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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acoustic measures are unreliable for ____ to ___ disordered voices |
Moderate, severe |
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Sustained vowels are limited in terms of assessing voice quality t/f |
True |
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What is the recent acoustic analysis measurement called that can be used with sustained vowels and running speech and correlates well with the perception of voice quality? |
Cepstrum |
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Cycle-to-cycle perturbation of intensity is called? |
Shimmer |
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Cycle-to-cycle perturbation of frequency is called |
Jitter |
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What is the maximum frequency range for normals? |
3-5 octaves, which is 2.5 octave range |
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How is the maximum frequency range different from the speaking inflection range? |
MFR- sustained sound from lowest to highest SIR- 2-3 semitones, captures how good signal is |
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The microphone distance and angle for perturbation measurements is? >10 cm (0) <4 cm (45 |
<4 cm (45) |
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ambient noise level for recording acoustics should be greater than 50 dB less than 50 db greater than 55 dB |
less than 50 dB |
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Gender differences first appear in the larynx around ___ years of age 1 year 3 years 6 weeks |
3 years
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the normal range for signal-to-noise ration ___ 15-21 hz 15-21 dB 10-15 dB |
15-21 dB |
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what is the difference between a wide band spectrograph and a narrow band spectrogram |
wide- shows formants (vertical) narrow- harmonics (horizontal) |
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Greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath is called? |
vital capacity |
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Spectrum is a plot ___ by frequency |
Intensity |
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What is the minimum sampling rate required for valid acoustic analysis? |
>or equal to 33 khz |
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What is the fundamental frequency |
number of cycles of vocal folds |
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a voice range profile is also known as ___ spectrogram phonetogram |
phonetogram |
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the maximum phonation time in children is ___ compared to adults higher lower same |
lower |
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what is the average airflow? |
air flow through glottal during phonation |
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what is mean sub glottal pressure? |
pressure in mouth and sub glottal when equal |
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in children the ___ component of voice is high and decreased with advancing age fundamental frequency intensity |
fundamental frequency |
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What is Maximum phonation time? |
sustained vowel 3 times and take highest |
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What is phonation threshold pressure? |
lowest needed to push vocal folds apart |
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estimated sub glottal air pressure / mean airflow is known as? |
Laryngeal resistance |
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children have difficulty varying pitch and loudness independently of each other t/f |
true |
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children have larger lung volume excursions per breath group and larger lung volume usage per syllables compared to adults t/f |
true |
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laryngeal cartilages grow at a fast rate in females compared to males during puberty t/f |
false |
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in children the vocal folds close in shutter-like manner, whereas in adults the closing of the vocal folds is like a zipper t/f |
true |
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presence of a small posterior gap is normal in female voice t/f |
true |
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children have larger posterior gap compared to adults. children also have a greater incidence of posterior gap compared to adults t/f |
true |
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ptp in children is 2 to 4 times higher compared to adults t/f |
true |
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in older adults the vocal folds are bowed due to ___ |
atrophy |
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what are the functional differences between children and adults in terms of acoustics, aerodynamics, and laryngeal imaging |
F0 in children higher, use more sub glottal pressure, vocal folds high in variability, closing shutter-like, larger posterior gap |
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what are some of the age related changes in the laryngeal cartilages due to old age? |
more ossified, less flexibility, reduced coordination, reduce lubrication |
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what are vocal fold nodules |
bilateral bumps, anterior 1/3 posterior 2/3, need therapy |
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name 3 types of polyps |
1. hemorrogic- blood filled 2. sessile- bump, attached to vf and broad 3. perdunculated- on a stock bilateral or unilateral, surgery then therapy |
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what is reinke's edema |
fluid filled in reinke's space (in superficial layer) mass lesion, caused by smoking lowers pitch no smoking and surgery unilateral or bilateral |
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what is the initial treatment for sulcus vocalis |
unilateral or bilateral caused- congenital, surgical trauma scar tissue reduces pliability surgery |
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what are the main causes for vocal fold granuloma |
on vocal process, irritation, phono trauma, reflux surgery, therapy |
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glottic web |
membrane between vocal folds congenital, surgical trauma |
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puberphonia |
high pitch therapy and massage larynx |
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Laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment |
behavior modification (lifestyle changes_ medication- proton pump inhibitor |
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what nerve is affected in Super laryngeal nerve paresis |
vagus nerve CT affected motor and sensory |
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what intrinsic muscles are affected in recurrent nerve laryngeal paresis |
All but CT (PCA, TA, IA, LCA) |
