Viruses & Bacteria

Front 1

are viruses living things?

Back 1

no

Front 2

which one is smaller: bacteria or viruses

Back 2

viruses

Front 3

what are viruses made of

Back 3

some type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

and a protien coat

Front 4

do viruses cary on protien synthesis

Back 4

yes

Front 5

what do viruses do to carry on functions

Back 5

they hujack other cells

Front 6

capsid

Back 6

protein shell that encloses the nucleic acid

Front 7

envelope

Back 7

extra layer that can protect the capsid

Front 8

5 steps of virus replication

Back 8

attatchment

penetration/entry

replication and synthesis

assembly

release

Front 9

describe the lytic cycle

Back 9

takes over the host cell IMMEDIATLY and repoduces quickly-takes only a few minutes

ex: cold, ebola

Front 10

describe the lysogenic cycle

Back 10

the virus hides in the host cell's DNA untill their immune system weakens-destroys multiple cells at once-causing much more severe cellualr damage

ex HIV

Front 11

retroviruses

Back 11

has only RNA as the nucleic acid

use an enzyme called reverse transcription

Front 12

reverse transcription

Back 12

process used in retroviruses thart produce a duoble stranded DNA from the viral RNA and integrates it into the host's chromosome

Viral RNA->DNA->mRna->protein

Front 13

what are some of the only methods to prevent viruses

Back 13

vaccines and antibody production

Front 14

antibodies

Back 14

made by the hosts immune system after the infection occurs

when it first comes in contact with the virus it remembers the virus so the next time it comes they will have a protection

Front 15

vaccines

Back 15

harmless, weakened forms of a pathogen

make antibodies

Front 16

interferon

Back 16

chemical in body that is activated when cells are attacked-warns other cells about the pathogen

Front 17

why dont antibiotics kill viruses

Back 17

antibiotics kill enzymes or processes specific to the pathogen-viruses have no metabolism so antibiotics do not work

Front 18

viroids

Back 18

circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth

Front 19

prions

Back 19

slow acting, virtually indestructuble infectious prpteiins that cause brain disease in mammals

they cause the protein to fold incorrectly

Front 20

provirus

Back 20

a viral DNA molecule made from an RNA

Front 21

are bacteria living

Back 21

yes

Front 22

are bacteria prok or euk

Back 22

prok

Front 23

what metabolic functions can a cateria perform

Back 23

replication

protein synthesis

use/obtain energy in various ways

move on their own

Front 24

what two kingdoms are bacteria divided into and which one has peptidoglycan in their cell wall

Back 24

Eubacteria-has peptidoglycan

Archaebacteria-no pep. live in extream environments

Front 25

flagella

Back 25

help propel the ceel

Front 26

slime

Back 26

oozes from the cell and hlps the bacteria glide along

Front 27

what are the 2 different types of cell walls found in bacteria

Back 27

cell walls w/ peptidoglycan on the outside layer

cell walls w/ an outer lipid carbohydrate layer over the peptidoglycan layer

Front 28

what does a Gram (+) mean

Back 28

there is peptidoglycan in the outer wall

Front 29

what does Gram (-) mean

Back 29

outer layer of lipid/carb covers the peptidoglycan layer

Front 30

which kind of bacteria does antibiotics kill

Back 30

Gram (+)

Front 31

spherical

Back 31

coccus or cocci

Front 32

rod-like (rectangle)

Back 32

bacillus or bacilli

Front 33

helical (swirls)

Back 33

spirillum or spirillia

Front 34

explain the koch's postulates

Back 34

used when a doctor has never seen this type of bacteria before. doctor injects an animal with the bacteria and see if the animal contracts the same disease

Front 35

explain how doctors can figure out which antiboiotics to use for a bacteria

Back 35

grown bacteria in a petri dish and drop different types of antibotics at different locations

Front 36

what is a plaque

Back 36

areas where bacteria have died

Front 37

photoautotrophs

Back 37

use light to make food

Front 38

chemoautotrophs

Back 38

need CO2 and get chemical energy from inorganis substances

Front 39

photoheterotrophs

Back 39

use light to make ebergy but need a carbon source to start with

Front 40

chemoheterotrophs

Back 40

must "eat" other orgs to get food in chemical form

Front 41

why do two cells split in half during binary fission/asexual reproduction

Back 41

the cell reaches its surface area to volume ratio

Front 42

transformation

Back 42

prok cell takes up genes from surrounding environments

Front 43

conjugation

Back 43

direct transfer of genes from one prok to another through a tube

Front 44

transduction

Back 44

viruses transfer genes between prok

Front 45

purpose of recombination

Back 45

gives variation

Front 46

recombination

Back 46

type of reproduction but no increase in numbers

Front 47

endospore

Back 47

bacterial protection phase

if conditions are not sutable for bacteria then it will grow a thick internal wall that protects the b acteria and it will remian dormant (kind of like hibernation) and the bacteria will grow when the contitions return to favorable

Front 48

bioremediation

Back 48

use orgs to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

Front 49

antibodies

Back 49

produced by white blood cells-internal line of defense

Front 50

antbiotics

Back 50

kill bacteria using chemicals that are produced outside of the body by other sources

Front 51

antiseptics

Back 51

kill bacteria on outside of body ex mouth

Front 52

disinfectants

Back 52

act as surface antiseptics for NON LIVING surfaces