Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, And Fungi

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parasite

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an organism that lives on or in a host cells and causes harm to it

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host cell

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an organism that provides a source of energy for a virus, parasite, or other organism

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bacteriophage

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a virus that infects bacteria

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virus

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tiny, NON-LIVING particle (and parasite) that enters and reproduces inside a living cell; measured in nanometers (nm)

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two parts of virus

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genetic material, protein coat

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virus' genetic material

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contains instructions to make new viruses from that of the host cell

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virus' protein coat

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helps virus attach to host cell

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active virus

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a virus that, after entering a cell, springs into action immediately

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hidden virus

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a virus that, after entering a cell, becomes part of the cell, waits, and then strikes

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bacteria

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prokaryotic, single celled organism

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cell wall

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a rigid barrier that protects the bacterium

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cell membrane

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controls what passes in and out of the cell

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cytoplasm

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a region inside the cell membrane which contains gel-like material

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ribosomes

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chemical "factories" where proteins are produced; located in the cytoplasm

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bacterium's genetic material

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contains the instructions for all of the cell's functions

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flagellum

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a long, whip-like structure the helps a bacterium to move

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bacteria: food source?

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both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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respiration

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the process of breaking down food to release its energy

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asexual reproduction

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involves only one parent cell

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binary fission

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a form of asexual reproduction; one cell divides into two identical cells

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sexual reproduction

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involves two parents combining their genetic material to create a new organism, which differs from both parents

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conjugation

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a process of sexual production one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material to the other through a thin, thread-like, bridge that joins the cells; does not increase the number of bacteria; in the end, they divide by binary fission

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endospore

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a small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell

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pasteurization

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when food is heated to a temperature that is high enough to kill the most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food

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decomposers

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organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals

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infectious diseases

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illnesses that pass from one organism to another

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toxin

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a poison that causes a disease

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antibiotic

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a chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person's cells

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antibiotic resistance

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when some bacteria are able to survive in the presence of an antibiotic

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vaccine

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a substance introduced into body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria

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protist

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eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi

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protozoans

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animal-like protists

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pseudopods

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temporary bulges of the cell which help certain protozoans move

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contractile vacuole

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a structure that collects the extra water and then expels it from the cell

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cilia

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hair-like projections from cells that move with a wave like motion

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symbiosis

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a close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits

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mutualism

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when both organisms in symbiosis benefit

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algae

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plantlike protist

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flagellates

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protozoans that use flagella to move

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ciliates

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protozoans that have cilia

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sarcodines

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protozoans that use pseudopods to move

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pigments

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chemicals that produce color

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diatoms

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unicellular algae with beautiful glass like cell walls

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dinoflagellates

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unicellular algae surrounded by stiff plates that look like a suit of armor; all have two flagella

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euglenoids

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green, unicellular algae found mostly in freshwater

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spore

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a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism

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slime molds

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brilliantly colored; live on forest floor and other moist and shady places

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water molds and downey mildews

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usually live in water or other moist places

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fungi

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eukaryotes, heterotrophs, and use spores to reproduce

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hyphae

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branching tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

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fruiting bodies

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a process in which fungi make spores to reproduce

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budding

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a form of asexual reproduction in which no spores are produces

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lichen

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consists of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship