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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the earliest human-like creatures and what were they called? When did they live?
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Australopithecines/southern ape
3-4 million yrs ago |
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Homo Habilis
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50% larger brain than austalopithecines
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Homo erectus
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("upright human"), tools, 1.8 million years ago
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Homo sapiens
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("wise human"), one type = Neanderthal,
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Homo sapiens sapiens
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("wise,wise human"), 200,000-150,000 years ago, 1st anatomically modern human
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Paleolithic Age
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"old stone age", hunting/gathering,bands of 20-30 ind., nomadic, tools, fire
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Neolithic Age
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"New Stone Age", systematic agricultural production
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Mesolithic Age
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transition from food gathering to food producing
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What did growing crops give rise to? Name 1.
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settlements; Catal Huyuk
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What did the "earth mother" statuettes of the Catal Huyuk community represent? Describe them.
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repped fertility for human mothers and earth mother; large breasts/butts
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What patterns were noticed starting with the Neolithic Age?
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fixed dwellings, domesticated animals, regular farming, division of labor, dominating men
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Name the basic characteristics of a civilization.
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urban focus, distinct religious structure, new political and military structures, social structure based on economic power, development of writing, new and significant artistic and intellectual activity
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Name the four main civilizations.
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Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Yellow River
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What does Mesopotamia mean?
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THE land between the rivers
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What made agriculture possible in the Mesopotamian region?
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large-scale irrigation
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What is a ziggurat?
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massive stepped tower where temples dedicated to gods/goddess of the city
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What was the most prominent building in a Sumerian city?
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the temple
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What was the Sumerian economy based on?
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agricultural + commerce + industry
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What are the three major Sumerian classes?
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nobles, commoners, slaves
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Which people were to the north of the Sumerians?
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Akkadians
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Describe Hammurabi and his rule.
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disciplined army, strong interests in state affairs,encourage trade, brought economic rival, 282 laws of strict justice
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Describe Hammurabi's law code
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eye for an eye, if house collapsed and killed owner's son than builder's son will be killed, arr. marriages, sexual relations regulated
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Why were Mesopotamians so insecure? (dealing w/ gods)
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They were unable to predict the actions of the gods'. (unpredictable flooding)
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What was the Mesopotamian writing?
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cuneiform
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What is the "Black Land" and the "Red Land"?
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The black Land is dark fertile land. The Red Land is desert outside of the Nile River.
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Why did the Egyptians feel more security than the Mesopotamians?
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the regular flooding of the Nile and the relative isolation of the Nile
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What were the 3 major periods?
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Old, Middle and New Kingdom--> strong authority
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What is an Intermediate Period?
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The time period between periods of stability--> weak political structure
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Who united both Upper and Lower Egypt?
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King Menes
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What was the capital of the Old Kingdom?
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Memphis
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What is Ma'at?
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a spiritual precept that conveyed the ideas of truth and justice and right order and harmony
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Who was in charge of the bureaucracy of Egypt?
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vizier
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What was Egypt divided into and how many were there?
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into nomes, 22 in Upper Egypt and 20 in Lower Egypt
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What is the social hierarchy of Egypt?
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god-king--> nobles--> merchants/artisans--> serfs
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What is ka (Egypt)?
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a spiritual body
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Why did the Egyptians have the process of mummification?
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they thought that the ka would come back
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What do pyramids usually include?
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large pyramid for king, smaller pyramids for family, mastabas(rect. structures w/ flat roofs) for noble officials
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What was the Egyptian writing?
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hieroglyphics--> picture signs that represented objects and sometimes had sacred value
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What are megaliths?
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They are large stone structures.
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Who were the Phoenicians?
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Semitic-speaking people who found political independence after fall of Hittite and Egyptian powers.
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What kind of alphabet did the Phoenicians use?
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an overly simplified significance, phonetic alphabet
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Who was the first Israelite king?
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Saul
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How was Israel divided after Solomon's death?
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10 northern tribes --> Samaria
2 southern tribes--> Judah |
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What are 3 aspects of the Jewish religious tradition?
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covenant, the law, and the prophets send to promised land
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Who were the Assyrians?
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They were Semitic people who came into power after the fall of Egypt and Hittite.
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What was the capital of the Assyrian empire?
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Nineveh, Nimrud, Khorsabad
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How did the Assyrians conduct long-distance communication?
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network of staging posts throughout the empire that used relays of horses to carry messages
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What were the important factors in the Assyrian army's success?
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1. prodigious size
2. well-organized/disciplined 3. different military tactics 4. effective military machines |
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What was the principle basis to of Assyrian life?
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agriculture = primary
trade =secondary |
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Who were the Persians?
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Indo-European speaking people who were primarily nomadic
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Which dynasties unified the Persian tribes?
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Achaemenid
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Which man started the creation of a powerful Persian empire?
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Cyrus
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What was the most original of the Persian religions?
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Zoroastrianism
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In Zoroaster, who was the supreme deity?
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Ahuramazda
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