Vocabulary Nervous System Review

Front 1

nerve

Back 1

bundles of neurons

Front 2

soma

Back 2

the body of a neuron

Front 3

reception

Back 3

detecting a stimulus

Front 4

equilibrium

Back 4

diffusion of a specific ion into and out of a neuron is the same

Front 5

axolemma

Back 5

cell membrane of a neuron

Front 6

transmembrane potential

Back 6

oppositely charged particles separated by a cell membrane

Front 7

CNS

Back 7

neurons inside the brain and spinal cord

Front 8

depolarized

Back 8

separated particles with opposite charges move to same area

Front 9

PNS

Back 9

neurons outside of the skull and spine

Front 10

hyperpolarized

Back 10

-80mV

Front 11

graded potential

Back 11

localized depolarization

Front 12

afferent neurons

Back 12

carrying action potentials to the CNS

Front 13

action potential

Back 13

an electrical message moving quickly through an axon

Front 14

efferent nerves

Back 14

carry action potentials away from the CNS

Front 15

voltage regulated ion channels

Back 15

open and close due to change in transmembrane potential

Front 16

Interneuron's

Back 16

association neurons in the CNS

Front 17

repolarization

Back 17

transmembrane potential changing from +30mV to -70mV

Front 18

refractory period

Back 18

time period/events that restore a neuron to a resting state

Front 19

somatic nervous system

Back 19

voluntary control, simulates skeletal muscles to contract

Front 20

all-or-none response

Back 20

an action potential happens or it does not

Front 21

autonomic nervous system

Back 21

unconscious activation of a gland

Front 22

neuroglia (glial cells)

Back 22

a category of nervous system cells that support neurons

Front 23

microglia

Back 23

phagocytic cells that help protect neurons

Front 24

presynaptic neuron

Back 24

contain neurotransmitters stored in vesicles

Front 25

oligodendrocytes

Back 25

myelinated neurons in the CNS

Front 26

Schwann cells

Back 26

myelinated neurons in the PNS

Front 27

axon

Back 27

process of a neuron that supports action potentials

Front 28

postsynaptic neuron

Back 28

contain neurotransmitters receptors

Front 29

dendrites

Back 29

processes of a neuron that bring a message toward the soma

Front 30

neurilemma

Back 30

cell membrane of a Schwann cell

Front 31

chemical synapse

Back 31

using neurotransmitters to communicate between neurons

Front 32

myelin

Back 32

fatty cellular material that insulates the outside of neurons

Front 33

chemically regulated ion channels

Back 33

neurotransmitters open these

Front 34

node of Ranvier

Back 34

sections of an axon between myelinated sections

Front 35

internode

Back 35

myelinated sections of an axon

Front 36

axoplasm

Back 36

cytoplasm in a neuron

Front 37

collaterals

Back 37

axons that branch off of the main axon

Front 38

telodendria

Back 38

terminal branches of an axon

Front 39

synaptic knobs

Back 39

they contain voltage regulated calcium channels

Front 40

neurotransmitters

Back 40

chemical messengers at the synaptic cleft

Front 41

synapse

Back 41

process of a neural message passing from neuron to neuron

Front 42

synaptic cleft

Back 42

space between neurons

Front 43

concentration gradient

Back 43

adjacent areas with differing amounts of a particular ion

Front 44

sodium-potassium pump

Back 44

restores ion position during the refractory period

Front 45

ion channels

Back 45

allow charged atoms to move through cell membranes

Front 46

polarized

Back 46

separation of positively and negatively charged particles

Front 47

neurons

Back 47

transport information in the PNS and CNS

Front 48

transmission

Back 48

sending messages along or between neurons

Front 49

spinal nerves

Back 49

carry information toward and away from the spinal cord

Front 50

association neurons

Back 50

form circuits in the CNS but not the PNS

Front 51

astrocytes

Back 51

form the blood-brained-barrier

Front 52

inhibitory effect

Back 52

hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic neuron

Front 53

effector

Back 53

a muscle or gland

Front 54

demyelination

Back 54

loss of myelin

Front 55

ganglia

Back 55

cluster of somas in the PNS

Front 56

motor neurons

Back 56

stimulates a muscle

Front 57

testing transmembrane potential

Back 57

the measurement of the electrical change between the inside and outside of a neuron

Front 58

passive transport

Back 58

diffusion across a membrane with no ATP used

Front 59

continuous propagation

Back 59

action potentials along unmyelinated axons

Front 60

excitatory effect

Back 60

depolarizing the postsynaptic neuron

Front 61

mechanically regulated ion channels

Back 61

activated via membrane distortion or movement

Front 62

unipolar neuron

Back 62

sensory

Front 63

great matter

Back 63

region of unmyelinated somas in the CNS

Front 64

cholinergic synapse

Back 64

an event in which acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter

Front 65

threshold

Back 65

degree of depolarization needed to form a action potential

Front 66

acetylcholine

Back 66

the most common and studied neurotransmitter

Front 67

synaptic delay

Back 67

the sum of time needed for all of the synapses in a pathway

Front 68

presynaptic vesicle

Back 68

stores and releases neurotransmitters

Front 69

equilibrium potential

Back 69

transmembrane potential is an ion at equilibrium

Front 70

electrochemical gradient

Back 70

the sum is both gradients that cause ion diffusion

Front 71

electrical gradient

Back 71

a Na+ driven action potential crossing the synaptic cleft

Front 72

parasympathetic divison

Back 72

a part of the ANS that controls the "test and repose" processing

Front 73

facilitated diffusion

Back 73

a protein channel helping an ion across the axolemma

Front 74

saltatory propagation

Back 74

action potentials along myelinated axons

Front 75

acetylcholinesterase

Back 75

enzyme that moves acetylcholine off its receptor

Front 76

active transport

Back 76

ion movement across a membrane powered by ATP

Front 77

white matter

Back 77

area of myelinated axons in the CNS

Front 78

cranial nerves

Back 78

carry information directly toward and away from the brain

Front 79

sympathetic division

Back 79

a part of the ANS that controls "fight or flight" processing

Front 80

summation

Back 80

the cumulative effect of all the neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic neuron

Front 81

ligand

Back 81

a molecule that finds its binding site resulting in a change

Front 82

multipolar neuron

Back 82

association and motor

Front 83

sensory neurons

Back 83

carry information toward the CNS

Front 84

diffusion

Back 84

molecules freely moving down their concentration gradients

Front 85

local current

Back 85

diffusing ions along the inside and outside of the axolemma

Front 86

electrical gradient

Back 86

opposite charges attract, like charges repel

Front 87

sensory receptor

Back 87

detects a stimulus

Front 88

Ca++

Back 88

triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitters

Front 89

Na+

Back 89

creates graded and action potentials

Front 90

K+

Back 90

restores the resting transmembrane potential

Front 91

Cl-

Back 91

influx at the soma will create an inhibitory effect