Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what retinal layer is btwn the outer and inner nuclear layer
|
outer plexiform
|
|
|
at the fovea what layer of cells are missing
|
internal cell layers. it has outer neclear layer with LOTS of cones here
??????????? look at other notes, wht is missing from fovea |
|
|
what does the outer segment of phoroteceptors look like, what happens here
what does the inner segment ook like |
stacks of membranes, photons of hv are absorbed and phototransduction occurs
Inner has LOTS of mito |
|
|
what connects the inner (mito)and outer (stacks) layers of photoreceptors. where does it originate
|
connecting stalk
cilium, 9 pairs of microtubules **originates as basal body in the inner segment |
|
|
where are the outer nad inner limiting membrane
|
Inner: btwn vitreous and nerve fiber layer
Outer: btwn inner/outer segmental layer and outer nuclear layer |
|
|
what are the apical process of Pigment epithelium
|
interdigitate PE & photoreceptors
Outernuclear layer outer limiting membrabe inner/outer segments of photoreceptors Apical Processes of PE PE |
|
|
what is bruchs membrane made of? where is it
|
BM from Choroid adn Pigment Epithelium
**btwn choroid and PE |
|
|
what is a muller cell, where is it
|
glial cell in retina
**modified astrocyte: found within the bounds of the limiting membranes |
|
|
what are junctional complexes, what cells are they on
|
connect adjacent PE cells
|
|
|
apical processes are on what cell type, they interact with what portion of rods
|
PE
Outer segment |
|
|
what connects inner and outer segments of photoreceptors
|
connecting stalks,
mede of 9 cilium, microtubles **basal body is in the inner segemnt, where the mito is |
|
|
what cell myelinates the optic nerce
|
oligodendrites (CNS)
|
|
|
where in the lens are cells proliforative
|
equator
|
|
|
what is the equator of the lens
|
where proliforation takes place, will have nuclei around here
|
|
|
what lens fibers dont have a nucleus
|
mature
|
|
|
what is the outermost part of the lens
|
outermost: lens capsule
Anterior Cuboidal are just deep to the lens capsule, they still ahve nuclei and are still in the process of maturation |
|
|
where is the anterior cuboidal cells
|
in the lens
*outermost is lens capsule and deep to that is anterior cuboidal cells. they have nuclei **the nucleus is required bc the cell is still differentiating and making the proteins required |
|
|
what is the structure of the cells in the lens from superificial to deep
|
1 equator, proliforative
2. the outermost is lens capsule and is a cellular 2. deep is the cuboidal epitheilum, has a nucleus 3. deep to the epithelium is the differentating lesns fibers, they look squiched. 4. deepest is differentiated fibers, NO nuclues |
|
|
where is cuboidal epithelium
where is pigemnted cuboidal epithelium |
lens, deep to lens capsule
iris, gives it color |
|
|
what structure in the iris gives it its color
|
pigment epithelium
|
|
|
the suspensory lig connects what 2 structures
|
lens and ciliary process
**ciliary mm, redices tension in sisp lig and lens fattens up. accomadation reflex. helps you look up close. :) |
|
|
what causes an increase in intraoccular pressure
|
blockage of the canal of schlem
**located kinda in the ciliary body |
|
|
what is the orientation of the mm found in the iris in cross section of the iris
|
Sphinctor: lies parallel to PE, medial
Dilator: lies perpendicular to PE |
|
|
what is the anterior surface of the iris? cornea? lens?
|
NOT epithelium, made of melanocytes and fibroblasts.
**the anterior surface is matted melanocytes nad fibroblasts, the posterior surface is where the pigmented cuboidal epithelium is cornea: squameous spithelium Lens: clear capsule, then a layer of cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
what isthe ant surface of the cornea
|
KERATINIZED squamous epithelium,
**recall the iris is melanocytes nad fibroblasts, **the lens is a clear lens capsule and has epithelium deep |
|
|
what seperates the epithelium of the cornea and the deeper structures
What seperates the choroid and pigment epithelium of the retina |
Bowmans Membrane
Bruchs Membrane **both are Basal Lamina |
|
|
what is teh structure of the cornea from superficial to deep
|
1. Epithelium KERATINIZED
2. Bowmans Membrane 3. Descments Membrane 4. Endotheliium |
|
|
what part of the eye is covered by epithelium on one surface and endothelium on the other
|
Cornea
Anteior has epithelium with Bowmans membrane Post has Endothelium with Descemenats membrane |
|
|
what structure of the eye is keratinized? what is clear? what has melanocytes
|
cornea, thick protective layer
lens, focus light unobstructed iris, color |
|
|
when does gastrulation occur, what are the major events
|
day 15
primitive streak on post side or epiblast makes the 3 layers: ecto, endo, meso |
|
|
when do we have the 3 germ layers
|
gastrulation, day 15
**the cells have dived into the primitive streak |
|
|
name 4 thigns made by ectoderm
|
1. PNS
2. CNS 3. Epidermis 4. CT of head |
|
|
what 4 thigns are made by mesoderm
|
1. MM
2. Viscera 3. BV 4. CT |
|
|
what 3 things are made by endoderm
|
1. GI
2. Respiratory 3. UG |
|
|
what happens to ectoderm in week 3
|
notochord causes specialization into neuroectoderm
**invaginate to form neural tube --> CNS **neural crest ---> PNS |
|
|
nerulation occurs in week ___
the _____ induces ectoderm to become ______ |
3 and 4
notochord, neuroectoderm |
|
|
neurulation begins on day ____
rostrail pore closes on day___ Caudal pore closes on day ____ |
17
25 27 |
|
|
does the rostral pore or caudal porse close first
|
rostril (25) then caudal (27)
|
|
|
notochord derived from ____________
notochord induces _____ to form________-- neural ___ becomes neural ___ then neural ________ neural ____ forms brain and spinal cord neural ____ cells arise adjacent to neural tube and forms PNS |
epiblast (mesoderm)
ectoderm, neural plate plate, groove, tube tube crest |
|
|
before the rostral pore closes on day 25 waht happens, then what? these contact what to form what
|
optic grooves form
optic vesicle outpocketings form optic vesicle contacts ectoderm which makes lens plaquodes |
|
|
what causes lens plaquode formation
|
from the beginning...
