


4. Provides an array of major support functions.


5. Improves firefighter safety.
Command should assign sectors based on what 6 factors?


1. When the number of assigned and operating companies threatens to overload the IC's ability to command.


2. When the IC forecasts that the situation will become a major operation, soon exceeding his/her span of control.


3. When companies are involved in complex operations (large interior or geographic area, hazardous materials, technical rescues, other).


4. When companies are operating from tactical positions which Command has little or no direct control over (out of sight).


5. When the situation presents special hazards and close control is required over operating companies (unstable structural conditions, hazardous materials, heavy fire load, marginal situations, other).


6. Name the sector according to its function or geographical location.
When establishing a sector, the IC will assign each Sector Officer what 3 things?

1. Tactical objectives.


2. A radio designation.


3. The identity of resources assigned to the sector.
What is the primary function of a Company Officer working within a sector?


To direct the operations of their individual crews in performing assigned tasks.


Company officers will advise their Sector Officer of work progress (preferably face to face).
What are the 4 sections of a large incident?


1. Logistics - support mechanism for the organization.


2. Planning - responsible for gathering, assimilating, analyzing, and processing information needed for effective decision-making.


3. Operations - responsible for the tactical priorities, accountability, safety, and welfare of the personnel working in the Operations section.


4. Administration - evaluates and manages the risk and financial requirements for the Fire Department's involvement in the incident.
Define "in transit"

The time it takes for a company to reach their assignment area after receiving an order.
"In transit" often varies due to what 3 things?


1. Distance between staging and the incident.


2. Size of the incident perimeter.


3. Amount of equipment the company needs to assemble.

Define "on deck"


A forward staging position located just outside the immediate hazard zone, safely distanced from the entrance of a tactical position/Sector.


On deck crews will be supervised by the Sector Officer or Company Officer and they will remain On Deck until assigned by the IC or Sector Officer.
What are the 4 most likely assignments for On Deck companies?


1. Reinforce a position within an assigned sector.


2. Crew relief within an assigned sector.


3. Any other tactical position, assigned by the IC.


4. Rapid intervention crew.
What 5 things are included in the On Deck size up?


1. Locating the structure's entrance/exit points in their assigned area.


2. Interior and exterior conditions.


3. Unit ID of crews operating inside the structure.


4. Approximate location of interior crews.


Identify which crews are operating each hose line.
What 5 pieces of information should be transferred when an On Deck crew is used as a relief crew?

1. Interior conditions.


2. Routing instructions to the work area.


3. Interior obstructions.


4. Additional tools/resources required.


5. Sector objectives.

Define recycling.


A timely and efficient means of air replacement and re-hydration of companies while maintaining their sector assignment.

What is the definition of a Mayday situation?

Any situation where a firefighter is unable to safely exit the hazard zone or an event that cannot be resolved by that individual within 30 seconds.
What is the rule of Mayday Readiness?


It is every individual firefighter's responsibility to maintain a high level of Mayday readiness at all times.


This includes everyday preparation and prevention as well as the practiced ability to communicate and respond to a May Day scenario.

What is the definition of Mayday readiness?


In order to reach a position of Mayday readiness, a firefighter must adopt an attitude and preparation to look at every incident of "what if I or another firefighter gets in trouble" prior to the development of a bad scenario or outcome.


The NFPA Standard defines Mayday readiness as the ability to "don, doff, and manipulate the SCBA in zero visibility while wearing firefighting gloves."
What are the 8 operational standards for the most important factors for Mayday prevention?

1. Working within an Incident Command System/Risk Management System.


2. Working within the Incident Action Plan.


3. Always being accountable to someone within the incident command system (never freelance).


4. Maintaining individual and crew air management.


5. Management of work cycles.


6. Monitoring distances traveled into buildings.


7. Layering of resources and providing for a tactical reserve.


8. Planning and acting out an exit plan.
What are the two components of Mayday readiness?


1. Prevention.


2. Response.
What are the 6 individual responsibilities for Mayday prevention?


1. Maintaining SCBA proficiency.


2. Practicing individual air management.


3. Use and care personal protective equipment.


4. Portable radio proficiency and use.


5. Practiced crew communications.


6. Roving/replacement firefighter integration into crew.
What are the 7 responsibilities for the Company Officer and Mayday preventions?


1. Integrating a daily SCBA check into the crew routine.


2. Practicing crew communication in the hazard zone.


3. Rover integration into crew.


4. Maintaining knowledge of portable radios and practicing their use.


5. Ensuring Company Officer responsibilities and expectations are clear to the entire crew.


6. Practicing and maintaining crew integrity/accountability.


7. Instilling the standard that firefighters should always stay on a hoseline.
What are the 5 individual firefighter responsibilities for Mayday response?


1. Maintaining preparation and reaction skills.


2. Early communication of Mayday situation utilizing the above standard.


3. Controlling an emotional response to the situation.


4. Once the Mayday situation is recognized and reported, each firefighter should remember B.O.A. (Breath, Organize, and Act).


5. Utilization of IAFF Fire Ground Survival training.


SCBA familiarization.


High/low profile wall breech.


Disentanglement.


Ladder bail.


Window hang.


GRAB LIVES.
What does GRAB LIVES stand for?


G = check air gauge.


R = radio for assistance.


A = activate PASS device.


B = control breathing, conserve air.


L = stay low.


I = illuminate, turn flashlight on


V = make loud noises (volume).


E = find an exit.


S = shield your airway (last ditch effort).
What are the 6 tactical responsibilities for Mayday prevention and preparedness?


1. Working within the overall incident action plan.


2. Continual assessment of the decision making model within the sector operations.


3. Management of tactical objectives for the sector through position and functions of crews working within this sector.


4. Sector level air management.


Managing geographic working area.


Work/rest cycles.


Distances into building.


5. Accountability


Maintain adequate resources assigned to the sector (remember to TAG hose lines).


Layered resources in position to manage tactical objectives and prepared to respond in the event of Mayday.


6. Maintaining effective and appropriate communications with Command.


Sector C.A.N. reports.


Requesting or de-committing resources.
What are the 9 Sector Officer responsibilities in a Mayday situation?

1. Responding to the Mayday from the inside out.


2. Managing communications with the down firefighter.


3. Manage the search and rescue efforts for the down firefighter if necessary.


4. Increase and maintain resources assigned to the sector


5. Improve survivability and tenability.


Increase exterior access to sector.


Utilize RIC bag


Improve ventilation.


6. Recognize and support the help order of a Mayday.


Self-rescue by the Mayday initiator.


Down firefighter's crew.


Crews working in the same sector.


Crews from other sectors.


Requesting additional staged resources.


Communications with surrounding geographical or functional sectors.


7. Surrounding sectors, not involved in the Mayday.


Continue the firefight in support of the Mayday.


Actively account for all members assigned to sector.


Report PAR's to IC as required.


8. Maintain accountability of crews working to resolve the Mayday


9. Maintain awareness of fire and smoke conditions, as well as building conditions, as rescue efforts are initiated.
What are the 4 responsibilities for the Strategic Level of an accident for the prevention and response to a Mayday?

1. Continually reassess the incident through the strategic decision making model.


2. Strategic level communications.


3. Continuing strategic level continuity.


4. Communicate progress appropriately to the policy and political levels of city government.
What is the tactical benchmark for the end point of a Mayday?

Mayday resolved.
What are the 4 critical points that have to be resolved prior to giving the benchmark "Mayday resolved?"


1. The individual(s) that are experiencing the Mayday situation are removed from the hazard zone.


2. All members involved in the rescue are accounted for and are out of the hazard zone.


3. All members working in all other sectors are accounted for.


4. The IC can give a PAR for the entire hazard zone.
What is the ultimate goal for any Mayday response?

To successfully resolve the Mayday and at the same time not create any further Mayday situations.
What does B.O.A. mean?

Breathe, Organize, and Act.
What is the risk management system?


We will risk our lives a lot, in a calculated manner, to save savable lives.


We will risk our lives a little, in a calculated manner, to save savable property.


We will not risk our lives at all for lives or property that are already lose.
What 5 things to "Actions in a calculated manner" require?


1. Incident Command established.


2. Proper personnel protective equipment.


3. Accountability system established.


4. Safety procedures in place.


5. Continuous risk assessment by all members.
What is the hot zone?

Any area that requires the use of an SCBA.
What are the 4 policies and procedures regarding accountability at the command/strategic level?

1. Command must know who is in charge on each sector, crews assigned to each sector, where each sector is located, and what each sector is assigned to do.


2. Command will include accountability as a major element in strategy and attack planning, and must consider and react to any barriers to effective accountability.


3. Command will include air supply when making tactical assignments including rotation of crews.


4. Command must obtain PAR reports from Sector Supervisors and crews.
What is the accountability responsibility at the Command/Strategic level?

Tracks all crews and sectors by location and function on a tactical worksheet.

What is the accountability responsibility at the Sector Supervisor/Tactical level?


Tracks all crews assigned to their sector.
What are the 3 policies and procedures regarding accountability at the sector supervisor/tactical level?

1. Know the location and function of assigned crews.


2. Must be in his/her assigned area to maintain close supervision of assigned crews.


3. Must obtain PARs of all crewmembers of all companies assigned to his/her sector.
What is the accountability responsibility at the Company Officer/Task level?
Must know where each firefighter is located and what each firefighter is doing.
What are the 6 policies and procedures regarding accountability at the company officer/task level?

1. Maintain a current Passport of personnel responding on the apparatus at all times.


2. Maintain a current MCT roster of personnel responding on the apparatus at all times.


3. Ensure that all crewmembers have proper helmet company ID and nametags on SCBA face piece and helmet.


4. Obtain PARs for their crews.


5. Must keep crew intact and maintain an awareness of the crew's exit air supply.


6. Must ensure that passport is delivered to their accountability location prior to entering the hot zone and retrieved upon exiting the hot zone.
What are the 3 accountability expectations for all members?


1. Immediately update the company passport as they arrive for duty.


2. Ensure that helmet ID's are accurate.


3. Ensure that nametags are on SCBA face piece and helmet.
What are the 8 accountability expectations for all crews?


1. They work for Command and no free lancing.


2. Crews should remain intact.


3. A minimum crew size will be two are more members.


4. Each member must have a radio.


5. All crews entering the hot zone must have a supervisor.


6. All crews will go in together, stay together, and come out together.


7. Reduced visibility and increased risk will require close supervision by the company officer.


8. The entire crew will exit if a SCBA, radio, or any equipment that could compromise safety fails while in the hot zone.
When can the accountability system be terminated?

Following a report of "fire under control."
What are the 6 Passport Rules?

