Vitamins And Minerals

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Best way to determine is someone is getting too much or too little vitamins?

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Clinical symptoms

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Optimal intakes of vitamins

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Still unknown

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Recommended dietary intake

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Higher than estimated average...
Absorption is not 100%

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"Complete" foods

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NONE

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Vitamin A

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Vitamin A to Retinal
Nutrition: Biochemistry

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Beta-Carotene

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Precursor to Vitamin A
May protect against lung cancer

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Supplementation of Vitamin A

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No beneficial effect

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Vitamin A sources

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Retinol - Liver, egg yolk, butter, whole milk
Carotenoids - Dark green and yellow vegetables

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Roles of Vitamin A

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Vision
Antioxidant
Downregulate keratin synthesis to protect epithelium

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Storage of Vitamin A

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Liver

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Vitamin A deficientcy

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Folicular hyperkeratosis (dried skin resembling goosebumps)
Anemia (Similar to iron deficiency but with adequate iron)
Night Blindness

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Xerophthalmia

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Kertainization of the cornea
Leads to night blindness

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Vitamin A toxicity

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Difficult to achieve
Overdose of vitamin a supplements

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Vitamin a toxicity symptoms

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Bone pain
Scaly dermatitis
Enlargment of the liver and spleen
Nausea and diarrhea

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Vitamin D

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No dietary requirement of Vitamin D with adequate sunlight
Plays an important role in calcium absportion

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Vitamin D dietary sources

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Saltwater fish: salmon,sardines, herring
Liver and egg yolk

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Renal Osteodystrophy

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Comes from chronic renal failure/overactive parathyroid hormone
Cannot produce key vitamin d derivative
-Poor absorption of calcium from diet
-Bones become source of serum calcium
-Kidney begins to accumulate phosphate
-Hyperphosphatemia which lowers serum calcium even further
Leads to metastatic calcification

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Renal osteodystrophy mitigation

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Reduce phosphate levels and increase vitamin D and calcium intake

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Vitamin E

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Naturally occurring antioxidants
Lipophilic

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Vitamin E function

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Scavenge free radicals (ROS, RNS)
Protect unsaturated fatty acids
Assist in ETC by aiding ubiquinone
Helps maintain normal immune function

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Vitamin E sources

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Nuts, seeds, spinach, vegetable oils, and milk

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Problems with Vitamin E

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Requirements increase with the intake of poly-unsaturated fats
Increasing poly-unsat. fat intake to reduce serum cholesterol
-Increases cancer risk
-Combated by increased vitamine e intake

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Vitamin K

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K1 = Phytylmenaquinone from green vegetable
K2 = Multiprenylmenaquinone from intestinal bacteria

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Vitamin K function

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Required to convert glutamic acid to gamma-carboxygluatamic
-For proteins that chelate calcium for their activity
Essential for blood clotting: Prothrombin

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Vitamin K deficiency

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Increase coagulation time
Interference with bone mineralization
A common cause is extended use of antibiotics

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Thiamine

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Water soluble vitamin
Converted to thiamine pyrophosphate

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Thiamine pyrophosphate

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Used by pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Thiamine Triophosphate

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Conducting of nerve impulses

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Thiamine Deficiency

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Neural tissue problems, irritability, fatigure, nausea, depression, ataia, opthalmoplegia

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Niacin

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Comes from Diet:
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide

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Niacin synthesis

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Can be INEFFICIENTLY synthesized by tryptophan:
60mg to 1mg

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Niacin deficiency

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Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

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Vitamin B12

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Contains cobalt
Used in two reactions:
Methionine synthesis
Succinyl CoA synthesis

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Vitamin B12 deficiency

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Demyelination, megaloblastic anemia.
Liver stores up to 6 years of vitamin B12

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Calcium

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Most abundant mineral in the body
Used for:
Enzyme co-factor
Mediate some hormonal response
Blood coagulation
Muscle contractility
Narrow window of serum levels compatible with life

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Calcium storage

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Bones serve as primary storage

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Osteoporosis

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Loss of bone mineral; severe weakening of bone
Between ages of 10 and 35 bone density reaches its max
Bone density depends on:
Calcium intake and exercise

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Calcium RDA

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11-18: 1,300mg/day
19-50: 1200mg/day
50+: 1200mg/day

Median is 500mg/day
-Exacerbated by concerns of fat in dairy products

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Osteoporosis Continued.

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Calcium alone is not sufficient:
-Vitamin C: bone matrix
-Magnesium and Phosphorous: bone structure
-Vitamin K,Cu,Zn,Mn,B: bone formation
-Vitamin D: calcium absorption and utilization
-Exercise

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Magnesium

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Required for
ATP
Neuromuscular Transmission
Lowers blood pressure and reduces risk of stroke

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Magnesium Deficiency

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Weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia
Calcium oxalate stones in kidney

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Iodine

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Efficiently absorbed and transported to the thyroid gland
Regulated basal metabolic rates in adults and growth in children

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Iodine is necessary for

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Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

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Goiter

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enlargement of thyroid gland

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Zinc

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Required for activity by over 300 metalloenzymes
Structural stability for another 300-700 proteins

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Proteins that require Zinc

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RNA/DNA polymerase
Zinc Fingers - DNA Binding motif

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Zinc Deficiency

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Poor wound healing
Loss of taste acuity
Dermatitis

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Zinc in Therapy

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Used in wilsons disease
Zn antagonizes Cu absorption
-Cancer: Zn uptake is reduced
Acute symptoms need copper chelation therapy
-Maintenance therapy is Zn

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Copper Function

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Cytochrome C oxidase
Superoxide Dismutase (in conjunction with Zn)
Fatty Acid synthesis
Ceruloplasmin - Cu transport protein also oxidizes Fe+2 to Fe+3

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Copper Deficiency

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Anemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Demineralization of Bone
Very rare, usually in conjunction wit high levels of Zn intake

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Chromium

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Makes quadruple and quintuple bonds
Chromodulin

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Chromodulin

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Needed to facilitate insulin activity

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Chromium Deficiency

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Rare
Impaired glucose tolerance
Diabetes causes loss of Cr through urine

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Selenium

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Important in selenoproteins
Soil is selenium poor in certain parts of the country

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Selenoprotein

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Glutathione Peroxidase removes peroxides in the cytosol
-Compliments Vitamin E that works in the membrane

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Selenium deficiency

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Can be avoided by food being marketed from many parts of the country

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Manganese

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Used in Arginase and Pyruvate Carboxylase

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Molybdenum

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Used in Xanthine oxidase

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Fluoride

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Strengthens bone and teeth

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Boron

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Used for bone formation

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American Food

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Fortified with 11-15 vitamins and minerals
Enriched with:
Iron
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Folic Acid