Vitamins And Minerals

Front 1

Vitamins are organic or inorganic? Metabolized or not metabolized?

Back 1

Organic, metabolized as building blocks for many body substances

Front 2

Minerals are organic or inorganic? Excreted changed or unchanged?

Back 2

Inorganic, unchanged

Front 3

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Back 3

Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Need fat for absorption, stored in adipose and liver.

Front 4

What is the only vitamin created by the human body?

Back 4

Vitamin D

Front 5

Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed in the __________-

Back 5

Small intestine

Front 6

______ is required for absorption from the small intestine for fat soluble vitamins

Back 6

Bile

Front 7

Function of Carbohydrates

Back 7

Supply energy, spare protein, enhance insulin secretion, increase fullness, improves absorption of sodium and excretion of calcium

Front 8

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Back 8

B complex vitamins, choline, and vitamin C

Front 9

What are the B complex vitamins?

Back 9

B1 - thiamine
B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin
B6 - pyridoxine
Folic acid (folate)
B12 - cyanocobalamin
Pantothenic acid
Biotin

Front 10

symptoms of thiamine (B1) deficiency

Back 10

loss of muscle strength,Depression, Memory loss,anorexia, constipation, fatigue, irritability,beriberi, decreased alertness and reflexes

Front 11

What foods contain Thiamine (B1)

Back 11

Whole grain, enriched cereal,beef, pork , liver, peas, beans, nuts

Front 12

Does the amount of thiamine required increase as the metabolic rate increases?

Back 12

Yes. Increased need with increased carbohydrate intake.

Front 13

What happens to excess thiamine?

Back 13

It is excreted in the urine.

Front 14

What is the function of riboflavin (B2)?

Back 14

Important for RBC, Antioxidant, tissue health and growth

Front 15

s/s related to deficiency of Riboflavin ( B2)?

Back 15

Tissue inflammation and breakdown, sore throat, swollen tongue, facial dermatitis, stomatitis, anemia, poor wound, healing, diarrhea, headache

Front 16

Sources of riboflavin?

Back 16

Organ meats, milk, grains, legumes, fish, bananas, poultry and green veggies

Front 17

S/S of Hypovolemia

Back 17

Thirst, dry skin, dry mucous membranes, decreased uo, poor skin turgor, muscle weakness, fatigue, weak rapid pulse, weight loss, increase respirations

Front 18

______ can be converted to niacin

Back 18

Tryptophan

Front 19

Function of niacin (B3)?

Back 19

cellular metabolism to produce energy, maintain healthy skin and nerves, helps lower cholesterol

Front 20

what are s/s of Niacin (B3) Deficiency

Back 20

Swollen tongue, poor appetite and indigestion,insomnia, chronic: CNS damage (confusion, neuritis, dementia)

Front 21

Sources of niacin (B3)?

Back 21

Potatoes, avacados, dairy products, liver, peanuts, tuna, enriched breads and cereals, chicken

Front 22

Niacin has been used therapeutically because megadoses may...

Back 22

Lower total cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL

Front 23

Where is pyridoxine (B6) found?

Back 23

Found in most cells, required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Front 24

What is the function of pyridoxine?

Back 24

Coenzyme for amino acid breakdown, Protein and some carb metabolism, RBC production, Helps brain function

Front 25

Is a deficiency of B6 common? What are some symptoms of deficiency?

Back 25

No; it is rare. Rash, seizure, depression, stomatitis ( lesions near nose or mouth)

Front 26

Sources of B6?

Back 26

Meats, poultry, fish, beans, nuts, seeds, dairy, bananas, avocados

Front 27

Diets adequate in ______ tend to be adequate in niacin

Back 27

Protein

Front 28

What is the function of folic acid (B9)?

Back 28

Required for synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA,hemoglobin formation, Works with B12 to help form red blood cells

Front 29

Deficiencies in folic acid are manifested in what defects?

Back 29

- Anemia, neural tube defects, birth defects, swollen tongue, mouth ulcers, effect growth of children

Front 30

Sources of folic acid?

Back 30

Green leafy vegetables, asparagus, live, yeast, eggs, beans, fruits, enriched cereal, peanut butter, oranges and orange juice

Front 31

Cyanocobalamin (B12) is necessary for folic acid use in __________ and maintenance of __________

Back 31

DNA replication, myelin

Front 32

Absorption of B12 relies on an ___________ produced by the stomach mucosa.