1. Passports will reflect only those personnel presently in the hot zone.


2. Passports will be delivered to the assigned accountability location prior to entering the hot zone.


3. Passports will be maintained at the point of entry to the hot zone.


4. Passports never enter the hot zone.


5. Passports will be retrieved by crews upon exiting the hot zone.


6. Passport accountability location is the engine where crew deployed hoseline.
Personal Accountability Report (PAR)


Involves a roll call of all personnel assigned to crews and sectors that are working in the hot zone.


Is a confirmation that all members are all accounted for and have an adequate exit air supply.
What 7 situations is a PAR report required for?


1. Any report of a missing or trapped fire fighter.


2. Any change from offensive to defensive.


3. Any sudden hazardous event at the incident.


4. As companies report and all clear.


5. As companies report under control.


6. At every 30 minutes of elapsed time.


7. Any time Command feels it is necessary.
What is the objective of 2 In / 2 Out?

To have fully equipped firefighters in position during the initial fire attack to react in the event of a Mayday situation.
When will the 2 In / 2 Out procedure be established?

Anytime firefighters are on air inside a structure and no other units have arrived on scene.
When is the 2 In / 2 Out procedure not required?


When the initial company arrives on scene of a fire in the incipient stage.


When there is a reported or suspected life hazard where immediate action could prevent the loss of life.
How does OSHA define an incipient stage fire?

A fire which is in the initial or beginning stage and which can be controlled or extinguished by portable fire extinguishers, Class II standpipe or small hose systems without the need for protective clothing or breathing apparatus.
What are the functions of the 2 outside members?


One member must be solely dedicated to tracking interior personnel.


Their function is to react in a safe and effective manner based on their capabilities and ability to communicate in the event of a Mayday by firefighters making the initial fire attack.


This position requires appropriate PPE, a radio with the appropriate hazard zone capabilities and to work within the incident management system.


The second member may be engaged in other activities within the hazard zone including operating the pumper.
Incident

An incident is described as any emergency situation that threatened life, safety, or property. Timely response and effective management of EMS, rescue, hazardous material release and fire control situations represent the most immediate priorities of the fire department.
Incident Commander (IC)


This refers to the position within the Incident Command System (ICS) that is in charge of incident management.


The IC has overall responsibility for the safety of responders working at an emergency scene.


That responsibility cannot be delegated.


The ISO assists the IC and acts as the IC's eyes and ears on matters related to safety, and has the authority to mange safety.
Support Officer


A position within ICS that supports the IC.


This position functions as the incident Safety Officer in the ISOS until command van operations are commenced and a Safety Officer is assigned.

Sector Officer

This refers to the position within ICS that is assigned to a geographical area or particular function and manages units assigned to these area during incidents.

Field Incident Technician (FIT)


A company officer assigned to work with a command officer.


Often this position is assigned the Support Officer/ISO or Assistant Safety Officer (AISO) role during incidents.
Safety Officer (SOFR)/Incident Safety Officer (ISO)

A member of the Command Staff responsible for monitoring and assessing safety hazards or unsafe situations and for developing measures for ensuring personnel safety.
Assistant Incident Safety Officer (AISO)

An individual appointed or assigned at an incident scene by the IC to assist the ISO in the performance of ISO functions.

Initial Rapid Intervention Crew (IRIC)

Temporary two-person team assigned at the outset of a working fire to allow a two-person team to enter the structure to perform primary search and rescue when information indicates a potential life hazard situation that can be resolved by rapid search and rescue.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)


Four-person crew fully equipped on site, in a ready state, to immediately react and respond to rescue firefighters.
Incident Safety Plan

Hazard control strategies developed by the ISO to address the incident action plan and the type of incident encountered.
What are the 9 roles and responsibilities of the initial IC/ISO?


1. Follow Phoenix Regional SOPs.


2. Use the Standard Risk Management Plan.


3. Analyze critical fire ground factors present at the incident.


4. Determine a strategy (Offensive or Defensive).


5. Establish the Personnel Accountability system.


6. Provide a standard initial radio report that includes an On-Scene Report and Follow-Up report as defined in the Command Procedures MP.


7. Establish IRIC crew.


8. Manage incoming resources until incident command is passed to another arriving company officer or command officer.


9. Provide for the ongoing safety of all members involved in the incident.
What are the company officer's 8 safety responsibilities on EMS and Still Assignments?


1. Manage task level safety concerns.


2. Size up critical factors and apply the Risk Management Plan at all incidents.


3. Manage crew accountability through sight, voice, or touch.


4. Actively monitor air supply of crew.


5. Monitor crew member fatigue and need for recycle.


6. Communication and mitigation of hazards.


7. Continue monitoring and reevaluating incident hazards and risk/benefit of actions.


8. Request additional resources and command components as necessary.
What are the 8 roles and responsibilities of the support officer?

1. Define, evaluate, and recommend changes to the incident action plan.


2. Provide direction relating to tactical priorities and specific critical fireground factors.


3. Become the Incident Safety Officer.


4. Evaluate the need for additional resources.


5. Assign logistics responsibilities.


6. Assist with the tactical worksheet for control and accountability.


7. Evaluate the fireground organization and span of control.


8. Other duties as necessary.
What are the 9 roles of the FIT as a Sector Safety Officer (AISO) partnered with a BC


1. Perform Sector Safety Officer (AISO) function/role.


2. Assess and address safety concerns within the sector.


3. Assist the BC with managing the sector (stay together).


4. Manage accountability within the sector (Hose tags too).


5. Provide air management within the sector.


6. Manage work/rest cycles within the sector.


7. Manage the sector's On-Deck crews recycle and rehab.


8. Establish communications with the ISO once the IC has established a Safety Channel.


9. Coordinate with other AISOs.
What are the 7 tasks that On-Deck crews must do to prepare themselves to function as rescue crews?


1. Monitor tactical radio channel.


2. Retrieve RIC Bag and confirm contents.


3. Confirm TIC is in a ready state.


4. Determine which line each interior company is on (hose tags).


5. Coordinate the opening of doors and windows.


6. Illuminate entrance/exits.


7. Develop and discuss a possible search and rescue plan.
What are the 8 On-Deck company actions for rescue?


1. Confirm May-Day information.


2. Determine resource and equipment needs based upon May-Day report.


3. Determine last known location of firefighter/crew in trouble.


4. Communicate plan with crew.


5. Implement plan.


6. Utilize information and technology (radio reports, TIC, flashlights, etc.)


7. Monitor air supply.


8. Provide CAN report to Command.
What are the 3 approaches to safety intervention?


1. Life threatening situations.


2. Non-life threatening situations.


3. The on-going incident planning process.
Lobby Sector

Used to control access to a building or area during fires, hazardous materials incidents, rescue operations or any other situation where it is necessary to control and maintain accountability for the entry and exit of personnel.
What 8 things are the Lobby Sector responsible for?


1. Identify all entrance/exit points.


2. Control all access points when alternate entrances are present.


3. Identify suitable entrance/exit point or location.


4. Maintain full accountability.


5. Record names, times and assignment of personnel.


6. Collect all accountability tags.


7. For High-rise buildings, normally Lobby Sector is the ground floor lobby area.


8. Special Ops Incident: Define perimeter with HAZARD ZONE tape.
What 4 things are the environmental sector responsible for?


1. Emergency contacts.


2. Response needs.


3. Action plan.


4. Incident conclusion.
A plan for evacuation includes what 12 factors?

1. A Command structure.


2. Determine the need for evacuation versus in-place sheltering.


3. Early notification of the Police Department.


4. Identification of an area to be evacuated, perimeters, etc.


5. Required resources.


6. Evacuation time frame.


7. Identification of shelter sites and preparation of these sites.


8. Duration of the evacuation.


9. Re-entry of those evacuated.


10. Information about the hazard and evacuation presented to evacuees.


11. Follow-up with evacuees upon re-entry.


12. Security of the area evacuated.
Which other 6 areas need to be considered when there is an evacuation plan?


1. Activation of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC).


2. Assignment of a Police Liaison Sector.


3. Communications.


4. Media support (PIO).


5. Establishing a Transportation Branch/Sector for evacuees.


6. Communicating evacuation plan and shelter sites to the Command organizations of all agencies involved.
When can in-place sheltering be considered (5 situations)?


1. The hazardous material has been identified as having a low or moderate level of health risk.


2. The material has been released from its container and is now dispersing.


3. Leaks can be controlled rapidly and before evacuation can be completed.


4. Exposure to the product is expected to be short-term and of low health risk.


5. The public can be adequately protected by staying indoors.
What are the 3 levels of evacuation?


1. Site evacuation.


2. Intermediate level evacuation.


3. Large-scale evacuation.

Site evacuation

Involves a small number of citizens.


Evacuation times are short.

Intermediate level evacuation


Fewer than 100 people.


Lasts 2-4 hours, sometimes more.


Close coordination with PD and other agencies necessary.
Large-scale evacuation

Thousands of citizens could be evacuated.


Rapid initiation of the evacuation process may be required.


May last many hours or even days.


Evacuation shelters will need to be located, opened, and managed.


The ECO will be activated to support the evacuation and site operations.
Duration of evacuation


Should be sustained as long as the risk continues in the evacuated area.


Re-evacuating is difficult as citizens will not want to go a second time.
Who should be evacuated?


All residents living/working in the area identified should be evacuated.


In the event that a citizen decides not to evacuate, they should be specifically informed of the risk and, if they still refuse, left to stay.


The Evacuation Branch is to be notified and a note of the citizen's address made for further follow up.
What are 6 methods of persuasion to encourage people to leave?


1. Be in uniform.


2. Wear your helmet.


3. Wear SCBA and facepiece when advising the citizen to leave.


4. Ask for next of kin as a phone number.


5. Write the next of kin information down.


6. Refusals should be noted and reported to the Branch Officer by radio.
Individuals assigned to the Public Information Sector should consider what basic information?


Timely response.


Number of units and personnel on-scene.


Human interest or safety information.
What 6 techniques can one use to help reporters gather information?

1. Tell the reporters to gather in one place and that you will return shortly with more information.


2. Request additional manpower from Command to assist in gathering information and remain with the reporters.


3. Tell the reporters to go ahead and get pictures and film footage without interfering with incident operations while you are gathering information.


4. If they have deadlines to meet, phone numbers where they can be reached and phone them as soon as possible.


5. Before releasing names of persons seriously injured or deceased confirm that the next of kin has been notified.


6. Do not speculate as to the cause of a fire or car accident.
What are the 13 reasons to summon additional resources?


1. An actual or potential fire situation exists and the life hazard exceeds the rescue EMS capabilities of initial alarm companies.


2. The number, location, and condition of actual victims exceeds the rescue/removal/treatment capabilities of companies.


3. An actual or potential fire situation exists and the property protection demand (both internal and external) exceeds the fire control capabilities of initial alarm companies.


4. Fire conditions become more severe of the situation deteriorates significantly.


5. All companies have been committed and the fire is not controlled.


6. Forces are depleted due to exhaustion or injury or are trapped or missing: Command must forecast the effect the fire will have on personnel and provide for the support of such personnel in advance.


7. Command runs out of some resource (Men, apparatus, water, equipment, command, etc.).


8. There is evidence of significant fire but companies are unable to determine location and extent.


9. The commitment of companies is not effective.


10. Companies cannot effectively perform early loss control operations.


11. Situation become so widespread/complex that Command can no longer effectively "cope" - the situation requires larger command organization and more sector functions.


12. The weather is or has the potential to have a particularly exhausting effect on resources.


13. Command instinctively feels the need to summon additional resources (don't disregard fireground hunches).
What 3 things should helicopter medical transportation be considered for?


1. Immediate trauma patients requiring urgent surgery.


2. Patients requiring specialized treatment (OB, Pediatric, burns, neurological).


3. Any other patient Medical Control deems necessary.
During what 4 situations is aerial reconnaissance desirable for assistance?


1. Brush firefighting.


2. Complex structural fires involving difficult access.


3. High-rise fires.


4. Tracking direction and distance of air contamination at haz mat fires.
What are the 7 "Special Use" helicopter operations?


1. External load (slingloads, longlines, water bucket, etc.).


2. Hover sites (low-level hovering).


3. Helicopter rappelling (insertions and extractions).


4. Flights conducted below 500 feet above ground level.


5. Helicopter operations around a fire perimeter.


6. Single skid landings.


7. Any takeoff or landing requiring special pilot technique due to terrain, obstacles, or surface condition.
What 4 things do assigned personnel need to have in a landing zone?


1. Portable radio.


2. Eye protection.


3. Ear protection.


4. High-visibility safety vests.
What should the size of a landing zone be?


At least 100' X 100'.
All spectators, vehicle traffic and animals must be kept how far away from the landing zone?

200 Feet.

What is the size of the "touchdown" zone in a landing zone?

60' X 60'.

Where does the individual communicating with the pilot stand in a landing zone?

The front right corner, as seen by the pilot.
What are the 18 helicopter safety factors?


1. Approach and depart helicopter from the front or 45 degrees from the front, in a crouching position; remain in view of the pilot.


2. Establish eye contact with pilot or observer before approaching if rotors are moving.


3. Do not approach helicopter after landing until pilot or observer signals approval to approach aircraft.


4. Approach and depart in pilot's or observer's field of vision (never towards the tail rotor).


5. At no time will personnel approach the tail area of any helicopter.


6. Landing zone personnel shall use eye protection or helmet face shields and ear protection; helmet chinstraps shall be tightened securely.


7. Use a chinstrap or secure hardhat when working around main rotor.


8. Keep landing areas clear of loose articles that may "fly" in the rotor down wash.


9. Provide wind indicators for take-off and landings; back to the wind, arms extended in front of body.


10. Beware of motor wash. Small objects and clothing can be blown around easily. Do not chase or grab articles blown off by the rotor wash.


11. Be aware the spotlights used to illuminate obstructions can blind the pilot. Extreme caution should be used. Only use spotlights to illuminate the bottom of poles. Do not shine upward.


12. Fasten seat belt upon entering helicopter and leave buckled until pilot signals to exit. Fasten seat belt behind you before leaving.


13. Use the door latches as instructed; caution should be exercised around moving parts or Plexiglas.


14. Do not throw items from the helicopter.


15. Carry tools horizontally and below waist level, never upright or over shoulder.


16. Secure items internally and externaly on the helicopter.


17. Provide pilot with accurate weights and types of baggage.


18. Stage patients waiting to be loaded at least 150 feet away. Secure sheets and blankets and cover eyes during landing.
What is the order of surface selection when landing a helicopter?


Concrete.


Asphalt.


Grass.


Compacted dirt (lightly moistened to control dust).


Dry, loose dirt/sand (heavily moistened to control dust).

What are the 5 Standard Company Functions?

1. Organize basic fireground functions and activities based upon the capability and characteristics of each type of unit.


2. Assign major fireground functions to the particular company who can best accomplish the operation.


3. Integrate the efforts of Engine, Ladder, and Rescue companies to achieve effective rescue, fire control, and loss control activities.


4. Increase the awareness and confidence of company members in the standard performance of other companies operating on the fireground.


5. Reduce the amount and detail of orders required to get companies into action on the fireground.

What are the 5 basic Engine Company Functions?

1. Search, rescue, and treatment.


2. Stretch hoselines.


3. Operate nozzles.


4. Pump hoselines.


5. Loss control.

What are the 11 Ladder Company/Tender Functions?

1. Search, rescue, and treatment.


2. Ventilate.


3. Forcible entry.


4. Raise ladders.


5. Provide access/check fire extension.


6. Utility control.


7. Provide lighting.


8. Operate ladder pipes.


9. Perform overhaul.


10. Extrication.


11. Loss control.

Size-up

A conscious process involving the very rapid but deliberate consideration of the critical factors, the development of a strategy and a rational plan of attack based on those conditions.

What are the 3 basic information factors?

1. Visual factors.


2. Reconnaissance factors.


3. Preplanning and familiarity factors.

Visual Factors

Those obvious to visual observation and those absorbed subconsciously.


The type of information that can normally be gained by actually looking at a tactical situation from the outside.


Involves the perceptive capability of Command.

Reconnaissance Factors

Include information that is not visually available to Command from a position on the outside of a tactical situation and must be gained by actually sending someone to check-out, go-see, look-up, research, advise, call, go-find, etc.


Involves Command making a specific assignment and then receiving an information-oriented report.

Preplanning and Familiarity Factors

Include the intelligence that is gained from formal pre-fire planning, general familiarization activities and from CAD through the MCT.


Such intelligence increases the information initially available to Command from the OUTSIDE of a tactical situation.


Provided Command with intelligence that would otherwise have to come from a reconnaissance report or might not be available.

What are the 7 fireground factors?

1. Building.


2. Fire.


3. Occupancy.


4. Life hazard.


5. Arrangement.


6. Resources.


7. Other.

What are the 16 building factors?

1. Size.


2. Roof type and condition.


3. Roof covering.


4. Interior arrangement/access.


5. Construction type.


6. Age.


7. Condition.


8. Value.


9. Compartmentation/separation.


10. Vertical/horizontal openings.


11. Outside openings.


12. Utility characteristics.


13. Concealed spaces/attic characteristics.


14. Exterior access.


15. Effect the fire has had on the structure.


16. Time projection on continuing fire effect on building.

What are the 9 fire factors?

1. Size.


2. Extent (% of structure involved).


3. Location.


4. Stage (inception, free-burning, flashover).


5. Direction of travel.


6. Time of involvement.


7. Type and amount of material involved.


8. Type and amount of material left to burn.


9. Product of combustion.

What are the 9 occupancy factors?

1. Specific occupancy.


2. Type/group.


3. Value characteristics associated with occupancy.


4. Fire load.


5. Status (open, closed, occupied, vacant, abandoned, under construction).


6. Occupancy associated characteristics/hazards.


7. Type of contents


8. Time.


9. Loss control profile/susceptibility of contents to damage/specific loss control needs.

What are the 12 life hazard factors?

1. Number of occupants.


2. Location of occupants.


3. Condition of occupants.


4. Incapacities of occupants.


5. Commitment required for search and rescue.


6. Fire control required for search and rescue.


7. Needs of EMS.


8. Time estimate of fire effect on victims.


9. Exposure of spectators/control of spectators.


10. Hazards to fire personnel.


11. Access rescue forces have to victims.


12. Characteristics of escape routes/avenues of escape.

What are the 9 arrangement factors?

1. Access, arrangement, and distance of external exposure.


2. Combustibility of exposures.


3. Access, arrangement, and nature of internal exposures.


4. Severity and urgency of exposures.


5. Value of exposures.


6. Most dangerous direction.


7. Time estimate of fire effect on exposures.


8. Obstructions to operations.


9. Capability/limitations on apparatus movement and use.

What are the 12 resources factors?

1. Personnel and equipment on scene.


2. Personnel and equipment responding.


3. Personnel and equipment available in reserve or in staging.


4. Estimate of response time for additional resources.


5. Condition of personnel.


6. Capability and willingness of personnel.


7. Capability of Command personnel.


8. Availability of hydrants.


9. Supplemental water sources.


10. Adequacy of water supply.


11. Built-in private fire protection.


12. Outside agency resource and response time.

What are the 7 other factors?

1. Time of day/night.


2. Day of week.


3. Season.


4. Special hazards by virtue of holidays and special events.


5. Weather.


6. Traffic conditions.


7. Social conditions.

What are the 3 basic tactical priorities?

1. Rescue.


2. Fire control.


3. Property conservation.

Rescue

The activities required to protect occupants, remove those who are threatened and to treat the injured.

Fire Control

The activities required to stop the forward progress of the fire and to bring the fire under control.

Property Conservation

The activities required to stop or reduce primary or secondary damage to property.

What are the objectives of each priority?

Rescue - primary search (all clear).


Fire control - under control.


Property conservation - loss stopped.

Umbrella of service

An on-going responsibility that is not completed with benchmarks.

What are the 3 on-going considerations of the umbrella of service?

1. Firefighter safety.


2. Customer service.


3. Loss Control.

Firefighter safety

Continuing efforts for firefighter safety include physical fitness and mental preparedness.


Training prior to incidents and post incident reviews to assure safety, we are continuously looking for equipment to improve firefighter safety.

Customer service

We recruit members that understand the importance of customer service.


We acknowledge positive customer service actions and look for ways to better serve our customers.

Loss Control

The concept not only addresses salvage and overhaul techniques but also emphasizes the importance of craftsmanship, pride in profession, and compassion for those we service in this time of need.

What is the Risk Management System?

We will risk our lives a lot, in a calculated manner, to save savable lives.


We will risk our lives a little, in a calculated manner, to save savable property.


We will not risk our lives at all for lives or property that are already lost.

What 5 things is the fireground strategy based on?

1. The building (type of construction, condition, age, etc.).


2. Structural integrity of the building (contents vs. structural involvement).


3. The fire load (what type of fuel is burning and what's left to burn).


4. The fire and/or smoke conditions (extent, location, etc.).


5. The rescue profile (savable occupants/survivability profile).

What 2 things are the proper strategy determined by?

1. Avoiding simultaneous offensive and defensive strategies in the same fire area.


This typically happens by first committing personnel to interior positions, then operating master streams from exterior positions, which places interior crews in danger of injury or death.


2. Matching the appropriate strategy to the fire conditions of the structure, and minimizing risk to firefighters.

Once determined safe, an offensive fire attack is centered around________________.

Rescue.

What are the 6 guidelines for offensive fire attacks?

