Vitamins And Minerals

Front 1

John reports difficulty breathing (dysapnea), fatigue, increased heart rate, malaise and drowsiness with minimal activity. The nurse suspects what?

Back 1

Severe Iron Deficiency

Front 2

If treatment for Iron Excess is not prompt then death may occur within 24 hours. T/F

Back 2

T

Front 3

Excess Iron can lead to acute iron intoxication, what are the signs and symptoms for acute iron intoxication?

Back 3

(1) Vomiting,
(2) Diarrhea,
(3) Melena (black tarry stools),
(4) Severe abdominal pain
(5) Shock
(6) Convulsants
(7) Metabolic Acidosis

Front 4

John has unexpected bronzing of the skin, the nurse suspects?

Back 4

Excess Iron

Front 5

Excess Iron intake can lead to Chronic iron overload (hemochromatosis), what are the signs and symptoms for hemochromatosis?

Back 5

(1) Cardiac dysrhythmias
(2) Heart failure
(3) Diabetes Mellitus
(4) Bronze Pigmentation of skin
(5) Liver enlargement
(6) Arthropathy (disease of a joint)

Front 6

Iron is an essential component of 3 things:

Back 6

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Several Enzymes

Front 7

Sodium assists in regulating 3 balances in the body, what are they?

Back 7

(1) Water balance

(2) Electrolyte balance

(3) Acid-base balance

Front 8

Which macromineral aids in the conduction of electrical impulses in nerves and muscles?

Back 8

Sodium

Front 9

Which macromineral assists in regulating osmotic pressure?

Back 9

Sodium

Front 10

Describe the role of sodium in cell membrane function.

Back 10

Sodium influences the permeability of cell membranes and assists in movement of substances across cell membranes.

Front 11

If a muscle is not contracting properly which macro-mineral could be an underlying cause?

Back 11

Sodium

Front 12

Which nutrient group contains large amounts of Sodium?

Back 12

Protein

Front 13

What is the major source of sodium in the diet?

Back 13

Table salt - added to food in cooking, processing, or seasoning.

Front 14

Water in some areas of the world may contain significant amounts of sodium. T/F

Back 14

T

Front 15

Sodium is found in most foods. T/F

Back 15

T

Front 16

Vegetables and cereals contain large amounts of sodium. T/F

Back 16

F: Vegetables and cereals contain moderate to small amounts of sodium

Front 17

Fruits are one of the major sources of Sodium. T/F

Back 17

F: Fruits contain little or no sodium

Front 18

Jason has serum sodium levels of 114. Is he at risk for sodium deficiency or excess?

Back 18

Deficiency: anything less than 135mEq/L serum sodium levels indicates a deficiency

Front 19

What are the signs and symptoms of sodium deficiency?

Back 19

(1) Anorexia

(2) Nausea

(3) Vomiting

(4) Confusion

(5) Delirium

(6) Hypotension

(7) Tachycardia

(8) Muscle Tremors

(9) Oliguria

(10) Increased BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

(11) Seizures

(12) Weakness

Front 20

If Martha has blood serum sodium levels of 190 is she at risk for a deficiency or excess of sodium?

Back 20

Excess: Serum levels above 145 mEq/L is an indication of excess sodium

Front 21

Which 3 Macro-minerals are required for conduction of nerve impulses and contraction of muscle?

Back 21

(1) Sodium

(2) Potassium

(3) Magnesium

Front 22

Hyperglycemia could be a sign and symptom of a deficiency of which macro-mineral?

Back 22

Potassium: Potassium helps transport glucose into cells. If there is a potassium deficiency the transport of glucose from the blood into cells will not be as efficient. The result would be an accumulation of glucose in the blood, also known as hyperglycemia.

Front 23

Polyuria is an abnormally large production of dilute urine, this is common amongst diabetic individuals. The deficiency of which macro-mineral could cause polyuria?

Back 23

Potassium

Front 24

Hyperglycemia, Polyuria, Polydipsia (increased thirst) and nocturia (excessive waking in night to urinate) are commonly experienced by a diabetic patient. A deficiency in which macro-nutrient would cause these signs and symptoms?

Back 24

Potassium

Front 25

When you receive the blood test results of a resident, you see abnormally high levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). You immediately know this could be an indication for what?

Back 25

(1) Prolonged potassium deficiency

(2) A sodium deficiency

(3) A sodium Excess

Front 26

A blood test which shows abnormally high BUN levels could be an indication of both a deficiency or excess of sodium. T/F?

Back 26

T

Front 27

John has serum potassium levels of 2. This level is an indication of a deficiency or access of potassium?

Back 27

Deficiency: Potassium Serum levels (less than) <3.5 mEq/L indicate deficiency

Front 28

Mia has serum potassium levels of 7. This level is an indication of a deficiency or access of potassium?

Back 28

Access: Potassium Serum levels (greater than) >5 mEq/L indicate access

Front 29

Jason's blood results indicate a potassium serum level of 9. He is at increased risk for what?

Back 29

SEVERE cardiac arrest:
cardiac arrests are not usually severe until serum levels of potassium are 7 mEq/L or higher

Front 30

Nuts, cereal grains, dark green vegetables and seafoods are specifically listed as good sources for which macro-nutrient?

Back 30

Magnesium

Front 31

Which macro-mineral is used to treat deficiency states?

Back 31

Phosphorus

Front 32

Phosphorus is a required precursor for the synthesis of what?

Back 32

Essential Body Chemicals

Front 33

Which macro-mineral is an important building block for body structures?

Back 33

Phosphorous

Front 34

The synthesis of nucleic acid and adenosine phosphate compounds requires which macro-mineral?

Back 34

Phosphorus

Front 35

The skeletal bones contain up to 25% of the phosphorus content of the body. T/F

Back 35

F: The skeletal bones contain up to 85% of the phosphorus content of the body

Front 36

Johnathan is taking Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12, he is also taking Vitamin B9. He has been notified by his physician that in order for his body to utilize the B-complex vitamins, he should ensure that his diet also has sufficient amounts of which macro-mineral?

Back 36

Phosphorus: phosphorus is required for the proper utilization of many B-complex Vitamins.

Front 37

The long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids increases the risk of what?

Back 37

Phosphorus deficiency

Front 38

Phosphorus deficiency is very common. T/F

Back 38

F: Phosphorus deficiency is rare as it is widely distributed in foods.

Front 39

Malabsorption, excessive vomiting or diarrhea, and hyperthyroidism, and hepatic disease are often the underlying cause of what?

Back 39

Phosphorus deficiency

Front 40

Mark arrives at the emergency department very confused, could barely raise his arms for blood pressure assessment (weakness), and had difficulty breathing. The nurse suspects Mark is experiencing the adverse effects of which macro-mineral?

Back 40

Phosphorus

Front 41

Antacids can enhance the oral absorption of phosphorus. T/F?

Back 41

F: Antacids can reduce the oral absorption of phosphorus

Front 42

Antacids can reduce the intestinal absorption of phosphorus. T/F?

Back 42

F: Antacids can reduce the oral absorption of phosphorus, not the intestinal absorption of phosphorus.

Front 43

Which 3 minerals are some essential components to many enzymes?

Back 43

(1) Iron

(2) Magnesium

(3) Zinc

Front 44

Suzy was notified by her doctor that her metabolism is very bad because the enzymes responsible for metabolism are not functioning or are not being produced. The doctor states she should consume more of which mineral?

Back 44

Zinc: zinc is a component of many enzymes that are essential for normal metabolism.

Front 45

Zinc is necessary for the synthesis of which 3 things?

Back 45

(1) Nucleic Acids (RNA + DNA)

(2) Carbohydrates

(3) Proteins

Front 46

Zinc deficiency is most evident in older adults. T/F?

Back 46

F: Zinc deficiency is most evident in growing children.

