Chapter 4 Herlihy The Human Body In Health And Illness

Front 1

Urea

Back 1

A nitrogen containing waste product

Front 2

Amino acids

Back 2

The building blocks of protein are bonded through the peptide bonds

Hint 2

Building blocks/peptide

Front 3

Disaccharides

Back 3

Sucrose, Maltese, and lactose, called double sugars

Front 4

Glycogen

Back 4

Glucose is stored as this polysaccharide, also called animal starch

Front 5

Polysaccharide

Back 5

Classification of starch

Front 6

Cellouse

Back 6

Nondigestable polysaccharide found in plants

Front 7

Lipids

Back 7

Classification of triglycerides and steriods

Front 8

Essential amino acids

Back 8

These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be injested in the diet

Front 9

Nonessential amino acids

Back 9

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body

Front 10

Anabolism

Back 10

A series of chemical reactions that build larger, more complex substances

Front 11

Peptide bond

Back 11

The amine group of value joins with the acid part of phenylalanine to form this

Front 12

Glycolysis

Back 12

This series of anaerobic reactions occurs within the cytoplasm

Front 13

Lactic acid

Back 13

A consequence of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose

Front 14

Enzyme

Back 14

A catalyst

Front 15

Ketone bonds

Back 15

The rapid and incomplete breakdown of fatty acids yields these

Front 16

Co2, water, and atp

Back 16

The end products of the aerobic catabolism of glucose

Front 17

Kerbs cycle

Back 17

Series of aerobic chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria

Front 18

ATP

Back 18

The energy transfer molecule

Front 19

Carbohydrates

Back 19

Composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Front 20

Glucose

Back 20

Most important monosaccharide os glucose used on synthesis of DNA and rna

Front 21

Disaccharides

Back 21

Are double sugars broken down into monosaccharides

Front 22

Glycogen

Back 22

Is a polysaccharide. It is the storage form of glucose. Glycogen is stored primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle

Front 23

Glucose anaerobically and aerobically

Back 23

*Anaerobically, glucose is incompletely broken down ( glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP

*Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely ( glycolysis and citric avid cycle) into c02 and H2O and large amounts of energy (ATP)

Front 24

Can be synthesized from nonglucose substances

Back 24

Glucose

Front 25

Lipids

Back 25

*Are triglycerides, polysaccharides, and steriods

*A primary source of energy and a synthesis of membranes

Front 26

How are lipids broken down?

Back 26

*The long fatty acid chains are broken down into carbon units in the cytoplasm

* The small units are fed into the mitochondria where enzymes of the citric acid cycle help to catabolize them completely to CO2 and H2O, releasing large amounts of energy

Front 27

Where can lipids be stored?

Back 27

Lipids can be stored in adipose tissue as fat

Front 28

What is protein composed of?

Back 28

A series of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence

Front 29

How are proteins primarily used?

Back 29

In the synthesis of hormones, enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins, muscle proteins, hemoglobin, and cell membranes. Proteins are also used as fuel and raw materials for the making of glucose

Front 30

How is protein metabolized?

Back 30

In a similar manner to glucose. There is special handling of nitrogen by the urea cycle

Front 31

Deoxyribonuclecic acid

Back 31

DNA is the blue print of life

Front 32

What is stored in the DNA?

Back 32

Information concerning protein synthesis ( a series of genes forms a chromosome)

Front 33

A nucleotide

Back 33

Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. For DNA the sugar is dexoyribose and the bases are adenine, rhyming, cytosine, and guanine

Front 34

How is DNA linked

Back 34

Each strand of DNA is linked according to base pairings ( adenine links with thymine, cytosine links with guanine)

Front 35

Where is the genetic code stored?

Back 35

The genetic code is stored within the sequence of three bases along a strand of DNA

Front 36

Ribonucleic acid

Back 36

Similar structure to DNA

*Differences: the sugar is ribose

*Single stranded

*The bases are: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

Front 37

Two forms of RNA

Back 37

*Messager RNA: mRNA

*Transfer RNA: tRNA

Front 38

Transcription

Back 38

The genetic code of DNA us transferred to RNA

Front 39

How does RNA transfer the genetic code?

Back 39

RNA transfers the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 40

RNA translation

Back 40

The genetic code of the mRNA is read by the tRNA (attached to individual amino acids in the cytoplasm)

Front 41

A peptide bond between each amino acid:

Back 41

Is formed as the peptide chain grows along the ribosome. Then the chain is terminated

Front 42

Protein synthesis 5 steps:

Back 42

*Transcription

*RNA transfers the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

*Translation

*A peptide bond between each amino acid I'd formed as the peptide chain grows along the ribosome

*The protein chain is terminated