1. Address 2 in/2 out decision prior to entry.


2. Initial attack efforts must be directed toward supporting a primary search - the first attack line must go between the victims and the fire to protect avenues of rescue and escape.


3. Determine fire conditions and extent before starting fire operations (as far as possible).


4. Offensive fires should be fought from the interior-unburned side (interior capability is the principal offensive strategy factor).


5. Avoid exterior application of water during offensive operation, this is usually the very worst application point.


6. Avoid fire attack from the burning side of the building.


An attack from the burning side generally will drive the fire, smoke, and heat back into the building and drive the interior fire control forces out of the building.

Command must consider the most critical direction and avenues of fire extension, plus its speed, particularly as they affect what 4 things?

1. Rescue activities.


2. Level of risk to firefighters.


3. Confinement efforts.


4. Exposure protection.

What are the 7 sides of a fire?

1. Front.


2. Rear.


3/4. Both sides.


5. Top.


6. Bottom.


7. Interior.

Ventilation

A major support item that must be addressed during concealed space attacks.


Must be initiated early and be well coordinated with interior crews.


Openings should be made in the fire area.


Positive pressure should be injected from the unburned side and exit the structure out the fire area.

Concealed spaces

Attics, ceiling areas, voids, etc.


Companies must open up and operate fire streams into such areas.


Early identification and response to these will save the building.


Officers who hesitate to open these up because they don't want to beat up the building may lose the entire structure.

Command must "get ahead" of the fire

Command must make critical decisions that relate to cutoff points and develop and pessimistic fire control strategy.


Command must consider where the fire will be when attack efforts are reay to actually go into operation.


Do not play "catch up" with a fire that is burning through a building.

What are the 3 basic variables relating to attack operations?

1. Location/position of attack.


2. Size of attack.


3. Support functions.

The only reason to operate in marginal situations is ____________________.

Rescue.

The ___________ determines the strategy, the __________ does not.

Incident


Building

When should Command abandon marginal attacks (4 situations)?

1. A primary all clear is obtained and the situation is still marginal.


2. The roof is unsafe or untenable.


specially working fires in large unsupported or lightweight trussed attic spaces.


3. Interior forces encounter heavy heat and cannot make any progress on the fire.


4. Heavy smoke is being forced from the building under pressure and is increasing.

What is the first priority in defensive operations?

Personnel safety.

What is the second priority in defensive operations?

Exposure protection.

What is the third priority in defensive operations?

To knock down the main body of fire.

What is generally the most effective tactic to be employed in defensive operations?

Master streams.

What is the standard master stream flow in defensive operations?

750 GPM.

Fire Under Control

The forward progress of the fire has been stopped and the remaining fire can be extinguished with the on-scene resources.


Does not mean the fire is completely out.
What 3 factors must the IC consider when developing a basic rescue size-up?


1. Number, location, and condition of victims.


2. Affect the fire has on the victims.


3. Capability of the control forces to enter the building, remove/protect victims and control fire.
What are the basic rescue decisions?

Do we remove the victims from the fire or do we remove the fire from the victims?
What is the order that rescue efforts should be extended?


1. Most severely threatened.


2. The largest number (groups).


3. The remainder of the fire area.


4. The exposed areas.
Primary search

Means companies have quickly gone through all affected areas and verified the removal and/or safety of all occupants.
What is the critical factor in the primary search process?

Time.

What is the radio term used after the completion of the primary search?

All clear.
Secondary search


Companies thoroughly search the interior of the fire area after initial fire control and ventilation activities have been completed.


Preferably completed by different companies than those involved in the primary search activities.
What is the critical factor in a secondary search?

Thoroughness.
What is the basic Command approach to a nothing showing situation?


Command must structure a rapid interior search and report "All clear."


The interior search for victims will also verify no fire.
What is the basic Command approach to smoke showing and working fire situations?

Fire control efforts must be extended simultaneously with rescue operations in order to gain entry and control interior access to complete a primary search.


Command and operating companies must be aware that the operation is in rescue mode until the primary search is complete, regardless of the fire control required.


In working fire situations, a primary search must be followed by a secondary search.
What is the basic Command approach to fully involved buildings or sections of buildings?


Immediate entry and primary search activities become impossible and survival of occupants is improbable.


Command must initially report fully involved conditions and that an "All clear" will not be reported.


As quickly as fire control is achieved, Command must structure what is, in effect, a secondary search for victims.
All initial attack efforts must be directed toward_______________ and hose lines must be placed in a manner to _____________________, ___________, and __________________.


Supporting rescue efforts.


Control interior access.


Confine the fire.


Protect avenues of escape.
What is the most urgent reason for calling additional alarms?

For the purpose of covering life safety.
The term ________________ should be used when structuring a primary search over the radio; ____________ should be used only as a completion report.


Search and rescue.


All clear.
Offensive strategy

Interior attack and related support directed toward quickly conducting a search for victims and brining the fie under control.

Defensive strategy
Exterior attack directed to first reduce fire extension and then bring the fire under control.

What 6 things will Command consider when Fire Control is the principle objective?


1. Fire extent.


2. Structural conditions.


3. Entry capability.


4. Ventilation profile.


5. Rescue profile of occupants.


6. Resources profile.
What are the 9 steps of a basic offensive plan?


1. Take Command.


2. Identify critical fireground factors.


3. Address 2 in/2 out decision prior to entry.


4. First line - fast, aggressive interior attack.


5. Provide support activities (ventilation, forcible entry).


6. Do primary search.


7. Second line - backup first/cover opposite side.


8. Pumped water.


9. Quickly evaluate success and react.
What are the 7 steps of a basic defensive plan?


1. Take Command.


2. Evaluate fire spread/write-off lost property.


3. Identify critical fireground factors.


4. Prioritize fire streams (provide big, well placed streams).


5. Pumped water.


6. Quick determination on additional resource needs.


7. Surround and drown.
What is Class A foam?


A synthetic detergent that affects the physical properties of water, thereby enhancing its ability to extinguish fires.


Created when 0.1 to 1.0% foam concentrate is added to water.


Acts by reducing surface tension of water and enabling it to penetrate materials more effectively.
Foam solution by itself is very effective for combating Class A fires, but is __________ is added to the solution, its firefighting capabilities are further enhanced.

Air.

What should be considered the primary extinguishing agent for any fire involving Class A materials?

Class A foam.
Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)

Employ the use of air compressors in conjunction with foam solution to produce foam bubbles.


Introduces a balanced volume of compressed air into the foam solution while it is still within the plumbing of the apparatus, creating what is referred to as a "high-energy" hose stream.
What kind of foam is desirable for pre-treating or protecting exposures?

Dry-foam.
CAFS' best results are produced with what kind of nozzle tips?

Smooth bore.
When combating offensive structural fires, CAFS should be implemented at the start of ____________.

Overhaul.
In what 11 positions should personnel use caution in?


1. Above the fie (roof).


2. Where fire can move in behind them.


3. Where sector cannot control position/retreat.


4. When involved with opposing fire streams.


5. Combining interior with opposing fire streams.


6. With limited access - one way in/out.


7. Operating under involved roof structures.


8. In areas containing hazardous materials.


9. Below ground fires (basements, etc.)


10. In areas where a backdraft potential exists.


11. Above/below ground rescue.

When operating in an offensive strategy ______________.
Be aggressively offensive.

On scene, all personnel should be 1 of what 3 assignments?

1. Positioned in staging.


2. Assigned to a task or operating within a sector.


3. Having completed an assignment and that no other assignment is available within that sector, crews should be assigned to a Resource, Staging, or Rehabilitation Sector until such time as they can be reassigned to an operating sector or released to in-service status.

When laddering a roof the ladder selected shall be one which will extend ______________ above the roof line.

2-3 feet.

If possible, when laddering buildings under fire conditions, place ladders _____________ or _____________ as these areas are generally more stable in the event of structural failure.
Near building corners.
Fire walls.

Hot zone

Any area that requires an SCBA, charged hoseline, special protective clothing, or in which Fire Fighting Personnel are at risk of becoming lost, trapped, or injured by the environment or structure.

What 8 situations are included inside the Hot Zone?

1. Entering a structure reported to be on fire.


2. Operating in close proximity to the structure during exterior operation.


3. Confined space.


4. Trench rescue.


5. Operating close to crane operations or close to swift water operations.


6. Building collapse.


7. Operating close to helicopter operations.


8. Extrication.

Warm Zone

Just outside of the Hot Zone where fire fighters start their operations on the fireground.


Where the fire fighter is not at risk of becoming lost, trapped, or injured by the environment or structure.

What 7 functions are done in the Warm Zone?

1. Forward fire apparatus working the incident (engines, ladders).


2. Laying lines.


3. HMRT and TRT developing strategies and tactics.


4. Utility trucks.


5. Special equipment needs.


6. Accountability officer.


7. Fire investigations.

Cold Zone

Outside the Warm Zone where no one is at risk because of the incident.

What 8 functions could be done in the Cold Zone?

1. Command.


2. Level I and Level 2 staging.


3. Support and Staff personnel.


4. Canteen.


5. Rehab.


6. Media.


7. P.D. Liaison.


8. Interviewing the responsible party.

All personnel entering the Hot Zone will do what 3 things?

1. Wear full turnouts.


2. Have crew intact.


3. Be assigned to a sector.

Sector commander must maintain the capability to communicate with forces under their command so that they can control both the _____________ and _______________ of their companies.

Position.


Function.

When crew members exhibit signs of physical or mental fatigue, the entire crew should be reassigned to a _______________ if possible.

Rehabilitation sector.

Command shall establish a ________________ at incidents involving an inordinate danger to personnel.

Safety sector.

In the typical fire involved building, ___________ is the most likely candidate for failure.

The roof.

What are 8 signs of building collapse?

1. Cracks in exterior walls.


2. Bulges in exterior walls.


3. Sounds of structural movement - creaking, groaning, snapping, etc.


4. Smoke or water leaking through walls.


5. Flexible movement of any floor or roof where fire fighters walk.


6. Interior or exterior bearing walls or columns - leaning, twisting, or flexing.


7. Sagging or otherwise distorted rooflines.


8. Time of fire involvement.

What 7 construction features or conditions have been known to fail prematurely or to contribute to early structural failure when affected by fire?

1. Parapet walls.


2. Large open (unsupported) areas - supermarkets, warehouses, etc.


3. Large signs or marquees - which may pull away from weakened walls.


4. Cantilevered canopies - which usually depend on the roof for support and may collapse as the roof falls.


5. Ornamental or secondary front or sidewalls - which may pull away and collapse.


6. Buildings with light weight truss, bar joist, or bow string truss roofs.


7. Buildings supported by unprotected metal - beams, columns, etc.

When should interior fire fighting operations be abandoned?

When the extent of the fire prohibits control or the structure becomes unsafe to operate within.