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is adductor spasmodic dysphonia a focal dystonia or neurological condition |
neurological condition |
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what is Muscle Tension Dysphonia |
functional, excessive tension treatment- therapy |
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what is the difference between complete and modified voice rest |
complete- no voice modified- less use |
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3 phases of wound healing |
1. inflammatory- 1-3 days 2. proliferation- fiber cells gather 3. maturation- less pliable |
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describe things you would recommend for vocal hygiene |
enough water, less caffeine and alcohol, less phono trauma (yelling), no smoking |
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what are the 4 steps of vocal function exercises |
1. nasal /i/ 2. upward glide 3. downward glide 4. sustained as long as can 5 keys |
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what are common side effects of medication |
dryness, irritation and coughing, soured speech, hoarseness |
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seek treatment from physician if hoarseness within 7 days t/f |
true |
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clinically three dimensional vibratory motion can be evaluate with the use of the imaging modality known as the high-speed videoendoscopy t/f |
false |
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loudness glide is called crescendo t/f |
true |
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gender differences first begin to appear around 3 years t/f |
true |
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quantization refers to sampling the acoustic waveform in terms of the frequency t/f |
false- quantization is amplitude |
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the unit of phonation threshold pressure is cm h20 t/f |
true |
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a spectrogram is 3D graph t/f |
true x- time y- frequency darkness- intensity |
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vocal nodules located bilaterally anterior 1/3 posterior 2/3 t/f |
true |
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more common cause of right current laryngeal nerve paresis is idiopathic t/f |
false- its surgical left is idiopathic |
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hypertension medication can typically result in the side effect of a persistent cough t/f |
true |
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if the average airflow is greater than 500 mL/sec voice therapy is not adequate for improving glottal function t/f |
true 80-200 mL/sec= normal 500- gap really big 80- tighter |
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what is jitter and shimmer
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both acoustic measures
jitter- frequency shimmer- intensity |
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how long is complete voice rest recommended after surgery |
3 days |
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what is the preferred vowel to use with acoustic analysis |
/a/ |
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what is the maximum frequency range for normal non-singers |
2.5 octaves |
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why do we need to keep the recording set-up constant |
to compare progress before and after |
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which signal type of signal is ok to use automated analysis on |
type 1 |
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what is type 3 signal |
noise pattern, no structure |
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what is the minimum quantization for valid acoustic recording |
>12 bits
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what is a phonetogram useful for |
voice evaluations of singers |
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what is another name for NHR |
SNR |
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what 4 things cause the aerodynamic measures to change |
opening and closing patterns of the vocal folds, vocal modes, respiratory support, pitch |
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what aerodynamic measure is measured in liters per second |
average glottal air flow rate |
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how do we measure PTP |
say pi pi pi from whisper to voiced phonation |
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most valid and reliable way to report jitter |
percentage |
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clinically one can visualize vocal fold vibrations in two or three dimensions with high-speed videoendoscopy |
2 dimensions |
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what is temporal resolution |
how many frames we can capture in one second |
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what is the light source used for stroboscopy |
xenon |
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actual cycle-to-cycle information regarding the glottal cycle can be captured with stroboscope, high-speed videoendoscopy, or endoscopy |
high-speech videoendoscopy |
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how many frames per second can we record with stroboscopy |
30 fps |
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3 types of spasmodic dysphonia |
adductor abductor mized |
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what is the initial line of treatment for muscle tension dysphonia |
voice therapy |
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what happens during an attack for paradoxical vocal fold motion |
vocal folds close during breathing causing the patient to faint |
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what is the difference between granuloma and a polyp |
gradulomas are found on the vocal process
polyps found on edge of the vocal fold |
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what are the two types of hydration |
systemicsuperficial |
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2 approaches to voice therapy |
symptomatic physiological |
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what is the name of the vocal warm up discussed in class |
straw phonation |
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actual cycle-to-cycle information regarding the glottal cycle can be captured with the following laryngeal imaging modality |
high speed digital imaging |
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signal typing classifies signals based on |
narrow band spectorgrams |
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in acoustic analysis a graph showing the distribution of signal energy (intensity) as a function of frequency is called |
spectrum |
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in acoustic analysis a signal with no apparent periodic structure is called |
type 3 |
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formants are visualized most clearly with a ___ filter |
wideband |