Back 32

intrinsic factor

Front 33

Deficiency of B12 leads to

Back 33

Pernicious anemia - inadequate red blood cell formation caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach with which to absorb vitamin B12

Irreversible nerve damage, memory loss, dementia, muscle weakness
High risk for stomach cancer

Front 34

Biotin is closely related to which two B complex vitamins?

Back 34

B12 and folic acid

Front 35

Biotin is synthesized by __________

Back 35

intestinal bacteria

Front 36

What is the function of biotin (B7) ?

Back 36

Supports health of skin, nerves, digestive tract, metabolism and cells.

Helps production in hormones

Front 37

What are the functions of B12?

Back 37

Metabolic reactions, maintain myelin sheath , hemoglobin synthesis, maintains central nervous system

Front 38

Sources of biotin?

Back 38

Egg yolk, wheat germ, whole wheat bread, salmon, chocolate, yeast dairy products

Front 39

Pantothenic acid (B5) function

Back 39

Cell metabolism of fat and cholesterol

Amino acid activation

Heme formation

Hormones production

Essential for metabolism of food

Front 40

Sources of pantothenic (B5) acid:

Back 40

occurs widely in most foods. Meats, whole grain cereals, legumes, white/sweet potatoes, cabbage family, kale

Front 41

Vitamin C functions as an _______ and a __________

Back 41

antioxidant, coenzyme

Front 42

Function of vitamin C

Back 42

Iron absorption, immune function, wound healing, collagen synthesis.

Front 43

Vitamin C protects _______, ________, and __________ from destruction by oxygen as they move throughout the body.

Back 43

folate, vitamin E, and polyunsaturated substances

Front 44

Deficiency of vitamin C

Back 44

Scurvy: inflammation of connective tissues, gingivitis, muscle degeneration, bruising, and hemorrhaging as the vascular system weakens

Anemia, tissue bleeding, Easy bone fracture, gingivitis, poor wound healing, petechiae

Front 45

Sources of vitamin C

Back 45

citrus fruits, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, greens vegetables, strawberries, potatoes, cauliflower.

Front 46

Major functions of Vitamin A

Back 46

Night and color vision, cellular growth, growth of skeletal and soft tissues, reproduction, maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes

Front 47

Vitamin A Deficiencies:

Back 47

Night blindness, xerosis(dry skin), Skin lesions, dry hair, brittle nails, low resistance to infections, can lead to blindness

Front 48

Sources of vitamin A:

Back 48

Fish liver oil, liver, butter, cream, egg yolk, dark fruit, green leafy vegetables, fortified milk

Front 49

Sources of B12

Back 49

Dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, liver, milk, cheese, eggs, soymilk

Front 50

Vitamin D: functions
D2 - ergocalciferol (plants)
D3 - cholecalciferol (sunshine and skin)

Back 50

intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus; vitamin also affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostais by helping to regulate blood calcium levels. Assist in balancing of mood swings

Front 51

Vitamin D deficiency called ______

Back 51

Rickets - insufficinet mineralization of bone and tooth matrix (bowed legs)

Front 52

Vitamin D deficiencies

Back 52

Bone and muscle pain, weakness, softening of bone, fracture, mood swings, sleep disorders, weight loss, diarrhea, loss of appetite

Front 53

Function vitamin E

Back 53

Antioxidant, protects red blood and muscle tissue cells, helps body use vitamin K

Front 54

Vitamin K: function
K1 = (foods)
K2 = (intestinal bacteria)
K3 = (pharmaceutical)

Back 54

Synthesis of clotting factors and bone development.

Front 55

Deficiency in vitamin K inhibits _______ coagulation

Back 55

Blood

Front 56

Sources of vitamin K

Back 56

intestinal synthesis, liver, green leafy veggies, cabbage, milk, spinach, fish

Front 57

Vitamin C aids in absorption of ____

Back 57

iron

Front 58

Minerals are....
- INORGANIC
- Part of the structure of the body
- About 4% of body weight
- Regulate body functions like acid-base and fluid balance
- Nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction
- Vitamin, enzyme and hormone activity

Back 58

Can you repeat?

Front 59

What are the 3 MACROMINERALS? (major minerals)
- Needed in larger amounts (>100g)
- Present in larger quantities in the body (>5 g)

Back 59

Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus

Front 60

What are the 9 MICROMINERALS? (trace minerals)
- Needed in small amts (<15 mg/day)
- Present in small quantities (<5 g)

Back 60

Chromium, copper, flouride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Front 61

What are the electrolytes?

Back 61

Potassium, sodium, chloride

Front 62

Extracellular fluid constitutes ____% of body water

Back 62

35%

Front 63

Intracellular fluid constitutes _____% of body water

Back 63

65%

Front 64

Functions of water?