The method of evacuation of personnel will vary depending on what 3 circumstances?

1. Imminence of the hazard.


2. Type and extent of hazard.


3. Perception of the area affected by the hazard.

The use of "Emergency Traffic" should only be initiated under what 2 conditions?

1. When the hazard appears to be imminent.


2. When the hazard has just occurred.

What should be preformed according to an efficient, well planned procedure which includes the safety of search crew personnel?

Search and rescue.

What is the object of the search?

To locate possible victims, not create additional ones by neglecting the safety of the search crew.

Elevators may be used to go aloft in a high rise building if what 3 measures have been taken?

1. The elevator shaft must be checked to insure that heat/fire have not damaged the hoist mechanism. This can be done by checking the space between the door frame and the elevator care and shining a light up the shaft.


2. Before using an elevator, the nearest stairway should be identified. Should the elevator stop at a floor with heavy smoke or intense heat, fire fighters can then head directly for the stairs without losing time searching for them.


3. You must verify that the floor you are going to is uninvolved.

What 3 steps are taken with regard to elevators with the fire fighter service feature?

1. Engage the emergency operations.


2. Take elevator to the floor two floors below the suspected fire floor.


3. Be prepared to close the elevator door immediately, usually by removing your finger from the door control button, if fire or smoke are visible on the floor.

What are 4 factors that can be assessed from the outside of a structure by using a TIC camera?

1. Finding the seat of the fire.


2. Observing changing or spreading conditions.


3. Identifying critical building construction features.


4. Identifying conditions that could threatened structural integrity.

What is the primary use of the TIC for the fire department?

To conduct search/rescue and crew accountability tasks.

What is the intent of the SCBA policy?

To avoid any respiratory contact with products of combustion, super heated gases, or other hazardous contaminants.

Under what 4 conditions should fire personnel use an SCBA?

1. In a contaminated atmosphere.


2. In an atmosphere which may suddenly become contaminated.


3. In an atmosphere which is oxygen deficient.


4. In an atmosphere which is suspected of being contaminated or oxygen deficient.

In which 6 areas should personnel be using an SCBA?

1. In an active fire area.


2. Directly above an active fire area.


3. In a potential explosion or fire area, including gas leaks and fuel spills.


4. Where products of combustion are visible in the atmosphere, including vehicle fires and dumpster fires - where invisible contaminants are suspected to be present.


5. Where toxic products are present, suspected to be present, or may be released without warning.


6. In any confined space which has not been tested to establish respiratory safety.
Once the low air alarm of an SCBA is activated, a firefighter can crawl approximately ___________ until their air supply is exhausted.

150 feet.
What is the #1 Rule of Air Management?

All Members utilizing an SCBA in the hazard zone of an incident shall monitor the amount of air in their SCBA cylinder as well as their rate of air consumption in order to exit the hazard zone prior to the low alarm activation of the SCBA.
The initial 75% if the air supply is the "__________________"
Working and exiting air.
The remaining 25% of the air supply is _________________________.

The emergency reserve to be used only in the event an emergency occurs while exiting such as becoming lost, trapped, or entangled upon exiting the hazard zone.
What are the 5 ways that Command will assist companies in air management?


1. Controlling position and function of crews in the hazard zone (accountability).


2. Maintaining an awareness of how long crews have been working (elapsed time notifications).


3. Insuring adequate resources are on-scene to maintain a tactical reserve (layered resources).


4. Assigning companies to multiple points of egress (150' rule).


5. Relieving and rotating operating crews as needed (recycle/rehab/on deck).
PACAN Report


Position.


Air status.


Conditions.


Actions.


Needs.
What are the 4 benchmarks for a PACAN report?


1. 10 minutes elapsed time on air.


2. All clear.


3. Fire control.


4. Lost stopped.
What are the 6 tactical air management responsibilities of the BC/FIT?


1. Performing size-up and determining tactics for the sector.


2. Accountability of members operating in the sector (passports. tagging hose lines).


3. Requesting resources and maintaining a reserve of "on-deck" companies.


4. Tracking operating crews time on air.


5. Managing rotation of crews and providing relief either through recycle or rehab.


6. Providing command with frequent PACAN reports.
What is an air emergency?

Anytime the breathing apparatus being used cannot deliver air to the user as designed; whether by mechanical failure of if the individual has consumed the air supply beyond the designed work cycle, or an individual becomes lost or trapped within an IDHL environment regardless of air supply.
Activation of the low-warning (vibe alert/whistle) is an _____________ item for the individual and the crew involved.

Immediate action.

When remaining air supply in the SCBA cylinder reaches the _________________ range a May-Day should be called if personnel are still inside an IDLH atmosphere and will be unable to exit within 5 minutes.

18 to 15 percent range.
What are the 12 key points of air management?


1. Always start with a full SCBA cylinder.


2. Have a Round trip ticket plan (entry and exit plan).


3. Maximum interior distance is 150 feet.


4. No gated Y's inside building.


5. Everyone is responsible for their own air management.


6. Captain's monitor crews air supply.


7. Crew reports air supply to Captain.


8. Sector officers monitor companies in their sectort.


9. Command communicates with sectors and crews and insures adequate resources are on-scene.


10. Everyone exits and is out of the hazard zone prior to low air alarm activate 75%-25% rule.


11. Low-air warning wile operating in an IDLH is considered an air emergency and requires immediate action.


12. May-Day should be called if unable to leave IDLH atmosphere before exhausting emergency reserve of air supply.
What is important to the success of fire control operations and the safety of the fire fighters and victims?

Early ventilation of a building.
Bow string roofs

No fire fighter shall operate on a bow string roof if there is any evidence that the fire has penetrated the attic or involves the truss area.
Residential tile roofs

No fire fighter shall operate on the roof of a residential structure fire covered with tile shingles.

Commercial tile roofs

Extreme caution must be used when operating on these roofs.


Roof sector officers must keep a close watch on roof and attic conditions and be prepared to exit the roof with any changes.
What are the 6 roof conditions the initial roof sector officer must report to Command?


1. Roof design and construction (flat, peaked, bowstring, etc.).


2. Structural conditions.


3. Fire conditions or effects of fire on roof.


4. Locations of fire walls.


5. Locations of heavy objects that are affected by fire conditions.


6. Ventilation plan.
What are the 7 objectives for Roof Sector operations?


1. Determining a safe working surface.


2. Complete adequate size ventilation holes and achieve effective ventilation.


3. Coordinate roof ventilation with interior crews.


4. Coordinate roof fire control operations as directed by Command.


5. Maintain roof-top monitoring of roof structure and fire conditions.


6. Communicate with Interior Sector.


7. Provide progress reports to Command.
Ventilation holes of at least _______ of roof surface of the involved area is a rule of thumb to consider.

10 percent.
Resource Sector

Established as a supply pool to provide a standby of equipment for operating sectors.
Provides an identifiable location at which available supplies are assembled to provide immediate support when required.

For high rise operations, the Resource sector is normally established ____________ below the on-deck floor or any other __________________ below the fire.

5 floors.


Safe, uncontaminated environment.

Rehab sector will provide a specific area where personnel will assemble to have what 5 things completed?

1. Assessment of vital signs.


2. Revitalization - rest, hydration, refreshments, and temperature regulation.


3. Medical evaluation and treatment of injures, if needed.


4. Transportation for those requiring treatment at medical facilities.


5. Reassignment as needed.

A rehab team consists of what 7 things?

1. Rehab truck.


2. Utility truck.


3. Rescue.


4. ALS company.


5. Designated Sector Officer.


6. C-959, as needed.


7. Health Center officer, as needed.

When will a Rehab truck be dispatched?

On all First Alarms and greater incidents, or when heat stress advisory is in effect.

What are the 4 functions of Rehab Sector?

1. Assessment.


2. Hydration and Replenishment.


3. Medical Treatment and Transport.


4. Reassignment.

Any member who has a pulse rate greater than __________ will be recorded and tracked through the rehab sector.

120 bpm.

To be reassigned, members must have what 6 things?

1. A heart rate below 100 bpm with no irregular beats.


2. Systolic BP below 160.


3. Diastolic BP below 100.


4. Respiratory rate between 12-20 per minute.


5. No abnormal neurological findings.


6. No complaints.

Tactical activities
Functions that assist active fire control and rescue operations.

What 3 functions are generally considered tactical support activities?

1. Forcible entry.


2. Ventilation.


3. The provision of access.

For what 2 reasons is a building ventilated?

1. To prevent mushrooming.


2. To gain (and maintain) entry.

What is the most effective form of ventilation in working interior fire conditions?

Vertical ventilation, as close to directly over the fire as possible.

What is the best operating position to determine if a building requires ventilation and the location and timing of that ventilation?

The interior sector.

Why would one operate roof lines (3 reasons)?

1. To protect personnel.


2. To protect external exposures.


3. A Command ordered coordinated roof attack.

If ladder crews cannot get on the roof to ventilate because of fire conditions/roof profile, Command should consider this a _____________.

Marginal condition.

What is the policy for bowstring/arched roofs?

When fire is in the attic/truss space, and it is safe to do so, quickly search the building and implement a defensive strategy.


When crews are unable to locate the fire, and it is safe to do so, quickly search the building and implement a defensive strategy.


When fire involves a room and contents with no evidence of extension to the attic/truss space - implement a quick, aggressive, offensive strategy.

Residential roof policy

For interior and/or attic fires in single family houses with tiled roofs, fire fighters are prohibited from going to the roof.


Any other structure with lightweight truss construction requires a careful evaluation of fire conditions/roof profile prior to committing personnel to the roof.

Attack Team

An extension of the concept of placing units in sectors in which companies are assigned on the fireground in groups to work toward a specific objective within a specific area.


An effective operational group for many fireground tasks and provides a sound basis for the creation of sectors which may be built upon as the incident progresses.


Consists of two engine companies plus a ladder company.

What is a high-rise building defined as in Phoenix?