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in order to test the performance of the phonatory system in routine function, the best voice task that you will elicit from the patients would be ___ |
phonation at habitual pitch and loudness |
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narrowband filter clearly shows ___ in the acoustic signal |
harmonics |
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the range of normative value for the s/z ratio is |
1-1.4 |
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the difference between the lowest and the highest F0 possible on a vowel production is known as |
maximum frequency range |
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voice range profile is also known as |
phonetogram |
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signal-to-noise ratio represents the energy in the harmonics and the energy in the noise is the signal. the normative range for SNR is |
15-21 dB |
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match the mean fundamental frequency range for the following |
male: 80-140 child: 280-365 female: 190-230 |
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average airflow is measured in |
mL/sec |
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vibrations or oscillations of the vocal folds in slow motion can be observed with the following laryngeal imaging technique |
stroboscopy |
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vocal fold structures can be observed with which of the following imaging modalities |
endoscopy, stroboscopy, high speed digital imaging |
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in a wideband spectorgraph ___ is displayed along the vertical or the y-axis |
frequency |
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if an individual has heightened gag reflex the best type of endoscopy that may prevent gag reflex will be |
flexible endoscope |
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what is the psychological correlate of fundamental frequency called |
pitch |
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in order to measure sub glottal pressure the subjects are asked to produce the following at typical pitch and loudness |
pi.pi.pi. |
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low-tech way to obtain estimates of the airflow and the respiratory system can be |
computing the maximum phonation time and s/z ratio |
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during stroboscopy in order to visualize the infraglottic margins of the vocal folds the following task needs to be performed |
inhalation phonation/ reverse phonation |
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the difference between frequency is reported |
semitones |
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pitch, loudness, and quality are three components of voice, in children the ___ components of voice is high and decreases with advancing age |
fundamental frequency |
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the maximum phonation time is ___ in children compared to adults |
lower |
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videokymography is one of the newer modalities of laryngeal imaging. With videokymography one can capture vocal fold vibrations at ___ frames per second |
8000 |
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t/f spectrogam is 2D graph |
f |
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t/f wideband filtering is performed using a short-time spectrum of 3 ms and a large analysis bandwidth of 300-500 hz |
t |
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t/f children have difficulty varying pitch and loudness independently of one another, i.e. if they try to raise the pitch the loudness also increases |
t |
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t/f type 2 signal is a signal in acoustic analysis that is nearly-periodic without sudden changes in frequencies or presence of subharmonics |
f |
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t/f children have larger lung volume excursions per breath group and larger lung volume usage per syllables compared to adults |
t |
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t/f in order to compare the findings from the acoustic analyses, it is critical to maintain a constant gain setting between session 1 and session 2 |
t |
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t/f normal voices have some perturbation (jitter and shimmer) |
t |
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t/f the lowest frequency of a periodic signal is called the fundamental frequency |
t |
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t/f cep strum analysis can be used to reliably and validly analyze type 2 (moderately rough) and type 3 (severely rough) voice signals |
t |
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t/f sustained vowels are limited in terms of assessing the overall voice quality |
t |
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t/f average glottal airflow is only sensitive to large changes in glottal function i.e. large glottal gaps |
t |
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t/f laryngeal cartilages grow at a faster rate in females compared to male during puberty |
f |
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t/f quantization rate refers to sampling the acoustic waveform in terms of the fundamental frequency |
f |
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t/f stroboscopy is the current gold standard in laryngeal imaging
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t |
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t/f in children the vocal folds close in a shutter-like matter, whereas in adults the closing of the vocal folds is like a zipper |
t |
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t/f phonation threshold pressure is the maximum pressure required to set the vocal folds into motion |
f |
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t/f presence of a smaller posterior phonatory gap is normal in female voice |
t |
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t/f acoustic and aerodynamic analysis provide direct information regarding the exact nature of the vocal pathology |
f |
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t/f the laryngeal cartilages at both are floppy compared to the adult carilages |
t |
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t/f digital kymopgraphy and stroboscopy record vocal fold vibrations at different rates (i.e. frames/second also known as temporal resolution) |
t |
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t/f the images obtained from a standard flexible fiberoptic endoscope are superior in quality compared to the distal chip tip in flexible endosope
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f |
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t/f it is possible to observe the three dimensional vocal fold vibrations with videostroboscopy or high speed imaging |
f |
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t/f the phonation threshold pressure in children is higher (2 to 4 times) compared to adults |
t |
