Voice Disorders Exam 2: Extra Fc

Front 1

What are the (4) basic requirements for recording an acoustic voice signal?

Back 1

1) microphone
2) preamp
3) recording device
4) room

Front 2

In addition to the (4) basic requirements for recording an acoustic voice signal, what is also required to record digitally?

Back 2

1) analog-to-digital converter (AD)
2) digital interface
3) software interface

Front 3

This characteristic describes a microphone's sensitivity to the audio spectrum

Back 3

frequency response

Front 4

Generally, ___________________ microphones have more variable frequency responses, while ________________________ microphones treat all audio frequencies more evenly.

Back 4

unidirectional
omnidirectional

Front 5

This is an acoustical artifact that emphasizes lower frequencies when the microphone is close to the sound source. It is commonly found in unidirectional microphones.

Back 5

proximity effect

Front 6

What are the components of a high-quality sound isolation booth?

Back 6

1) heavy construction
2) double walls
3) floating floor
4) quiet lighting & ventilation
5) adequate patch bays

Front 7

How does using a head-mounted unidirectional microphone minimize unintentional noise?

Back 7

a) moving the microphone closer to the sound source
b) picking up sound originating from a specific direction

Front 8

Transducer that produces acoustical disturbances in matter and is therefore a source of sound (loud speaker)

Back 8

acoustical generator

Front 9

Detects acoustical disturbances and thus is a receiver of sound (microphone)

Back 9

acoustical receiver

Front 10

The loudest possible undistorted sound to the quietest or to the noise level

Back 10

Dynamic range

Front 11

The human ear responds to a ____________________ ______________ of approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz.

Back 11

frequency range

Front 12

A transducing device which converts acoustical energy into electrical energy in the form of a time-varying voltage

Back 12

microphone

Front 13

1/2 of the sampling rate of a discrete-signal processing system

Back 13

Nyquist frequency

Front 14

This defines the number of samples per unit of time

Back 14

Sampling rate

Front 15

Number of bit units (amplitude) conveyed per unit of time

Back 15

Bit rate

Front 16

This software (~$100) provides real time spectrum/specrogram and biofeedback. It is easy to use, great for training studio work, and you are able to record and save for short terms.

Back 16

VoiceVista

Front 17

Name some free recording software programs.

Back 17

Audacity
CD-ex
FLAC

Front 18

The measurement of any and all vocal attributes, regardless of who obtains them or what instruments are used

Back 18

Assessment

Front 19

The labeling of a pathology by a licensed practicioner

Back 19

Diagnostics

Front 20

Any individual who conducts a voice evaluation (SLP, voice coach, singing teacher, physician)

Back 20

Vocologist

Front 21

Any individual receiving a voice evaluation

Back 21

Client/vocalist

Front 22

List (4) points about instrumented measurement tools for voice.

Back 22

1) objective, without personal bias
2) isolate single aspects of voice
3) storage and retrieval, consistent over time
4) save sensory modality with accurate memory

Front 23

List (4) points about perceptual measures (non-instrumental)

Back 23

1) designers of software introduce personal bias with objective measures
2) can assess multiple features
3) are not consistent over time
4) gold standard by which instrumented measures must be validated

Front 24

What are the considerations for voice measures?

Back 24

1) cost
2) complications in procedure
3) uncertainty in data interpretation

Front 25

List (2) voice examples of ordinal scales.

Back 25

1) Equal-Appearing Interval (EAI) Scales: intervals appear equal, are not necessarily equal as rater's perception can change
2) Visual Analouge Scale (VAS): Measures of a phenomenon are indicated on a continuous line

Front 26

Why is am EMG an example of an interval scale?

Back 26

Zero is resting activity, not an absence of muscular activity.

Front 27

Why is glottal airflow an example of a ratio scale?

Back 27

Zero glottal airflow at a given point in time indicates that no air if flowing through the glottis in either direction.

