Vitamins And Minerals

Front 1

Vitamins are organic or inorganic? Metabolized or not metabolized?

Back 1

Organic, metabolized as building blocks for many body substances

Front 2

Minerals are organic or inorganic? Excreted changed or unchanged?

Back 2

Inorganic, unchanged

Front 3

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Back 3

Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Need fat for absorption, stored in adipose, body reserve available for daily deficits.

Front 4

What is the only vitamin created by the human body?

Back 4

Vitamin D

Front 5

Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed in the __________-

Back 5

Small intestine

Front 6

______ is required for absorption from the small intestine for fat soluble vitamins

Back 6

Bile

Front 7

What is a phytochemical

Back 7

nonnutritive substances in plant based foods that appear to have disease fighting properties

Front 8

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Back 8

B complex vitamins, choline, and vitamin C

Front 9

What are the B complex vitamins?

Back 9

B1 - thiamine
B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin
B6 - pyridoxine
Folic acid (folate)
B12 - cyanocobalamin
Pantothenic acid
Biotin

Front 10

What is disease related to severe thiamine deficiency? What are its symptoms?

Back 10

Beriberi - muscle weakness and pain, anorexia, mental disorientation, and tachycardia.

Front 11

What is the cerebral form of beriberi?

Back 11

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; affects the CNS.

Front 12

Does the amount of thiamine required increase as the metabolic rate increases?

Back 12

Yes. Increased need with increased carbohydrate intake.

Front 13

What happens to excess thiamine?

Back 13

It is excreted in the urine.

Front 14

What is the function of riboflavin?

Back 14

Coenzyme for PRO metabolism,thyroid and adrenal hormones

Front 15

What is the deficiency of riboflavin related with? What other vitamins?

Back 15

Niacin and thiamine deficiency often accompany riboflavin deficiency

Front 16

Sources of riboflavin?

Back 16

Organ meats, milk, grains, legumes, and veggies

Front 17

Symptoms of ariboflavinosis?

Back 17

Cheilosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis.

Front 18

______ can be converted to niacin

Back 18

Tryptophan

Front 19

Function of niacin?

Back 19

Coenzyme for gluc--> energy, fatty acid synthesis

Front 20

Deficiency of niacin manifested as what disease?

Back 20

Pellegra (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea)

Front 21

Sources of niacin?

Back 21

Meat, legumes, peanuts, coffee

Front 22

Niacin has been used therapeutically because megadoses may...

Back 22

Lower total cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL

Front 23

Where is pyridoxine (B6) found?

Back 23

Found in most cells, required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Front 24

What is the function of pyridoxine?

Back 24

Coenzyme for amino acid breakdown, metabolism of >60 enzymes, coenzyme for epinephrine, dopamine, and seratonin

Front 25

Is a deficiency of B6 common?

Back 25

No; it is rare

Front 26

Sources of B6?

Back 26

Pork, organ meat, grains, legumes, potatoes, oatmeal, bananas

Front 27

Diets adequate in ______ tend to be adequate in niacin

Back 27

Protein

Front 28

What is the function of folic acid?

Back 28

Required for synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, formation of heme

Front 29

Deficiencies in folic acid are manifested in what defects?

Back 29

- Anemia
- Spina bifidia (congenital defect of the spinal column that causes the spinal cord to be unprotected)
- Anencephaly (congenital defect in which the brain does not develop and death occurs shortly after birth)

Front 30

Sources of folic acid?

Back 30

liver, beans, cooked spinach and asparagus

Front 31

Cyanocobalamin (B12) is necessary for folic acid use in __________ and maintenance of __________

Back 31

DNA replication, myelin

Front 32

Absorption of B12 relies on an ___________ produced by the stomach mucosa.

Back 32

intrinsic factor

Front 33

Deficiency of B12 leads to

Back 33

Pernicious anemia - inadequate red blood cell formation caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach with which to absorb vitamin B12
- Macrocytic anemia
- CNS depression

Front 34

Biotin is closely related to which two B complex vitamins?

Back 34

B12 and folic acid

Front 35

Biotin is synthesized by __________

Back 35

intestinal bacteria

Front 36

What is the function of biotin?