A building with 6 elevator stops or 75 feet in height or greater.
High-rise Building Size-up (Exterior View) (3 things)


1. Often hide fire and smoke due to building being well sealed and large internal capacity for smoke.


2. Estimate potential for falling debris and/or major structural collapse.


3. Guide responding companies around these hazards.
High-rise Building Size-up (Interior View) (8 things)


1. Building personnel accounts?


2. Is building being evacuated?


3. Alarm indications.


4. Stairwell assessment.


5. Number of stairwells?


6. Conditions within?


7. How are they labeled?


8. Have the elevators been recalled?
High-rise Building Size-up (Resources) (2 things)


1. What resources are responding?


2. Additional alarms needed based on observations.

Risk Management Assessment (High-rise) (11 things)


1. Is the building occupied?


2. Commercial or residential?


3. What caused this incident?


4. Accidental fire.


5. Intentional.


6. Unknown?


7. How has this affected building integrity?


8. Is the building going to allow fire and/or rescue operations?


9. Will fire department inaction cause the building to collapse into other buildings?


10. Fire location?


11. What floor?
Tactical objectives (High-rise rescue) (15 things)


1. Secure and maintain viable evacuation and fire attack stairwells.


2. The Phoenix Fire Department will never use elevators as a means of rescue in smoke or fire conditions.


3. Each must be declared to Command or AHQ rior to making way to the fire floor.


4. Evacuation stairwell.


5. Fire attack stairwell.


6. Attempt to diminish smoke conditions.


7. Identify stair access to roof.


8. Rescue of immediately threatened occupants.


9. Protect in place?


10. Remove to safe location?


11. Removal from the building?


12. Establish evacuation plan for remainder of building.


13. Remove fire from the victims or victims from the fire?


14. Remove/guide occupants to lower floors or out of building all together.


15. Is protection in place a safe option?
Tactical objectives (High-rise fire attack) (16 things)


1. Assess fire and smoke conditions.


2. Size of the fire.


3. Resources in position to make an attack.


4. Overall elapsed time for set up prior to fire attack.


5. Provide water supply via standpipe system.


6. Built in fire pump or pumped by apparatus?


7. Stop the production of heat and smoke.


8. Manage the spread of heat and smoke throughout the building.


9. Use of building systems.


10. Sprinklers.


11. Standpipes.


12. Fire pump.


13. HVAC.


14. Use of fire equipment.


15. Portable fans.


16. Natural ventilation.
Property conservation (High-rise fire attack) (2 things)


1. Often involve high value occupancies.


2. Extensive damage not usually contained to 1 floor.
High-rise Deployment (First Arriving Engine Company) (5 things)

1. Assume Command.


2. Spot apparatus as close to interior access as possible.


3. Proceed directly to the building lobby and gain access to the Fire Control Room or building panel id a dedicated control room does not exist.


4. Establish Building Systems Sector with 1 member from the initial Engine Company.


5. Crew should initiate a lobby level size up.
High-rise Deployment (First Arriving Ladder Company) (6 things)


1. Assume Command if necessary.


2. Spot in position to utilize aerial device for rescue or defensive firefight if necessary.


3. Proceed directly to the building lobby.


4. Captain should proceed to the Fire Control 5. Room or alarm panel and meet with first arriving Engine Company Captain.


6. Crew should begin elevator assessment for possible use.
High-rise Deployment (Second arriving Engine) (3 things)


1. Company should establish water connection to building standpipe system.


2. Engineer should remain with the pumper.


3. Captain should proceed to the Fire Control Room or alarm panel to meet with first arriving Engine Company and Ladder Company Captains.

High-rise Deployment (All additional operational resources) (4 things)


1. After a declaration of a "working fire", once on scene, all 1st and 2nd Alarm companies should proceed directly to the building and report to Lobby Sector.


2. Purpose of this is to decrease transit time once assignment s made.


3. Lobby Sector will be operating on the Staging radio channel as per the standard Phoenix Fire Department staging procedures.


4. Lobby Sector, Staging Sector, and Command will coordinate arriving companies for accountability until assigned to a tactical position in the building.
Sectors in high-rise fires (building systems) (9 things)


1. Manage distribution of building keys, fire phone, and floor maps.


2. May be turned over to Lobby Sector once established.


3. Provide direct communications (via radio or red fire phones) to fire attack companies regarding alarm and building information.


4. Necessary for managing all building systems including personnel to access all remote building systems.


5. Fire pump.


6. Ventilation and pressurization systems.


7. Emergency generators.


8. Elevator operator reports to Building Systems Sector.


9. Needs to coordinate communications regarding effectiveness of ventilation systems between Ventilation Sector as well as Fire Floor Sector.
Sectors in high-rise fires (fire floor) (3 things)


1. Key for managing company work cycles in stairwells and on fire floors.


2. Will create "on-deck" staging area for companies in a "clean" environment.


3. Communicate with all sectors to establish effective support for fire attack.
Sectors in high-rise fires (Stairwell teams)


Dedicated crews to directly manage stairwells and the occupants moving in them.


Not involved with the fire attack.
Sectors in high-rise fires (Ventilation) (4 things)


1. Manage built in ventilation and pressurization systems.


2. Assess the effectiveness of above systems.


3. Manage ventilation equipment and effectiveness.


4. Communicate with Fire Floor and Building Systems regarding effectiveness of ventilation systems.
Sectors in high-rise fires (Lobby) (10 things)


1. Works directly with Staging Sector on the staging radio channel to direct fire companies in Lobby Sector to tactical assignments.


2. All companies on first 2 alarms should proceed directly to Lobby.


3. Limit staging from outside of building.


4. Need resources immediately available from lobby.


5. Crew accountability tracked based on assignment.


6. All crews ultimately should be tracked by Command.


7. Create lobby staging area for crews.


8. Manage lobby level elevator access.


9. Assist with safe egress of evacuating occupants.


10. Work with PD to prevent re-entry of evacuated occupants.

Sectors in high-rise fires (Resource) (3 things)

1. Establish equipment pool in building.


2. Needs to be well below the "on-deck" floor.


3. Decrease likelihood of becoming contaminated with smoke.
Sectors in high-rise fires (Treatment/Transportation) (3 things)


1. May be remote from building.


2. Triage is key.


3. Large volume of resources may be needed.
Battalion Chief assignment priorities (High-rise fires) (5 things)


1. Depends on conditions and actions in the building.


2. Fire floor.


3. Building systems.


4. Ventilation.


5. Lobby.
Rescue profile (high-rise building) (6 things)


1. Most severely threatened.


2. Largest number.


3. Escape routes or methods of removal.


4. Protect in place.


5. Use of PD in Lobby Sector.


6. Each building is directed by fire code to have an evacuation plan including a meeting pace outside, away from the building.
Treatment needs (High-rise building) (4 things)


1. Location of treatment area.


2. Away from building and fire operations.


3. Resources needed for treatment and extrication if required.


4. Utilize PD to secure corridor.
Fire Attack (high-rise building - stairwell teams) (6 things)


1. Immediate deployment to stairwell.


2. Provide CAN report from stairwell.


3. Assist in establishing operational/tactical priorities.


4. Access roof to establish viable exit if necessary.


5. Rescue immediately endangered occupants.


6. Not involved in fire attack.
Fire Attack (high-rise building - use of elevators) (5 things)


1. Determine if conditions exist that prohibit elevator use.


2. Determine when elevators can be used safely.


3. Elevators must be prepped for use under fire conditions.


4. Roof hatch opened.


5. Appropriate tools present including telescoping ladder.
Fire Attack (high-rise building - hose line deployment) (5 things)


1. Small diameter hand lines.


2. Fire attack (offensive type activity).


3. Back up line with 2.5".


4. Larger diameter hand line of master streams.


5. Prevent fire extension floor to floor (defensive type activity).
Fire Attack (high-rise building - coordination of support activities) (4 things)


1. Building system ventilation and pressurization.


2. FD equipment ventilation (vent truck).


3. Utility Truck for support of build-in Air Standpipe System (if equipped).


4. Provide air cart to "on-deck" location for Fire Floor Sector.
Unique High-rise Safety Considerations (15 things)


1. The standard BC/FIT Sector/Safety officer will operate in key tactical positions.


2. All operations in high-rise buildings must be tied to areas of safe refuge.


3. Air Management.


4. All crews entering building must bring a minimum of 1 spare SCBA bottle - 1 per crewmember.


5. When using stairs to ascend, crews must collectively check their air supply every 5 floors, managed by the captain.


6. Atmospheric monitoring may be necessary.


CO monitoring is stairwells.


7. Invisible dangerous gases.


8. Stack affect


9. Unique atmospheric conditions during summer and winter months.


10. Building security systems.


11. Electronic locking mechanisms in stairwells and on floors - possibly trapping occupants or firefighters.


12. Fire on first floor or lobby


13. Cuts off the natural escape routes for occupants.


14. Inhibits the use of Fire Control Room and building systems.


15. Fire attack may need to come right off Engine companies on street level.
What is the most significant thing we can do to reduce damage in a fire?

Put the fire out.
What does "securing" the fire scene mean?

Refers to actions to protect the structures and contents from damage or looting after fire companies have departed from the scene.
Salvage


Activities required to stop direct and indirect fire damage in addition to those required to minimize the effects of firefighting operations.


Includes losses from water, smoke, and firefighting efforts.
What are the two salvage objectives?


1. Stop or reduce the source of damage.


2. Protect or remove contents.
What 4 items should be considered when addressing salvage?


1. Type, value, and location of contents.


2. The extent and location of the fire.


3. Recognition of existing and potential damage sources.


4. Estimate of required resource.
Where should salvage efforts begin?


In areas most severely threatened by damage.


In most cases, that will be areas directly adjacent to or below the fire area.
What is the key to successful salvage?

To distinguish between excessive damage, and damage that is required to reduce potential fire damage.

What are the 2 primary considerations when performing salvage?


1. Replacement price


2. Value
What does 5 objects do common salvage equipment include?


1. Salvage covers and boxes.


2. Rolled plastic.


3. Hall runners.


4. Brooms.


5. Squeegees.
What is the goal of overhaul?

To reduce the incidence of secondary fires, control loss, and stabilize the incident scene while providing for firefighter safety in doing so.
Additional objectives in overhaul include what 2 things?


1. Preserving evidence.


2. Securing the fire scene.
When addressing overhaul operations, what 8 things should the IC do?


1. Insure overhaul is conducted safely.


2. Ensure allied equipment (TIC, foam) are utilized when necessary.


3. Insure all fire is extinguished, where possible.


4. During rest breaks of fire crews, ensure at least two firefighters remain in the fire area to detect any possible hidden fire and re-ignition.


5. Use early and continuing positive pressure ventilation to maintain an acceptable working environment and reduce loss


6. Meet with the property owner/occupant concerning overhaul operations.


7. Schedule fire companies to conduct post-incident drive by/walk through of fire building to check for potential re-ignition sources.


8. Closely coordinate overhaul with fire investigators.
What are the 7 benefits of positive pressure ventilation?

1. Rapidly removes heat and smoke from the building, thus reducing the fire's ability to propagate and advance.


2. Causes an improving atmosphere - thus improving patient survivability profiles.


3. Improves fire fighters ability to conduct search and rescue operations as well as effective loss control operations.


4. Increases the fire fighters ability to conduct the attack/extinguishment operations.


5. Reduces fire fighter heat stress.


6. Reduces loss caused by smoke and fire damage to the structure.


7. Can reduce the need and risk of roof ventilation at many fires.
What two major items are required to properly conduct positive pressure ventilation?