Front 28

What are the (9) general assessment principles?

Back 28

1) Measurement should be based on clinical questions
2) Measure's merit depends on conceptual & technological questions
3) Individual questions are answered by a set of measures rather than one
4) Normative data should be used when possible
5) Standardized scores should be used in reporting when possible (z-scores)
6) Immediate report generation is essential
7) Data should be sharable
8) A causal model should be generated for the underlying problem
9) Assessment should be linked to client needs

Front 29

What is the formula for z-scores?

Back 29

(individuals score - norm) / (SD of norm)

Front 30

What generally defines normal?

Back 30

z-score of +/- 1

Front 31

List the essential portions of a detailed case history.

Back 31

1) Demographic info
2) Client's description of problem/voice
3) Medical history w/ hearing
4) Tissue factors/vocal hygiene
5) Voice/speech history
6) Attitude about therapy

Front 32

What are 2 measures used to assess a speaker's functional vocal fitness?

Back 32

1) VHI
2) VAPP

Front 33

This measure is subdivided into functional, physical, and emotional subscales. A shift of 18 points or greater indicates a change not explained by variablility.

Back 33

Voice Handicap Index (VHI)

Front 34

This questionaire separates impairment from activity limitation and participation restriction.

Back 34

Voice Activity and Participation Profile (VAPP)

Front 35

What measure is used to assess vocal effort?

Back 35

Direct Magnitude Estimation (DME)

Front 36

On this measure, individuals produce a variety of phonation tasks and supply a number which represents the amount of vocal effort experienced during each task. It is clinically impractical because there is no referent scale and results are not interpretable

Back 36

DME

Front 37

Used to assess vocal fatigue, coupled with DME measures at varied intervals. It is not clinically practical to ask vocalists to engage in long reading tasks and assess vocal endurance.

Back 37

Structured loading task

Front 38

What measures can be used to assess vocal quality?

Back 38

Equal Appearing Interval Scales
Visual Analogue Scales
Analysis by Synthesis
CAPE-V
Paired Comparisons

Front 39

This measure is used by placing tick marks on a 100 mm line to indicate vocal quality

Back 39

VAS

Front 40

This approach compares individuals voice samples to a computer-synthesized sample. It appears promising, but there are some issues. Name these.

Back 40

Analysis by Synthesis
PROBLEMS: There are too many variants of vocal quality (tremors, subharmonics, adductory/abductory spasms)

Front 41

This tool is used to describe the severity of auditory-perceptual atrributes of a voice problem in a way that can be communicated among clinicians. Name the (6) attributes.

Back 41

Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice: CAPE-V
6: Severity, Roughness, Breathiness, Strain, Pitch, Loudness

Front 42

What is the consensus regarding the CAPE-V?

Back 42

-Minimal amount of voice attributes
-Quick
-Available to many pathologies/healthcare
-Ratings optimize reliability among clinicians
-Available for training

Front 43

What is an alternative to using the CAPE-V? This compares an individual's voice quality to the same person's quality at a different point in time. The rater is asked to determine which sample is better. What is the advantage to this measure?

Back 43

Paired comparisons
ADVANTAGE: Speaker-specific idiosyncracies

Front 44

What are the least invasive ways to assess internal organs? Usually, _____ is better for distinguishing air-tissue boundaries. ____ is considered safer in terms of exposure.

Back 44

MRI, CT
CT
MRI

Front 45

What are important components of total lung volume?

Back 45

vital capacity and tidal volume

Front 46

This is used with a spirometer to detect lung volume change

Back 46

Plethysmograph

Front 47

Device that measures slow-varying airflow at the mouth and nose, using a wire mesh that senses the amount of fluid passing through the wires. This is done electronically by measuring a small pressure drop, or by sensing a temperature change in the wire mesh.

Back 47

Pneumotachometer

Front 48

Measurement of air is done on an __________ scale.

Back 48

interval

Front 49

How do we directly measure lung pressure?

