Viruses And Prions

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prophage

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in the lysogenic state, integrated bacteriophage DNA

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ghost phage

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the empty capsid that remains after a bacteria phage injects its DNA into a bacterial cell

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how did Wendy Stanley show viruses where not cellular organisms

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by showing crystallized viruses where still infectious

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Integraze

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prepackaged enzyme that inserts viral HIV genes into the host cell chromosome

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Herpes simplex 1

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oral

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Hela cells

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taken from cervical cancer patient Henerietta Lacks in 1951, cells representa continuous (immortal) cell line used to culture viruses in vitro

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Retroviruses

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including HIV, are RNA viruses that contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase or RNA dependent DNA polymerase, to make DNA copies from RNA templates

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where does DNA replication of a DNA animal virus occur

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nucleus

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inclusion bodies

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intracellular areas of virus assembly whose location and appearance are constant in there for used to identify cells infected with certain viruses such as rabies and measles

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which virus is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus and causes the flu

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influenza

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TSM

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transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, prion disease such as mad cow

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secondary cell line

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consists of embryonic cells that will grow for a hundred more generations in vitro

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during replication of a DNA animal virus, where does translation occur?

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inside the cytoplasm of the host cell

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synthesis phase

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in the 1 step viral growth curve, nucleic acid replication, transcription, and translation all occur in this phase

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Hepatitis A

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infectious hepatitis, spread ass to mouth

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lysozyme

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the enzyme that causes lysis of the bacterial cell and release of new viruses( just after bacteriophage assembly is completed)

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Protease

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prepackaged enzyme contain by HIV that helps in the assembly of new viruses by cleaving the translated protein

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what happens in some bacteriophages do not kill the host cell immediately

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they instead enter a lysogenic cycle as a prophage they are replicated along with the host cell DNA and they remain in place for many generations because of a repressor protein

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give an example of latent viral infection in humans

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the permanent Herpes infection known as Varicella-zoster; varicella refers to the primary infection of the chicken pox and zoster refers to the subsequent outbreaks called shingles

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Kuru

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a degenerative, fatal neurological prion disease of the Fore tribe of Papua, New Guinea which was perpetuated by cannibalistic rituals

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Ebola virus

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still limited to certain parts of Africa: it causes profuse hemorrhaging at the capillary beds throughout the body

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prions

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cause fatal diseases that affect the CNS; brain function degenerates as neurons die in brain tissue; develop$ sponge-like holes; referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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when viral infections in human such as the permanent herpes infection known as Varicella-Zoster have a primary infection (chicken pox) and a subsequent outbreak (shingles) this is called

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latent viral infection

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how do enveloped viruses obtain their envelope

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by budding out of their host cell

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what is the protein coat of a virus called

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capsid

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latent animal virus infections are similar to lysogeny in bacteria, here a viral DNA integrated into the host cell DNA is called a ________instead of a prophage

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provirus

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varicella refers to the primary infection of

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chicken pox

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what virus causes the really severe colds

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adenoviruses

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BSE

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bovine spongiform encephalopathy is commonly known as mad cow disease

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what does viral replication begin with, due to chemical recognition of host cell receptors

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adsorption

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who crystallized viruses and then show they were still infectious proving that they were not cellular organism

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Wendell Stanley

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icosahedron

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a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangle faces

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also known as oral herpes

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herpes simplex 1

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burst size

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the number of new viruses released by lysis of the host cell

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human parvovirus

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slapped cheek syndrome

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hepatitis B

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also known as serum hepatitis, it is spread in the same way HIV is spread but it's even more contagious than HIV

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what are the units of measurement for viruses and what is the average range

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nanometers the range of 20-300 or .02-.3 micrometers

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spontaneous assembly

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during viral replication this occurs when the capsid proteins and nucleic acids joined together

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Martinus Biejerinct

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contagium vividium fluidium, later change to virus

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mumps virus

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a single-stranded RNA virus that causes parotoid salivary glands to swell making swallowing very painful

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.what is the enzyme RNA viruses code for an order to make RNA copies of their RNA genome

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RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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the I in HIV stands for the word

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immunodeficiency

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plaque

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an empty spot in the lot of bacteria on agar plate, it begins when a bacteriophage infected a cell eventually leading to death of all cells in the immediate area

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papilloma virus

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double-stranded DNA virus that causes warts

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the first virus ever discovered

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tobacco mosaic virus by Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892

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how is hepatitis A also known as infectious hepatitis spread

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fecal oral route

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Latin name for virus discovered by Martinus Beijerinck

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contagium vividium fluidium

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a single-stranded RNA virus that causes the parotid salivary glands to swell making swallowing very painful

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mumps virus

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herpes simplex 2

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genital herpes

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prophage genes remain integrated into the bacterial chromosome as long as

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repressor protein is present

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when does spontaneous induction of prophage genes integrated by repressor protein occur