1. An "exit" for the pressurized air must be provided and must be located in the fire area. Generally a window or door.


2. Must be injected from the unburned side of the fire.
How do you attack an isolated attic fire using PPV?
During the initial attack, the crews should use small openings in the ceiling for water application.
Moving from one room to another and punching the nozzle through the ceiling and using a fog application is very effective.
An exit for PPV in the attic must be in place.
Once PPV is in place, large sections of the ceiling can be pulled.

How do you attack a high-rise fire using PPV?

Stairwells should be used to direct air flow from PPV.


An exit for the exhaust must be obtained. a roof door is appropriate.


Multiple fans may be required.


Two or more fans may be needed at the base of the building.


Additional fans may be needed on landings at various levels in the stairwell.

How do you use PPV for exposure control?

Most effective with common attics or where separating walls may have been breached.


Place fans at an entry point at the most severe exposure first.


Once smoke has cleared, the exit should be closed, the building sealed, so that it will over pressure the exposure.


An opening in the ceiling will be required to pressurize the attic area.

What are 6 of the problems that may occur with PPV?

1. An exit must be in the burned area or the fire may be pushed into unburned portion.


2. Because of positive pressure, a blow torch effect of the fire blowing far out of the exit may occur. This is normal and predictable, adjacent exposures may need to be protected.


3. Do not direct a fire stream into an operating PPV exit point.


4. All concealed spaces need to be checked for extension.


5. Ladder company officers and/or sector officers will be responsible for monitoring and coordinating the application of PPV.


6. The gas powered fans do produce carbon monoxide and breathing apparatus may be required when PPV is used during overhaul operations.

What are the 3 exceptions to not laying a supply line for the first in engine?

1. Obvious critical rescue requiring a full crew.


2. Unsure of actual fire location in multi-unit building complex.


3. Hydrant within fifty feet of the fire.

What 3 advantages do slower speeds when approaching a scene provide?

1. Reduces the risk of striking pedestrians, vehicles, or firefighters.


2. Provides time for the Company Officer to size-up and evaluate critical fireground factors.


3. Provides time for the Engineer to appropriately spot the apparatus.

What 3 ways does staging key pumpers on hydrants enhance fire ground safety?

1. Ensures an uninterrupted water supply.


2. Provides volume when needed.


3. Ability to pump water through the forward pumper in the event of mechanical failure.

A non-pumped 500 foot 4 inch supply line can flow how much water?

800 GPM.

In most cases, when does the need for pumped water occur?

Late in the first alarm assignment, or as the second alarm companies arrive.

Whenever a water supply is established to operate a ladder pipe how many supply lines must be laid between the key pump at the hydrant and the forward pump at the ladder?

Two.

What is the objective of the attack hose line choice?

To provide enough GPM flow to overcome the volume of fire being produced, or an adequate flow to effectively cool and protect exposures.

What are 5 concepts of basic hose line placement?

1. The first stream should be placed between the fire and persons endangered by it.


2. When no life is endangered, the first stream should be placed between the fire and the most severe exposure or unburned areas.


3. A second hose line should be deployed to protect a secondary means of egress (always bear in mind the presence of Fire personnel in opposing positions).


4. Additional hose lines should cover other critical areas or when covered, back up in place hose lines.


5. Whenever possible, crews should position hose lines in a manner and direction that supports rescue activities, begins confinement, protects exposures, and controls loss.

What are the 2 characteristics of a solid stream?

1. Greater penetration, reach and striking power.


2. Less steam conversion.

What are the 3 characteristics of a peripheral stream?

1. Increased heat absorption/expansion.


2. Shorter reach.


3. Most effective in confined spaces and protecting exposures.

What are the 4 characteristics of 1 3/4 inch lines?

1. Fast.


2. Mobile.


3. Greater volume.


4. 175 GPM.

What are the 2 characteristics of 2 inch lines?

1. Reasonable speed, mobility and variable volume.


2. Depending on pump pressure and nozzle, up to 350 GPM.

What are the 3 characteristics of 2 and 1/2 inch lines?

1. Slow.


2. Difficult to move.


3. Volume at 250 GPM.
What are the 2 characteristics of elevated master stream?

1. Mostly stationary, slow to set up - maximum water.


2. 500 to 1000 GPM.
What are the 3 characteristics of engine mounted master streams?

1. Fast, large volume.


2. Great reach and penetration.


3. 500 to 1000 GPM.

Who is responsible for determining when a Fire Investigator is needed?

The Officer in Charge.
When should a Fire Investigator be dispatched (7 reasons)?

1. Fire deaths or serious fire injuries.


2. All working first alarm or greater structure fires.


3. Fires for which the cause cannot be determined by Command on the scene.


4. Explosions and bombings.


5. Requested by police department to known arson fires.


6. Car, field, or dumpster fires that have an identified lead or suspect in custody.


7. Attempted arsons.
When is the company officer responsible for completing an accurate Field Incident Report to document the fire cause (8 reasons)?


1. Minor fires where cause is determined to be accidential.


2. Scalding burns, electrical accidents, and minor accidental burn injuries.


3. Car fires originating in the engine area during operation, abandoned autos, or vehicle arsons with no identified suspects.


4. Minor grass, fence, or trash fires with no witnesses or suspects.


5. Traffic accidents fatalities involving fire subsequent to collision.


6. To hold the scene until another agency or service responds.


7. When requested to make contact with homeowner for the purpose of insurance matters.


8. Minor fires caused by juveniles playing with fire, matches, etc.
What is the object of a training fire?

To provide realistic fire ground training under actual fire conditions for recruit and uniformed firefighters while providing high levels of safety and minimizing risk to firefighters.
What 6 sectors need to be established on all structural training fires?


1. Interior.


2. Exposure.


3. Rescue (RIC).


4. Rehab.


5. Safety.


6. Other.
What resources are dispatched for a still brush assignment?

1 Engine, 1 Brush.
What resources are dispatched for a brush assignment?
2 Engines, 2 Brush Trucks, 1 Water Tender, 1 Command Officer.
What resources are dispatched for a first alarm brush assignment?

5 Engines, 4 Brush Trucks, 2 Water Tenders, 3 Command Officers, 1 Shift Commander, 1 Command Van, 1 Safety Officer, Rehab Unit, Canteen Unit.
What is the minimum level of fire protection for fire fighters when fighting a car fire?

Full protective clothing breathing air from their SCBA.
Where should the apparatus be placed in a car fire situation?


Upwind and uphill of the incident if possible.


Consideration must be given to using the apparatus as a barrier to shield the incident scene from traffic hazards.
What 9 types of fires are considered high piled outside combustible storage fires?


1. Pallet storage.


2. Metal Recycling.


3. Tire Storage.


4. Paper Stock.


5. Mulching Operations.


6. Wrecking Yards.


7. Lumber Yards.


8. Large unfinished construction projects.


9. Any other fire incident involving outside combustible storage.
What are the 4 tactical objectives in a high piled outside combustible storage fire?

1. Firefighter safety.


2. Exposure protection.


3. Environmental Protection (Including public health).


4. Fire Control.
What is the standard decision making model in a high piled outside combustible storage fire?


The identification of the incident's critical fireground factors.


Selection of the appropriate risk management plan.


Identification of strategy.


Development of an Incident Action Plan (IAP).


Identification and completion of the incidents tactical objectives.
What are the 9 critical factors in a high piled outside combustible storage fire?

1. Incident location.


2. Type and amount of material burning.


3. Fire growth potential.


4. Exposures.


5. Water supply.


6. Fire apparatus access.


7. Hazards.


8. Environmental impact.


9. Resources required for incident mitigation.
What are 4 exposure hazards associated with the smoke plume, water runoff, and soil in tire fires?

1. Volatile organic chemicals


2. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons


3. Carbon monoxide


4. Heavy metals
It is recommend that major tire fires be handled as blank.

hazardous materials incidents.
What are the 3 options for successfully fighting a tire fire?


1. Burn it


2. Bury it


3. Drown it
What is the best practice to extinguish mulch or compost fires?

To isolate the burning material by removing the surrounding uninvolved material, spread out the burning material and then apply water to only that material.
What is a multi-patient incident?

Any incident with fewer than 25 patients.

What is a mass casualty incident?

Any incident involving 25 to 100 patients.

What is a disaster?

Any incident involving more than 100 patients.
What are the 5 general tactical objectives for an EMS assignment, in order of priority?


1. Remove endangered occupants and treat the injured


2. Stabilize the incident and provide for life safety


3. Ensure the functions of triage, extrication, treatment, and transportation are established as needed and performed appropriately


4. Provide for the safety, accountability and welfare of rescue personnel and victims.


5. Conserve property.
What are the EMS tactical objectives?


1. Completion of a Triage report


2. Declaration of ALL IMMEDIATES transported
What order should patients be treated and transported in?


1. Immediate


2. Delayed patients upgraded to immediate


3. Delayed


4. Minor
What 3 things should the initial actions of the first arriving officer be directed toward in an EMS situation?


1. Scene size-up


2. Requesting appropriate resources.


3. Initial organization of the scene.
What are the 10 initial actions the first arriving officer should take in an EMS situation?


1. Give an on scene report and assume command. Initiate triage.


2. Perform a rapid hazard assessment and establish a safe zone to operate. Initiate traffic control and provide a safe work and treatment area.


3. Provide for occupant protection (charged hose line)


4. Call for additional resources.


5. Radio a triage report to dispatch.


6. Stabilize hazards and remove patients to a treatment area.


7. Assign crews specific tasks to accomplish.


8. Early sectorization.


9. Initiate patient assessment and treatment functions.


10. Coordinate patient transportation.
When should triage tags be used?

Any time there are 3 or more immediate patients or more than 10 patients.
What is the purpose of the Triage sector?

To determine, in close coordination with Extrication, the location, number, and condition of patients and whether triage should be performed before or after patients are extricated from the site.
What is the purpose of Extrication sector?

To determine, in conjunction with Triage, the location, number, and condition of patients and whether triage will be performed before or after patients are extricated from the impact area.
What is the purpose of Treatment sector?

To determine whether patient treatment will occur in place of in a designated treatment area.
What is the purpose of Transportation sector?

To obtain all modes of transportation needed to take patients to the hospital.
What are the 10 standard operations that are normally performed by the Triage Sector officer?

1. Determine the location, number, and condition of patients.


2. Determine, in close coordination with Extrication sector, if triage will be performed in place or at the entrance to the treatment area.


3. Determine resources.


4. Assign and supervise triage teams.


5. Ensure that patient triage is based on START, that life-saving emergency medical care is provided as needed, and that patients are accounted for and tagged appropriately.


6. Ensure safety and accountability of all assigned personnel.


7. Provide frequent progress reports to Command.


8. Coordinate activities with other sectors.


9. When triage is complete, provide Command with a triage report and forward triage packing slips to Command.


10. Terminate triage activities and inform Command that personnel are available for reassignment.
What are the 9 standard operations that are normally performed by the Extrication Sector?