Front 47

Zinc deficiency sign and symptoms include:

Back 47

(1) Impaired growth

(2) Hypogonadism in boys (reduction or absence of hormone secretion)

(3) Anorexia

(4) Sensory impairment (loss of taste and smell)

(5) Delayed wound healing in patient who just had surgery

Front 48

Which vitamin and mineral play a critical role in wound healing?

Back 48

(1) Vitamin C

(2) Zinc

Front 49

List the 9 Indications of Aloe Vera:

Back 49

(1) Softens skin

(2) Acts as a laxative

(3) Soothes pain

(4) Heals burns

(5) Topical antimicrobial

(6) Anti-inflammatory

(7) Analgesic

(8) Cathartic

Front 50

Dianne suffered from 3rd degree burns in a severe house fire. Since then she has been applying which supplement on her skin to help with burn healing and pain alleviation?

Back 50

Aloe Vera

Front 51

Aloe Vera interacts with what 4 medications?

Back 51

(1) Digoxin

(2) Diuretics

(3) Corticosteroids

(4) Antidysrhythmics

Front 52

Jaswant has a kidney disorder, the doctor advises him to stop using lotion which contains what supplement?

Back 52

Aloe Vera: avoid taking Aloe Vera if the client has kidney disorders.

Front 53

Jenine uses Aloe Vera to aid with her constipation. Jenine should be aware of what when using Aloe Vera as a laxative?

Back 53

Jenine should be taught how to recognize the manifestations of fluid and electrolyte imbalance when using Aloe Vera as a laxative.

Front 54

Hardil has a dysrhythmia, an irregular heart beat. His doctor has prescribed him an antidysrhythmic to help with his disorder. Hardil was notified that which supplement could interact with the medication used to treat his irregular heartbeat?

Back 54

Aloe Vera

Front 55

List the 5 adverse effects and precautions of taking Aloe Vera.

Back 55

(1) GI Distress

(2) Lightheadedness

(3) Headache

(4) Rash

(5) Weight gain

Front 56

Kammy has high blood pressure for which she is taking medication. Her body is not producing enough Estrogen, so she is also taking Black Cohosh as an estrogen substitute. This could be a problem because of what?

Back 56

Black Cohosh interacts with antihypertensive medications. Kammy should consult with her physician regarding the concurrent use of both.

Front 57

The following 4 types of clients should be questioned for use of Black Cohosh.

Back 57

(1) Those taking antihypertensives

(2) Those taking insulin

(3) Those taking hypoglycemic agents

(4) Those who are pregnant and concurrently using Black Cohosh

Front 58

Kammy has a severe rash all over her body and has been gaining weight uncontrollably, despite going to the gym regularly. These could be potential side effects of what supplement?

Back 58

Black Cohosh: an estrogen supplement which may cause:

(1) GI distress

(2) lightheadedness

(3) headache

(4) rash

(5) weight gain

Front 59

Sarbjeet is a Type 2 Diabetic. Her diabetes is characterized by a resistance to the insulin her body secretes. Consequently she is being given a hypoglycemic agent which will reduce her blood glucose levels. The doctor warns her that her diabetes medication may interact with which supplement?

Back 59

Black Cohosh - when administering Black Cohosh, you should question clients who:

(1) are taking antihypertensives

(2) are taking insulin

(3) are taking hypoglycemic agents

(4) are pregnant and concurrently using Black Cohosh

Front 60

Which supplement, when taken long-term, may decrease the effectiveness of medications prescribed for TB, HIV, and Cancer?

Back 60

Echinacea

Front 61

The function of which supplement is to decrease inflammation and stimulate the immune system?

Back 61

Echinacea

Front 62

Jaswant is in the critical care unit and is currently battling with a serious disease. His immune system appears to be very weak or unresponsive. The doctor gives him which supplement in hopes that his immune system will become stronger and more responsive?

Back 62

Echinacea: Echinacea is a supplement which decreases inflammation and stimulates the immune system.

Front 63

In addition to TB, HIV, and Cancer, what other 2 conditions should be questioned prior to prescribing Echinacea?