Back 49

Invasive, requiring a tracheal puncture with a small cannula. We can use indirect procedures to estimate lung pressure.

Front 50

In what ways do we assess measurement of vocal fold tissues movement?

Back 50

1) indirect laryngoscopy: with a mirror, provides the first look at the VF
2) videolaryngoscopy: can not only see structural abnormalities, but abnormal vibratory patterns using when using stroboscope

Front 51

This is used to detect vibration of the skin (surface measure). It is highly incoherent, and little can be determined about the point or origin. What CAN be detected?

Back 51

accelerometer
F0, global intensity

Front 52

Device used to detect vibration that supplies its own signal for probing. Two electrodes are placed on opposite sides of the larynx and a high-frequency signal is passed through. It is a viable clinical tool used frequently with videolaryngoscopy/acoustic spectography.

Back 52

electroglottograph (EGG)

Front 53

The best display of acoustic events can be obtained with a ________________ derived from a microphone signal. It displays frequency content over time, allowing for observation of F0 (pitch), intensity (loudness), and spectral components (quality).

Back 53

spectrogram

Front 54

This is the most direct way to assess muscle activation of the larynx and articulators. It is only feasible with medical supervision and laryngocoloigal expertise. Singals are obtained with bipolar hooked-wire electodes inserted into the laryngeal muscle with a needle.

Back 54

Electromyography (EMG)

Front 55

What are the clinical applications of EMG?

Back 55

Assessment of laryngeal muscle disorders, discoordination of muscle activity (SD, tremor, muscle-tension dysphonia)

Front 56

A dispay of sound pressure level range versus fundamental frequency

Back 56

Voice Range Profile (VRP) Software

Front 57

The fundamental frequency where a vocalist can obtain the largest SPL range

Back 57

Tessitura (range and texture)

Front 58

A non-electronic device that doesn't need external calibration. Produces a direct measure of max lung pressure obtainable by an individual but is also calibration tool when an electronic pressure guage is used.

Back 58

u-tube manometer

Front 59

An alternative to a u-tube manometer, which needs to be in the 0-10 kPa range, giving more sensitivity to low (speech-like) lung pressures. Electronic versions can present pressure digitally on a small screen.

Back 59

mechanical pressure gauge

Front 60

Measures lung volume changes in respiration. A low-cost one can be used to monitor changes in voice training/therapy.

Back 60

Respirometer

Front 61

Can measure lung volume changes, but is more expensive because it measures multiple aspects of breathing

Back 61

Spirometer

Front 62

Therapeutic and diagnostic benefits by semi-occuling the vocal tract

Back 62

Flow-resistant straws/tubes

Front 63

Plotted against F0, is a physiological equivalent of an audiograph for hearing. Establishes minimum lung pressure needed to sustain flow-induced oscillation of VF. What does it measure?

Back 63

Phonation threshold pressure
Small amplitutde VF vibration

Front 64

Gives information about VF oscillation. Relates to time and frequency structure rather than spatial structure. Shows energy of sound frequencies and change over time. Sudden jumps are called ____________________.

Back 64

Acoustic spectography
Bifurcation

Front 65

Requires insertion of a rigid rod deploy into the mouth/flexible cable through nostrils into the pharynx, sufficiently invasive

Back 65

Videolaryngoscopy

Front 66

VF vibration is usually ____ - ______ Hz, meaning th edges will blur to the eye. What are (2) ways to visualize presentation rate and correct blurring?

Back 66

70-1000 Hz
a) examine temporal detail of an average cycle by looking at portions of successive cycles, illuminate VF with flashes of light b) increase frame rate and play images back in slow-motion

Front 67

A technique that sacrifices spatial resolution for better temporal resolution. Instead of 2D images at high frame, a single horizontal line across VF is captured.

Back 67

Videokymography

Front 68

_________ refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.

Back 68

Valdity

Front 69

________ refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.

Back 69

Reliability