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spontaneous induction occurs when UV radiation or chemicals damage the protein so it's no longer present
then the Prophage genes separate and enter lytic cycle

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temperate or mild bacteriophages

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such as the lambda phage do not killers their host cells immediately but instead enter a lysogenic cycle as a prophage, they are replicated along the host cell DNA and remain in place for many generations

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capsomeres

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protein subunits that compose a viral capsid

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RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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an enzyme RNA viruses code for in order to make RNS copies of they're RNA genome

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mad cow disease

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I fatsl neurological disease caused by a prion occurs and cows and humans

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the word virus in Latin means

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poison

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an example of a latent viral infection in humans is a permanent herpes infection known as

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varicella-zoster

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jaundice is a common sign of ____

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hepatitis which is dangerous to the liver, you turn yellow

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protein spikes

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contain by some viral capsids and envelopes these projections Aid in attachment to the host cell

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where do RNA animal viruses undergo the synthesis phase of replication

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cytoplasm of the host cell

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what are animal viruses with the membrane coveringfrom their host cell called and
what are those without one called

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enveloped and naked

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t even bacteriophages

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.termed virulent because they undergo a lytic cycle that destroys the cell in 20 to 40 minutes

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lysozyme is an enzyme coded by bacterial phage DNA, it causes

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lysis of the host cell wall when viral replication is complete

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eclipse phase of the lytic cycle

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starts with adsorption and continues through synthesis

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slapped cheek syndrome

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human parvovirus

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scrapie

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a fatal nerological disease caused by a prion the occurs in sheeps and goats

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must colds are caused by

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rhinovirus

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the subunit capsomeres that compose the virus capsid are made of

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protein

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reverse transcriptase

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also known as rna-dependent DNA polymerase

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3 examples of lysogenized bacteria that cause disease because of the viral gene

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Corynebacterium diptheria, Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium botulinum

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lysogenic conversion

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lysogenized bacteria that contains intergrated bacteriophage genes (prophage) and are immune to further viral attack

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a polyhedran with 20 equilateral triangle faces
a common shape for viral capsids

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icosahedron

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transduction

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refers to the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another by means of a faulty bacteriophage
this process results in increased genetic variability for bacteria

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retrovirus

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such as HIV, is an RNA virus that contains reverse transcriptase to make DNA copies from RNA templates

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burst time

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refers to the length of time for bacteriophage adsorption to release by lysis, averages 20 to 40 minutes

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uncoating

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during replication of animal viruses this occurs between penetration and synthesis.
it involves removal of the protein capsid to release the viral nucleic acid

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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fatal neurological disease of humans caused by a prion
it is estimated to effective one of every 1 million people between the ages of 40 to 65
death occurs 3 to 24 months after onset of symptoms

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variola virus

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causes small pox and has been eradicated from all human populations since 1979

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how do bacteriophages accomplished penetration

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by injecting there DNA like a hypodermic needle into the bacterial cell leaving an empty capsid called a Ghost phage outside

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what happens to animal viruses grown in the lab (3)

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cytopathic effects such as
1 abnormal cell morphology
2 plaques in tissue culture or
3 characteristically stained cellular areas called inclusion bodies

indicate the active presence of virus

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the animal host cell enables virus penetration by...

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receptor mediated endocytosis

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lysogenized bacteria

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contain viral DNA in the form of a prophage

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march of dimes

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started in the early 1950 s to raise money for polio vaccine research

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whee do DNA animal viruses undergo spontaneous assembly

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in the nucleus of the host cell

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chronic wasting disease

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a fatal neurological disease caused by a prion it occurs and deer and elk

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rabies virus

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causes fatal hydrophobia in mammals

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what kind of microscope is needed to see viruses

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electron

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prion

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self-replicating proteinaceous infectious agent without nucleic acid that cause fatal neurological diseases
brain function degenerates as neurons died and the brain develops sponge like holes

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an elongated capsid

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helical or tubular
tobacco mosaic virus has this morphology

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transduction refers to the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another by means of

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a faulty bacteriophage containing bacterial genes and not viral gene, this process results in increased genetic variability for bacteria

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poliovirus

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causes a paralytic disease by damaging myelin sheaths of motor neuron

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bacteriophage

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a virus that infects bacteria

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instead of the typical growth curve of all living organisms ,virus exhibit a

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one step growth curve

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where do DNA animal viruses undergo transcription

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the nucleus of the host cell

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the complex morphology of a bacteriophage capsid is called _________ because the head is a polyhedron and the tail assembly is helical

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complicated

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primary cell line

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yup culture animal viruses a primary cell line consists of mature sell the only divide for a few generations in vitro

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Negri bodies

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inclusion bodies observed in brain cells infected with rabies virus

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once bacteriophage assemblies complete, lysosome coded by if a page gene causes ______ of the bacterial cell

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lysis

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:-)

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:-)