Back 63

(1) Lupus Erthythematosis (autoimmune disease in which human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue)

(2) Rheumatoid Arthritis

Front 64

Jason is at risk for a brain hemorrhage. He has been prescribed Heparin.Heparin is a blood thinner that prevents the formation of blood clots. Knowing this information, Jason's doctor makes sure to question the use of which supplement?

Back 64

Feverfew: Feverfew is used to block platelet aggregation and may cause increased risk of bleeding in clients taking:

(1) NSAIDs

(2) Heparin

(3) Warfarin

Front 65

Miki has been prescribed Warfarin to help reduce her risk of a heart attack and stroke. Knowing this information, the doctor questions Miki's use of which supplement?

Back 65

Feverfew: Feverfew is used to block platelet aggregation and may cause increased risk of bleeding in clients taking: (1) NSAIDs (2) Heparin (3) Warfarin

Front 66

Kaiden is a 5 year old who overhead his mom taking the supplement Feverfew. He asked "mom is this medication to help with fevers?" Kaiden's mom said no and then explained that the action of Feverfew is to:

Back 66

Block platelet aggregation (the clumping of platelets)

Front 67

Which 3 supplements may increase the risk of bleeding in clients taking NSAIDs, Heparin, Warfarin?

Back 67

(1) Feverfew - used to block platelet aggregation

(2) Garlic - used to decrease LCL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol

(3) Ginger-root - used to treat vertigo (dizziness) and nausea

Front 68

Sarbjeet is an east-indian lady and she cooks traditional meals every night. These meals consist of a lot of garlic. Knowing this information what would you expect to be a positive outcome for Sarbjeet?

Back 68

Lower levels of LDL cholesterol (which are bad for the body) and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (which are good for the body).

Front 69

Kristy is experiencing very bad heart burn during her pregnancy, and at times it prevents her from sleeping throughout the night. The doctor advised Kristy to stay away from which supplement?

Back 69

Garlic - Garlic causes GI symptoms

Front 70

Kristy is pregnant and is experiencing excessive uterine spasms this may be caused by ingesting too much of which supplement?

Back 70

Ginger-root:

Ginger-root is used to treat vertigo (dizziness) and nausea. Uterine spasms in pregnancy are experienced when high doses of Ginger-root are ingested.

Front 71

What is Xeropthalmia?

Back 71

Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge formation, typically associated with vitamin A deficiency

Front 72

Vitamin A is also referred to as?

Back 72

Retinol

Front 73

Jenny has influenza, a Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI). A deficiency of which vitamin may have caused the RTI?

Back 73

Vitamin A

Front 74

Urinary Calculi are solid particles in the urinary system. These may be a sign and symptom of a deficiency of which vitamin?

Back 74

Vitamin A

Front 75

What are the signs and symptoms of Vitamin A excess?

Back 75

(1) Anorexia

(2) Vomiting

(3) Irritability

(4) Skin changes (itching, desquamation, dermatitis)

(5) Pain in muscles

(6) Pain in bones and joints

(7) Gingivitis

(8) Enlargement of liver and spleen

(9) Increased intracranial pressure

(10) Other Neurological Signs

(11) Congenital abnormalities in new borns whose mother took excessive Vitamin A during pregnancy

(12) Acute toxicity, with increased intracranial pressure, bulging fontanels, and vomiting may occur in infants who are given Vitamin A

Front 76

Vitamin A, E, and D are?

Back 76

Fat soluble vitamins

Front 77

Vitamin B9 (folate), B12 (cyancobalamin), and Vitamin C are?

Back 77

Water-soluble vitamins

Front 78

Kammy is experiencing painful stones in her urine. The doctor advises her to increase her consumption of which Vitamin?

Back 78

Vitamin A

Front 79

List the 3 Indications of Vitamin B9 (folate).

Back 79

(1) Essential for normal metabolism of all body cells

(2) Essential for normal metabolism of red blood cells

(3) Essential for normal red blood cells and growth

Front 80

What are the listed 4 food sources of B9?