just before the rostral pore closes there are optive grooves that form, they then outpocket into the optic vesicles. the optic vesicles grow into the ectoderm and inducs it to form lens plaquodes |
|
|
the lens plaquode is made of what layer
|
ectoderm (PNS, CNS, head CT, epidermis)
**plaquode becomes pit |
|
|
in week 5 what happens in eye development
|
lens plaquode and optic vesicle invaginate
plaquode becomes pit vesicle becomes cup with inner/outer layers inner: neural retinal outer: pigmented epithelium |
|
|
what is the inner and outer layer of the optic cup, what structures make it
|
inner: neural
outer: pigmented **made of optic vesicle. the two layers are seperated by intraretinal spave |
|
|
what layer of the optic cup is closest to the optic pit
|
inner layer
**neural retina |
|
|
the optic vesicle forms what
|
the retina
**PE, outer **neural retina, Inner **intraretinal space, WEAK |
|
|
the intraretinal spaces leads to what
|
weakness in the connection btwn neural retina (inner) and the pigmentepithelium (outer), ---> detached retina
|
|
|
the plaquode becomes the pit and becomes te
|
LENS
**as we go deep its the inner neural layer of the retina and then the space and then the PE of the retina (outer layer of visicle) |
|
|
what does the optic stalk do
|
connects forebrain and optic cup (vesicle)
**then becomes the optic N |
|
|
what connects the forebran and the optic cup
|
optic stalk (then becomes optic N)
|
|
|
what happens to the lens as development ofhte optic cup continues
|
lens no longer contacts the extoderm and lies in the optic cup (retina)
|
|
|
what is the hyaloid a, what does it supply
|
in the optic stalk
Supplies: retina, stalk, lens Stalk becomes N, hyaloid becomes central a of the retina |
|
|
what eventually does the hyaloid a become
|
central a of the retina
degenraates and no longer supplies the lens |
|
|
what supplies the early lens does this continue
|
hyaloid a
nope, lens is a vascular |
|
|
what eye structures were made from...
1. Ectoderm: Neuroectoderm 3. Neural Crest 4. Mesoderm |
1. lens, cornea epithelium
2. retina, optic N, iris epithelium, ciliary body, SM in iris 3. sclera, stroma of cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid 4. extraocular eye mm, eyelids, hyaloid a |
|
|
what is the master gene of eye development
what regulates differentiation of the optic stalk |
PAX6 (optic cup and lens)
PAX 2 |
|
|
what does PAX 2 do? PAX 6
|
PAX 2: optic stalk
PAX 6: master gene, (optic cup and lens) |
|
|
neural crest forms what 4 structures?
|
C C C I
Ciliary body Cornea (NOT epithelium that is always ectoderm) Choroid Iris (NOT the epithelium, that is always ectoderm) |
|
|
we know ectoderm always makes epithelium...
cornea iris |
cornea: surface ecto
iris: neuroecto |
|
|
surface ectoderm (2)
mesoderm (3) neural crest (4) Neuroectoderm |
surface ectoderm: lens, cornea epithelium
extraocular eye mm, BV, eyelids Neural Crest: cornea, ciliary body, choroid, Iris NeuroEctoderm: retina, iris, SM in Iris, optic N, epithelium of iris and ciliary body |
|
|
what is the embryo origin of the iris
|
epithelium: neuroectoderm
Neural Crest: SM and stroma |
|
|
the embryo origin of the ciliary body is similiar to that of what?
|
iris: note location
the whole kit and caboodle is neural crest and the epithelium is neural ectoderm |
|
|
what ist he embryo origin of choroid
|
neural crest
|