Back 36

Coenzyme for FA and amino acid synthesis; DNA and RNA synthesis

Front 37

Deficiency is related to when __________ kill intestinal bacteria

Back 37

antibiotics

Front 38

Sources of biotin?

Back 38

Liver, kidney, meat, egg yolk, tomatos

Front 39

Pantothenic acid function

Back 39

metabolism of carohydrates, lipids, and proteins, synethesis of Acetlcholine

Front 40

Sources of pantothenic acid:

Back 40

liver, yolks, milk, brussel sprouts, sweet potatoes, dried beans

Front 41

Vitamin C functions as an _______ and a __________

Back 41

antioxidant, coenzyme

Front 42

Function of vitamin C

Back 42

ccollagen formation for bone matrix, teeth, cartilage, connective tissue, depends on ascorbic acid. Privides the cemnt that holds structures together. Wound healing requires vitamin C.

Front 43

Vitamin C protects _______, ________, and __________ from destruction by oxygen as they move throughout the body.

Back 43

folate, vitamin E, and polyunsaturated substances

Front 44

Deficiency of vitamin C

Back 44

Scurvy: inflammation of connective tissues, gingivitis, muscle degeneration, bruising, and hemorrhaging as the vascular system weakens

Front 45

Sources of vitamin C

Back 45

citrus, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, greens, berries, melons

Front 46

Vitamin A active form called _____

Back 46

Retinoids

Front 47

Precursor forms of vitamin A called _______. Found in ________.

Back 47

carotenoids, plant foods

Front 48

Sources of vitamin A:

Back 48

animal foods and fortified milk products, caretenoids found in deep green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables. Broccoli, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes and spinach.

Front 49

Choline function

Back 49

Synthesis of acetylcholine and lecithin

Front 50

Vitamin D: functions
D2 - ergocalciferol (plants)
D3 - cholecalciferol (sunshine and skin)

Back 50

intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus; vitamin also affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostais by helping to regulate blood calcium levels

Front 51

Vitamin D deficiency called ______

Back 51

Rickets - insufficinet mineralization of bone and tooth matrix (bowed legs)

Front 52

Osteomalacia

Back 52

adult disorder caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency characterized by soft, demineralized bones

Front 53

Function vitamin E

Back 53

antioxidant; protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized itself. Protects integrity of lung and red blood cell membranes. Works with selenium and vitamin C.

Front 54

Vitamin K: function
K1 = (foods)
K2 = (intestinal bacteria)
K3 = (pharmaceutical)

Back 54

clotting and Ca balance

Front 55

Deficiency in vitamin K inhibits _______ coagulation

Back 55

Blood

Front 56

Sources of vitamin K

Back 56

intestinal synthesis, liver, green leafy veggies, cabbage, milk

Front 57

Vitamin C aids in absorption of ____

Back 57

iron

Front 58

Minerals are....
- INORGANIC
- Part of the structure of the body
- About 4% of body weight
- Regulate body functions like acid-base and fluid balance
- Nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction
- Vitamin, enzyme and hormone activity

Back 58

Can you repeat?

Front 59

What are the 3 MACROMINERALS? (major minerals)
- Needed in larger amounts (>100g)
- Present in larger quantities in the body (>5 g)

Back 59

Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus

Front 60

What are the 9 MICROMINERALS? (trace minerals)
- Needed in small amts (<15 mg/day)
- Present in small quantities (<5 g)

Back 60

Chromium, copper, flouride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Front 61

What are the electrolytes?

Back 61

Potassium, sodium, chloride

Front 62

Extracellular fluid constitutes ____% of body water

Back 62

35%

Front 63

Intracellular fluid constitutes _____% of body water

Back 63

65%

Front 64

Functions of water?

Back 64

- Provides shape and rigidity to cells
- Helps to regulate body temperature
- Acts as a lubricant
- Cushions body tissues
- Transports nutrients and waste products
- Acts as a solvent
- Provides a source of trace minerals
- Participates in chemical reactions

Front 65

Human body is ____ - ______% water

Back 65

50-60%

Front 66

Infant body weight is ___ - ____% water

Back 66

75-80%