Back 80

(1) Liver

(2) Kidney Beans

(3) Fresh Green Vegetables (spinach, broccoli, asparagus)

(4) Fortified Grain Products (breads, cereal, rice)

Front 81

Describe Megoblastic anemia.

Back 81

A form of anemia caused by a deficiency of B9 (folate) vitamin in the diet. This anemia cannot be distinguished from the anemia produced by B12 deficiency.

Front 82

The nurses at the emergency room cannot understand what Steve is saying because his tongue is very swollen. Steve is experiencing inflammation of his tongue (glossitis) and is having difficulty speaking. This is a sign and symptom of what?

Back 82

Glossitis is a sign and symptom of B9 deficiency

Front 83

List the 5 Indications of B12 (Cyanocobalamin).

Back 83

(1) Normal metabolism of all body cells

(2) Normal metabolism of red blood cells

(3) Normal nerve cells

(4) Growth

(5) Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat

Front 84

What are the 5 food sources listed for Vitamin B12?

Back 84

(1) Meat

(2) Eggs

(3) Fish (haddock, salmon, tuna)

(4) Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt)

(5) Fortified cereals

Front 85

Large, immature red blood cells would normally be removed (metabolized) from the body. The deficiency of which Vitamins may cause impairments in red blood cell metabolism?

Back 85

Vitamin B12 and/or Vitamin B6

Front 86

List the 4 signs and symptoms of Pernicious Anemia (which is caused by a B12 deficiency)

Back 86

(1) decreased number of red blood cells

(2) large, immature red blood cells

(3) dyspnea

(4) fatigue

Front 87

What are the 5 signs and symptoms of Severe Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 87

(1) Leukopenia - decreased WBCs

(2) Infection

(3) Thrombocytopenia - decreased platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood

(4) Cardiac dysrhythmias

(5) Heart Failure

Front 88

Signs and Symptoms of B12 Excess are very easy to identify. T/F?

Back 88

F: Signs and symptoms of Vitamin B12 excess have not been established yet.

Front 89

Ascorbic Acid is also known as?

Back 89

Vitamin C

Front 90

Retinol is also known as?

Back 90

Vitamin A

Front 91

Vitamin C is an essential for the formation of what 5 things?

Back 91

(1) Skin

(2) Ligaments

(3) Cartilage

(4) Bone

(5) Teeth

Front 92

Gurcharan is very old, she has a poor diet that lacks fruits (such as cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mangoes and papaya), citrus fruits and their juices, and vegetables (such as sweet green, yellow, and red peppers). The doctor tells her she is at risk for a deficiency of what?

Back 92

Vitamin C

Front 93

Ashley is anemic and is taking Feramax as an iron supplement. The doctor advised her to take Feramax before bed with a glass of orange juice. What would be the reason for drinking orange juice with iron supplements?

Back 93

Vitamin C promotes the metabolism of iron and folic acid, consequently it is recommended to take Iron supplements with a glass of orange juice or an orange.

Front 94

Ashley is very anxious for her exam tomorrow morning. Consequently she is having severe anxiety and difficulty falling asleep. As a nurse, you would tell your friend Ashley to try which supplement?

Back 94

KAVA (KAVA KAVA): KAVA actions include:

(1) promotes sleep

(2) decreases anxiety

(3) promotes muscle relaxation without affecting concentration

(4) possibly acts on GABA receptors in the CNS

(5) should be avoided - causes liver injury

Front 95

What are the Adverse Effects of chronic use of KAVA?

Back 95

(1) dry, flaking skin and jaundice

(2) liver damage, including severe liver failure

Front 96

CNS depressants are usually prescribed to individuals suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders. The concurrent use of which supplement can cause sedation?

Back 96

KAVA

Front 97

Which supplement may act on GABA receptors in the CNS?

Back 97

KAVA

Front 98

Excessive inhalation of Zinc may cause what 3 signs and symptoms?

Back 98

(1) Nausea

(2) Headache

(3) Fever

Front 99

Which 2 supplements stimulate the CNS?

Back 99

(1) MA HUANG (Ephedra Sinica)

(2) Echinacea