Vitamins And Minerals

Front 1

Elements that are macro minerals
(evaluated in terms of %)

Back 1

Ca
P
Mg
K
Na
Cl
S

Front 2

Elements that are micro minerals
(evaluated in terms of mg/kg)

Back 2

B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fl, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn

Front 3

What are vitamins?

Back 3

essential organic nutrients required in small amounts

Cannot be synthesized by the body, must be obtained through diet, rumen bacteria, and sun

Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation

Front 4

2 classes of vitamins

Back 4

Fat Soluble (stored in tissues) and Water Soluble (not stored in tissues)

Front 5

Examples of Fat Soluble vitamins

Back 5

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Front 6

Examples of Water Soluble vitamins

Back 6

B-vitamins and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Front 7

What is an International Unit (IU)?

Back 7

measures biological activity, or effect, of a substance. Used to quantify vitamins.

Front 8

Sources and function of vitamin K

Back 8

Sources: green leafy forages, soybeans, fish meal, liver, rumen, intestinal bacteria, synthetic compounds

Function: blood clotting, synthesis of prothrombin in liver (which converts fibrinogen to fibrin)

Front 9

Signs of Vitamin K deficiency

Back 9

- generally not seen in livestock or companion animals

- blood loses clotting ability or takes a long time to clot. Serious hemorrhages from slight wounds

- in chicks: anemia, easily injured, delayed clotting time, may bleed to death

Front 10

sweet clover disease in cattle

Back 10

coumarin (a fragrant compound of sweet clover) turns into dicoumarol due to fungi in mouldy clover. Dicoumarol is an anticoagulant and a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase (an enzyme that recycles vit K). This causes depletion of vitamin K in the body.

Front 11

Vitamin A sources

Back 11

whole milk, fish oils, fresh forages (as B-carotene), synthetic

Front 12

Other names for Vitamin A

Back 12

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Front 13

Which species cannot convert B-carotene to active vitamin A?

Back 13

Cats, ferrets, and herptiles (reptiles and amphibians)

Front 14

Which animals require a source of vitamin A?

Back 14

ALL ANIMALS!

Front 15

Functions of Vitamin A

Back 15

- vision (light sensitivity), especially night vision

- maintenance and growth, reproduction

- formation of epithelial tissues and mucous membranes

- immune responses

Front 16

Vitamin A deficiency in cattle and pigs

Back 16

cattle: rough hair coat, swollen legs, retarded growth in calves, blindness, abortion

pigs: posterior paralysis, xerophthalmia, blindness, dry scaly skin, poor litters

Front 17

Is loss of night vision and blindness due to vitamin A deficiency reversible?

Back 17

Yes! Response to treatment in severe cases is often rapid, but it may be irreversible in chronic cases

Front 18

Vitamin E sources

Back 18

cereal grains, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean), fresh forages (preserved in silages but high losses in hay), synthetic.

Front 19

Utilization of vitamin E is dependent on adequate...

Back 19

selenium

Front 20

When storing vitamin E as an oil, what do you need to add?

Back 20

antioxidants, or else it goes bad

Front 21

Vitamin E functions

Back 21

- antioxidant, prevents free radicals breaking down cell membranes

- immune system

- formation of RBCs

- reproduction (maintenance of functional integrity of repro organs)

- gene expression

- platelet aggregation

- muscle growth

- prevention of oxidation of PUFA

Front 22

Vitamin E deficiency

Back 22

- muscular dystrophy

- weakness and collapse

- stiffness

- mulberry heart disease in pigs (white stripes)