1. Determine the location, number and condition of all patients.


2. Determine if triage will be performed in place or at the entrance to the treatment area.


3. Determine resources.


4. Assign and supervise extrication teams.


5. Extricate and deliver patients to the treatment area or to a casualty collection point.


6. Provide frequent progress reports to Command.


7. Ensure safety and accountability of all patients and assigned personnel.


8. Coordinate activities with other sectors.


9. Notify Command when all patients have been removed and that companies are available for reassignment.
What are the 11 standard operations that are normally performed by the Treatment Sector?


1. Identify whether patient treatment will occur in place of in a designated treatment area.


2. Determine resources.


3. Identify and establish a large treatment area.


4. Assign and supervise treatment teams.


5. Ensure that all patients have been triaged, assessed and re-triaged as needed.


6. Aggressive treatment and rapid packaging of patients.


7. Provide frequent progress report to Command.


8. Ensure safety and accountability of all patients and assigned personnel.


9. Verify transportation priorities with Transportation Sector.


10. Coordinate with all sectors.


11. Notify Command when all patients have been moved from the treatment area.
What are the 13 standard operations that will be performed by the Transportation Sector?


1. Determine and request resources.


2. Determine the rescue loading area and helicopter landing zone as needed.


3. Determine hospital availability status by contacting Dispatch on Med-9.


4. Coordinate patient allocation and destination with Treatment Sector.


5. Aggressively supervise the movement of patients from the treatment area to the ambulance loading area or helicopter landing zone.


6. Maintain an accounting of all patients and patient destinations.


7. Provide progress reports, allocations, ETA's to receiving hospitals.


8. Ensure the safety and accountability of assigned personnel.


9. Provide frequent progress reports to Command.


10. Coordinate activities with other sectors, especially, Treatment.


11. Notify hospital of estimated arrival time of specific resources or helicopters.


12. Notify Command when all Immediate patients have been transported.


13. Notify the hospital when all patients are transported and operations are terminating.
Transportation sector should initiate medical facility inventory by contacting the Dispatch Center on _______early during the incident
Med-9.
What are the 6 responsibilities of the Transportation Branch?


1. Ensure the functions of transportation are carried out.


2. Supervise and coordinate the transportation functions and personnel assigned.


3. Determine/request resource needs to Command.


4. Communicate direction to tactical units (sectors)


5. Ensure units are completing objectives.


6. Maintain incident documentation.
When will a Medical Supply Sector be established?

During all 3-Alarm Medical (or greater) major medical incidents.

What 5 things will the Medical Supply Sector provide to the other sectors as needed?


1. Provide EMS supplies.


2. Provide biohazard supplies.


3. Provide oxygen refill.


4. Set up an oxygen manifold.


5. Obtain needed offsite supplies.

What is the primary objective in a haz-mat situation before formulating a plan of action?

To identify the type of materials involved in a situation and the hazards presented.
What 5 things must a haz-mat action plan provide for?


1. Safety of all fire personnel.


2. Evacuation of endangered area, if necessary.


3. Control of situation.


4. Stabilization of hazardous materials


5. Disposal or removal of hazardous materials.
What is the limited access zone (LAZ)?


The area in which personnel are potentially in immediate danger from the hazardous condition.
What 5 things must be done to establish a limited access zone?


1. Establish a safe perimeter around hazardous area and identify with Hazard Zone tape.


2. Request adequate assistance to maintain the perimeter.


3. Identify and entrance/exit point and inform Command of its location.


4. Coordinate with Haz Sector to identify required level of protection for personnel operating in the Hazard Zone.


5. Collect/return accountability passports of all companies entering/leaving the controlled area.
What is the evacuation zone (EZ)?


The larger area surrounding the LAZ in which a lesser degree of risk to personnel exits.


All civilians would be removed from this area.

What 4 approaches should be considered when dealing with cooling containers/flame impingement?


1. Obtain adequate water supply, use large GPM hose streams or stang guns.


2. Apply heavy streams to the vapor space area above the tanks liquid line.


3. Use unmanned streams.


4. Use natural barriers to protect personnel.
What 4 approaches should be considered when removing uninvolved materials?


1. These actions should only be done after a complete site safety plan has been established by Command and H.I.R.T. Officers.


2. Move individual containers.


3. Move tank cars away from flame.


4. Cool containers before moving.
What 3 approaches should be used to stop a haz-mat leak?


1. Use water spray to approach leak.


2. Close valves when safe to do so.


3. Do not apply water to chlorine containers - it will make the leak worse.

What 4 things should be done to construct dams, dikes, or channels?

1. Direct running liquid away from exposures.


2. Control run off from corrosive or toxic materials.


3. Use sand or dirt.


4. Keep product of our sewer, storm systems, canals, or other waterways.
What 3 things need to be done to remove ignition sources?


1. Start down wind.


2. Eliminate all sources of heat, spark, friction.


3. These actions may need to be accomplished in conjunction with the proper technical advice.

What are the 3 types of mercury?


1. Elemental.


2. Inorganic.


3. Organic.
What 4 things shall Command do when they first arrive at the scene of a mercury release at a commercial facility?


1. Contact the on-site responsible party.


2. Determine the amount of mercury released.


3. Determine the mercury source and, if possible, secure the source to prevent further mercury loss.


4. Determine the size of affected area.
What 4 things is Command also responsible to do in a commercial mercury release?


1. Evacuate the affected area.


2. Isolate the affected area utilizing hazard line tape.


3. Deny entry.


4. Request, through Dispatch, that the Fire Prevention Haz-mat Specialist and the on-duty Special Operations personnel respond.
What are 5 common indicators of potential clandestine drug laboratories?

1. Unusual odors like ether, acetic, solvents, and odors of urea.
2. Glassware that is normally associated with school or industrial laboratories, such as flasks.
3. Heating elements, hot plates, or heating mantles.
4. Vacuum pimps, plastic, or rubber tubing.
5. marked and unmarked chemical containers of various sizes.

What 3 things is a confined space defined as?

1. A space large enough for personnel to physically enter.


2. A space not designed for continuous employee occupancy.


3. An area with limited entry and egress.

The first arriving TRT unit that is staffed with a Company Officer should be assigned ____________ in a confined space rescue?

Rescue sector.

What are the 5 steps of a size up of a confined space rescue?

1. Secure a witness or responsible party to assist in gathering information to determine exactly what happened.


2. Assess the immediate and potential hazards to the rescuers.


3. Isolate immediate hazard area, secure the scene, and deny entry for all non-rescue personnel.


4. Establish communications with victims and determine if non-entry retrieval can be made.


5. Assess on-scene capabilities and determine the need for additional resources.

Effective utilization of staging will do what 6 things?

1. Prevent excessive apparatus congestion at the scene.


2. Allow time for Command to evaluate conditions prior to assigning companies.


3. Place apparatus in an uncommitted location close to the immediate scene to facilitate more effective assignment by Command.


4. Reduces radio traffic during the critical initial stages of the incident.


5. Allow Command to formulate and implement a plan without undue confusion and pressure.


6. Provides a resource pool from which Command may assign units and resources at his/her leisure.

Level I staging is automatically in effect for all incidents with ____________________ responding.

3 or more units.

When is Level II staging utilized?

When Command desires to maintain a reserve a resources on-scene and the need to centralize resources is required.

What 9 things is the staging officer responsible for?

1. Locate an area of adequate size for all apparatus, including apparatus that may respond with additional alarms.


2. Transmit the staging area location to Command and Dispatch, indicating access and routing as needed.


3. Coordinate with the Police department to block streets, intersections, and other access required for the staging area.


4. Ensure that all apparatus is parked in an appropriate manner for quick exit.


5. Maintain a log of companies available in the staging area and inventory all specialized equipment that might be required at the scene.


6. Maintain crews in a ready state with their apparatus.


7. Provide progress reports to Command indicating number and type of units available.


8. Assume a position that is visible and accessible to incoming and staged companies.


9. Assign staged companies to incident duty per Command's decision.

The placement of all apparatus on the fireground should be a reflection of the following 5 things?

1. Standard operational procedure for first arriving companies.


2. Tactical objectives and priorities.


3. Staging procedure.


4. A direct order from Command.


5. A conscious decision on the part of the Company officer based on existing or predictable conditions.

What two categories are apparatus in?

1. Apparatus that is working.


2. Apparatus that is parked.

Apparatus should generally be placed at least ______________ away from buildings.

30 feet.

Prompt, safe response shall be attained by doing what 4 things?

1. Leaving the station in a standard manner (quickly mounting apparatus, all personnel on board, seated and belts on, station doors fully open).


2. Driving defensively and professionally at reasonable speeds.


3. Knowing where we are going.


4. Using warning devices to move around traffic and to request the right-of-way in a safe and predictable manner.

Fast response shall not be attained by doing what 5 things?

1. Leaving quarters before crew has mounted safely and before apparatus doors are fully open.


2. Driving too fast for conditions.


3. driving recklessly or without regard for safety.


4. Taking unnecessary chances with negative right-of-way intersections.


5. Intimidating or scaring other drivers.

What 6 things will you do when responding to a power lines down call?

1. Request utility company to respond.


2. Consider all down wires as "energized."


3. Place apparatus away from "down lines and power poles" and out from under involved overhead lines that could fail and fall onto equipment or personnel.


4. Secure the area/deny entry.


5. Periods of high activity; company officer may choose to leave one crew member on-scene with a radio to wait for the utility company.


6. In the event of multiple lines/poles down over a large area, call additional resources.

What 5 things need to be done when responding to down power lines and vehicles?

1. Request utility company to respond.


2. Do not touch vehicle.


3. have occupants remain inside the vehicle.


4. Place apparatus a safe distance away from down lines.


5. If occupants must leave the vehicle (fire or other threat to life) instruct them to open the door, not step-out. They should jump free of the vehicle without touching vehicle and ground at the same time; they should walk away from the vehicle with very small steps.

What 6 things need to be done when responding to sub-station, transformer, electrical vault, and manhole fires?

1. Request utility company to respond.


2. Clear the area.


3. Be aware of explosion potential.


4. Place apparatus in a safe location away from overhead power lines.


5. Protect exposures.


6. do not make entry until the utility representative has verified that the above electrical equipment has been de-energized. The utility representative may have to make entry to uninvolved sections to safely de-energize the equipment.

What 5 things need to be done when responding to power pole fires?

1. Request utility company to respond.


2. Consider all wire and pole as "energized".


3. Place apparatus away from "down lines and power poles" and out from under involved overhead lines that could fail and fall onto equipment or personnel.


4. Secure the area/deny entry.


5. Do not make any fire attack until the utility representative has verified that the electrical equipment has been de-energized.

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