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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vitamins are organic or inorganic? Metabolized or not metabolized? |
Organic, metabolized as building blocks for many body substances |
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Minerals are organic or inorganic? Excreted changed or unchanged?
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Inorganic, unchanged
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Need fat for absorption, stored in adipose and liver. |
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What is the only vitamin created by the human body?
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Vitamin D
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Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed in the __________-
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Small intestine
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______ is required for absorption from the small intestine for fat soluble vitamins
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Bile
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Function of Carbohydrates |
Supply energy, spare protein, enhance insulin secretion, increase fullness, improves absorption of sodium and excretion of calcium |
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What are the water soluble vitamins? |
B complex vitamins, choline, and vitamin C
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What are the B complex vitamins?
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B1 - thiamine
B2 - riboflavin B3 - niacin B6 - pyridoxine Folic acid (folate) B12 - cyanocobalamin Pantothenic acid Biotin |
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symptoms of thiamine (B1) deficiency |
loss of muscle strength,Depression, Memory loss,anorexia, constipation, fatigue, irritability,beriberi, decreased alertness and reflexes |
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What foods contain Thiamine (B1) |
Whole grain, enriched cereal,beef, pork , liver, peas, beans, nuts |
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Does the amount of thiamine required increase as the metabolic rate increases?
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Yes. Increased need with increased carbohydrate intake.
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What happens to excess thiamine?
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It is excreted in the urine. |
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What is the function of riboflavin (B2)? |
Important for RBC, Antioxidant, tissue health and growth |
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s/s related to deficiency of Riboflavin ( B2)? |
Tissue inflammation and breakdown, sore throat, swollen tongue, facial dermatitis, stomatitis, anemia, poor wound, healing, diarrhea, headache |
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Sources of riboflavin? |
Organ meats, milk, grains, legumes, fish, bananas, poultry and green veggies |
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S/S of Hypovolemia |
Thirst, dry skin, dry mucous membranes, decreased uo, poor skin turgor, muscle weakness, fatigue, weak rapid pulse, weight loss, increase respirations |
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______ can be converted to niacin
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Tryptophan
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Function of niacin (B3)? |
cellular metabolism to produce energy, maintain healthy skin and nerves, helps lower cholesterol |
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what are s/s of Niacin (B3) Deficiency |
Swollen tongue, poor appetite and indigestion,insomnia, chronic: CNS damage (confusion, neuritis, dementia) |
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Sources of niacin (B3)? |
Potatoes, avacados, dairy products, liver, peanuts, tuna, enriched breads and cereals, chicken |
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Niacin has been used therapeutically because megadoses may...
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Lower total cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL
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Where is pyridoxine (B6) found? |
Found in most cells, required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin |
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What is the function of pyridoxine? |
Coenzyme for amino acid breakdown, Protein and some carb metabolism, RBC production, Helps brain function |
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Is a deficiency of B6 common? What are some symptoms of deficiency? |
No; it is rare. Rash, seizure, depression, stomatitis ( lesions near nose or mouth) |
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Sources of B6?
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Meats, poultry, fish, beans, nuts, seeds, dairy, bananas, avocados |
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Diets adequate in ______ tend to be adequate in niacin
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Protein
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What is the function of folic acid (B9)? |
Required for synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA,hemoglobin formation, Works with B12 to help form red blood cells |
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Deficiencies in folic acid are manifested in what defects?
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- Anemia, neural tube defects, birth defects, swollen tongue, mouth ulcers, effect growth of children |
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Sources of folic acid?
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Green leafy vegetables, asparagus, live, yeast, eggs, beans, fruits, enriched cereal, peanut butter, oranges and orange juice |
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Cyanocobalamin (B12) is necessary for folic acid use in __________ and maintenance of __________
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DNA replication, myelin
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Absorption of B12 relies on an ___________ produced by the stomach mucosa.
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intrinsic factor
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Deficiency of B12 leads to
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Pernicious anemia - inadequate red blood cell formation caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach with which to absorb vitamin B12 Irreversible nerve damage, memory loss, dementia, muscle weakness |
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Biotin is closely related to which two B complex vitamins?
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B12 and folic acid
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Biotin is synthesized by __________
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intestinal bacteria
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What is the function of biotin (B7) ? |
Supports health of skin, nerves, digestive tract, metabolism and cells. Helps production in hormones |
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What are the functions of B12? |
Metabolic reactions, maintain myelin sheath , hemoglobin synthesis, maintains central nervous system |
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Sources of biotin?
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Egg yolk, wheat germ, whole wheat bread, salmon, chocolate, yeast dairy products |
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Pantothenic acid (B5) function |
Cell metabolism of fat and cholesterol Amino acid activation Heme formation Hormones production Essential for metabolism of food |
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Sources of pantothenic (B5) acid: |
occurs widely in most foods. Meats, whole grain cereals, legumes, white/sweet potatoes, cabbage family, kale |
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Vitamin C functions as an _______ and a __________
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antioxidant, coenzyme
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Function of vitamin C
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Iron absorption, immune function, wound healing, collagen synthesis. |
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Vitamin C protects _______, ________, and __________ from destruction by oxygen as they move throughout the body.
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folate, vitamin E, and polyunsaturated substances
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Deficiency of vitamin C
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Scurvy: inflammation of connective tissues, gingivitis, muscle degeneration, bruising, and hemorrhaging as the vascular system weakens Anemia, tissue bleeding, Easy bone fracture, gingivitis, poor wound healing, petechiae |
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Sources of vitamin C
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citrus fruits, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, greens vegetables, strawberries, potatoes, cauliflower. |
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Major functions of Vitamin A |
Night and color vision, cellular growth, growth of skeletal and soft tissues, reproduction, maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes |
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Vitamin A Deficiencies: |
Night blindness, xerosis(dry skin), Skin lesions, dry hair, brittle nails, low resistance to infections, can lead to blindness |
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Sources of vitamin A:
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Fish liver oil, liver, butter, cream, egg yolk, dark fruit, green leafy vegetables, fortified milk |
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Sources of B12 |
Dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, liver, milk, cheese, eggs, soymilk |
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Vitamin D: functions
D2 - ergocalciferol (plants) D3 - cholecalciferol (sunshine and skin) |
intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus; vitamin also affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostais by helping to regulate blood calcium levels. Assist in balancing of mood swings |
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Vitamin D deficiency called ______
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Rickets - insufficinet mineralization of bone and tooth matrix (bowed legs) |
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Vitamin D deficiencies |
Bone and muscle pain, weakness, softening of bone, fracture, mood swings, sleep disorders, weight loss, diarrhea, loss of appetite |
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Function vitamin E
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Antioxidant, protects red blood and muscle tissue cells, helps body use vitamin K |
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Vitamin K: function
K1 = (foods) K2 = (intestinal bacteria) K3 = (pharmaceutical) |
Synthesis of clotting factors and bone development. |
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Deficiency in vitamin K inhibits _______ coagulation
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Blood |
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Sources of vitamin K
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intestinal synthesis, liver, green leafy veggies, cabbage, milk, spinach, fish |
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Vitamin C aids in absorption of ____
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iron
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Minerals are....
- INORGANIC - Part of the structure of the body - About 4% of body weight - Regulate body functions like acid-base and fluid balance - Nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction - Vitamin, enzyme and hormone activity |
Can you repeat?
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What are the 3 MACROMINERALS? (major minerals)
- Needed in larger amounts (>100g) - Present in larger quantities in the body (>5 g) |
Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus
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What are the 9 MICROMINERALS? (trace minerals)
- Needed in small amts (<15 mg/day) - Present in small quantities (<5 g) |
Chromium, copper, flouride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc
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What are the electrolytes?
