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41 Cards in this Set
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deviance |
any violation of norms, whether the infraction is minor, humorous, or serious; violation of norms, rule or values; undermined predictability and foundation of social life |
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crime |
violation of norms written into law |
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stigma |
"blemishes" that discredit a persons claim to a "normal" identity (Erving Goffman) also norms of appearance and ability |
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social order |
a groups usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members demand and on which they base their lives |
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social control |
formal and informal means of enforcing norms |
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negative sanction |
expression of disapproval for breaking norms, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence |
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positive sanction |
expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize |
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genetic predisposition |
inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts) |
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street crime |
crimes such as mugging, rape and burglary |
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personality disorders |
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms (abnormalities within the person) |
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Differential Association Theory |
going directly against the idea that biology or personality is the source of deviance |
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differential association |
Edwin Sutherlands term to indicate that people who associate with groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant |
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Control Theory |
the idea that two control systems, inner controls and outer controls, work against our tendencies to deviate: Theory made by Walter Reckless |
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degradation ceremony |
term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone self by stripping away that individuals self identity and stamping new identity in its place; extreme form of shaming |
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Labeling theory |
the view that labels peoples are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity |
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techniques of neutralization |
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms |
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Sykes and matza: 5 ways techniques of neutralization |
1. Denial of responsibility: Im not responsible because... 2. Denial of injury: nobody got hurt 3. Denial of a victim: people deserved what they got 4. condemnation of the condemner: hypocrites 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: I had to help my friends
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Functionalist Perspective |
defiance has functions |
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Emile Durkhiems; deviance contributes to social order in three ways |
1. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms 2. Deviance encourages social unity 3. Deviance promotes social change |
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cultural goals |
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of society to achieve; success of some sort, such as wealth or prestige |
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institutionalized means |
approved ways of reaching cultural goals: legitimate ways to success |
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strain theory |
Robert Mereton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal(such as success), but withholds from some that approved means of reaching that goal; one adaption to strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal |
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Merton's Strain Theory |
The most common reaction to means and goals is conformity |
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Innovation |
accept cultural goals and reject institutionalized means |
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Ritualism |
reject culture goals and accept institutionalized means |
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Retreastism |
reject cultural goals and reject institutionalized means |
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Rebellion |
reject and replace both cultural goals and institutionalized means |
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illegitimate opportunity structure |
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life; such as robbery, drug dealing, easymoney |
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Edward Sutherland; coined the term white-collar crime |
refer to crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupations; ex; public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertisement, fixing prices |
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corporate crime |
a special form of white-collar crime, executives breaking the law in order to benefit their corporations |
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The Conflict Perspective |
Class, Crime and the Criminal Justice system |
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criminal justice system |
they system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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Recidivism |
the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested |
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capital punsihment |
the death penalty; most extreme measure state takes |
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serial murder |
the killing of several victims in 3 or more separate events |
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vigilantism |
people take the law into their own hands |
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police discretion |
the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter |
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medicalization of deviance |
to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians; viewed as including crime, a sign of mental sickness, external symptoms of internal disorders |
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medicalization |
to make it a medical matter: should be treated by physician |
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Thomas Szasz |
argues that what are called mental illnesses are neither mental or illness, They are simply problem behaviors |
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Durkheim |
pointed out, that deviance is inevitable, even in groups of saints |