Back 64

- Provides shape and rigidity to cells
- Helps to regulate body temperature
- Acts as a lubricant
- Cushions body tissues
- Transports nutrients and waste products
- Acts as a solvent
- Provides a source of trace minerals
- Participates in chemical reactions

Front 65

Human body is ____ - ______% water

Back 65

50-60%

Front 66

Infant body weight is ___ - ____% water

Back 66

75-80%

Front 67

Biotin deficiency s/s:

Back 67

Dermatitis, hyperthesia and paresthesia. Keratoconjunctuvitis, Anorexia, Anemia, reduced appetite, tired, muscle pain

Front 68

Pantothenic Acid (B5) deficiency S/S:

Back 68

Deficiency is unknown.

Megoblastic Anemia, Excessive weakness, nausea, Sleep disturbance, tingling in hands and headaches

Front 69

Sources of Vitamin E

Back 69

Vegetable oils, nuts, milk, eggs, muscle meats, fish, wheat and rice germ, green leafy vegetables

Front 70

Signs of Vitamin E deficiency

Back 70

Hypoflexia, ataxia, hemolytic, anemia, weight loss, muscle weakness, decrease in sex drive

Front 71

Calcium functions in ____ and ____ health

Back 71

Bone and Teeth

Front 72

Dietary sources of Calcium are?

Back 72

Dairy products, dark leafy vegetables, egg yolks

Front 73

What are 3 symptoms of calcium excess?

Back 73

Hyperkalemia, constipation, kidney stones

Front 74

Functions of Magnesium

Back 74

Thyroid hormone. Nerve, muscle and cardiac function.

Front 75

Dietary sources of magnesium are?

Back 75

Whole grains, squash, green leafy vegetables

Front 76

_____ is a symptom of calcium deficiency

Back 76

osteoporosis

Front 77

Effects of Magnesium deficiency

Back 77

Tremors, weakness, muscle pain, poor cardiac function

Front 78

____ and _____ are signs of magnesium excess

Back 78

Weakness and nausea

Front 79

Iodine synthesizes_____

Back 79

Thyroid Hormone

Front 80

Dietary source of Iodine

Back 80

Fish, dairy, enriched WHITE bread, salt

Front 81

An effect of Iodine deficiency is ____

Back 81

Hypothryoidism

Front 82

2 symptoms of Iodine excess are

Back 82

skin lesions and thyroid malfunction

Front 83

Iron functions in_______

Back 83

Blood formation

Front 84

Dietary sources of Iron are

Back 84

Red Meat, enriched breads or cereals, eggs and seafood

Front 85

Effects of Iron deficiencies are

Back 85

Anemia and Pale skin

Front 86

This will look enlarged due to excess of Iron

Back 86

Hemoglobin

Front 87

Carbohydrates are the primary______

Back 87

energy source

Front 88

What 3 nutrients provide us with energy?

Back 88

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Front 89

What are the functions of protein

Back 89

Tissue building, metabolism, immune system function, fluid balance, acid base balance, is secondary energy source

Front 90

Protein combines with Iron to makes what?

Back 90

Hemoglobin

Front 91

What does protein attract regarding Fluid balance?

Back 91

Protein attracts water

Front 92

What are dietary sources of protein?

Back 92

Meat, soy, fish, nuts, chickpeas, dairy, tofu, peanut butter, sunflower seeds, flax seed

Front 93

What is nitrogen balance?

Back 93

A measure of the state of protein in the body. Protein is the only food category that contains nitrogen

Front 94

What are the 3 states that nitrogen balance consist in?

Back 94

Equillibrium, positive ( muscle and cells are being rebulit), Negative ( More tissue is being broken down then repaired)

Front 95

Lipids are _____ in water

Back 95

insoluble ( don't dissolve)

Front 96

What are the 3 types of lipids found in foods?

Back 96

Glycerides, sterols, phospholipids( are soluble in water)

Front 97

LDL is good or bad cholesterol

Back 97

Bad cholesterol

Front 98

HDL is good or bad cholesterol

Back 98

Good Cholesterol

Front 99

Functions of lipids are

Back 99

Supply nutrients, energy source, flavor and fullness, insulation, cholesterol function, aids in thermoregulation

Front 100

s/s of hypervolemia

Back 100

B/p elevated, pulse bounding, resp. shallow, edema, cough, skin is pale and cool, UO dilute, weight gain. Maybe develop crackles, dyspnea.