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Potassium, sodium, chloride
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Extracellular fluid constitutes ____% of body water
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35%
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Intracellular fluid constitutes _____% of body water
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65%
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Functions of water?
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- Provides shape and rigidity to cells
- Helps to regulate body temperature - Acts as a lubricant - Cushions body tissues - Transports nutrients and waste products - Acts as a solvent - Provides a source of trace minerals - Participates in chemical reactions |
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Human body is ____ - ______% water
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50-60%
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Infant body weight is ___ - ____% water
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75-80%
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Biotin deficiency s/s: |
Dermatitis, hyperthesia and paresthesia. Keratoconjunctuvitis, Anorexia, Anemia, reduced appetite, tired, muscle pain |
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Pantothenic Acid (B5) deficiency S/S: |
Deficiency is unknown. Megoblastic Anemia, Excessive weakness, nausea, Sleep disturbance, tingling in hands and headaches |
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Sources of Vitamin E |
Vegetable oils, nuts, milk, eggs, muscle meats, fish, wheat and rice germ, green leafy vegetables |
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Signs of Vitamin E deficiency |
Hypoflexia, ataxia, hemolytic, anemia, weight loss, muscle weakness, decrease in sex drive |
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Calcium functions in ____ and ____ health |
Bone and Teeth |
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Dietary sources of Calcium are? |
Dairy products, dark leafy vegetables, egg yolks |
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What are 3 symptoms of calcium excess? |
Hyperkalemia, constipation, kidney stones |
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Functions of Magnesium |
Thyroid hormone. Nerve, muscle and cardiac function. |
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Dietary sources of magnesium are? |
Whole grains, squash, green leafy vegetables |
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_____ is a symptom of calcium deficiency |
osteoporosis |
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Effects of Magnesium deficiency |
Tremors, weakness, muscle pain, poor cardiac function |
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____ and _____ are signs of magnesium excess |
Weakness and nausea |
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Iodine synthesizes_____ |
Thyroid Hormone |
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Dietary source of Iodine |
Fish, dairy, enriched WHITE bread, salt |
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An effect of Iodine deficiency is ____ |
Hypothryoidism |
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2 symptoms of Iodine excess are |
skin lesions and thyroid malfunction |
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Iron functions in_______ |
Blood formation |
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Dietary sources of Iron are |
Red Meat, enriched breads or cereals, eggs and seafood |
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Effects of Iron deficiencies are |
Anemia and Pale skin |
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This will look enlarged due to excess of Iron |
Hemoglobin |
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Carbohydrates are the primary______ |
energy source |
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What 3 nutrients provide us with energy? |
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids |
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What are the functions of protein |
Tissue building, metabolism, immune system function, fluid balance, acid base balance, is secondary energy source |
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Protein combines with Iron to makes what? |
Hemoglobin |
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What does protein attract regarding Fluid balance? |
Protein attracts water |
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What are dietary sources of protein? |
Meat, soy, fish, nuts, chickpeas, dairy, tofu, peanut butter, sunflower seeds, flax seed |
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What is nitrogen balance? |
A measure of the state of protein in the body. Protein is the only food category that contains nitrogen |
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What are the 3 states that nitrogen balance consist in? |
Equillibrium, positive ( muscle and cells are being rebulit), Negative ( More tissue is being broken down then repaired) |
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Lipids are _____ in water |
insoluble ( don't dissolve) |
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What are the 3 types of lipids found in foods? |
Glycerides, sterols, phospholipids( are soluble in water) |
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LDL is good or bad cholesterol |
Bad cholesterol |
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HDL is good or bad cholesterol |
Good Cholesterol |
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Functions of lipids are |
Supply nutrients, energy source, flavor and fullness, insulation, cholesterol function, aids in thermoregulation |
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s/s of hypervolemia |
B/p elevated, pulse bounding, resp. shallow, edema, cough, skin is pale and cool, UO dilute, weight gain. Maybe develop crackles, dyspnea. |