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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHO IS ADOLF MAYER?
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In 1886 he demonstrated TMD could be TRANSMITTED from an affected plant to a healthy plant
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WHO IS DIMITRI IWANOWSKI ?
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He filtered sap of infected plants through a porcelain filter. the filtered fluid was still able to transmit the filterable agent.
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WHAT WAS THE FIRST HUMAN DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH A FILTERABLE AGENT?
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Yellow fever
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WHO IS WENDELL STANLEY?
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He isolated the TMV and electron microscopre was invented
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WHAT IS THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YELLOW FEVER?
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It is the first disease found to be caused by a virus
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WHO DISCOVERED YELLOW FEVER?
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Walter Reed
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HOW WAS YELLOW FEVER TRANSMITTED?
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Mosquitoes
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WHAT VIRUS CAUSED YELLOW FEVER?
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FLAVIVIRUS
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DESCRIBE THE FLAVIRUS
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SS+RNA, ENVELOPE AND EPIDEMIC IN THE TROPICS (MEXICO, SOUTH AMERICA ND AFRICA)
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ZOONOTIC ASSOCIATED WITH YELLOW FEVER?
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SLYVATIC AND URBAN CYCLES.
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WHAT IS A SYLVATIC CYCLE?
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When the mosquitoes carrying the disease transmit from monkey to monkey and from monkey to man
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WHAT IS A URBAN CYCLE?
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( AEDES AEGYPTI) When the mosquitoes carrying the disease transmit from human to human
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HOW IS YELLOW FEVER DIAGNOSED?
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Rise in antibody titer or osolation of the virus from blood. not specific to TMT.PVT.
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IS THERE A VACCINE FOR YELLOW FEVER?
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Attenuated yellow fever 17D strain or Dakar strain
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HOW CAN MOSQUITOES BE CONTROLLED?
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Drain standing water, insecticides, Insect repellant, Mosquito netting.
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WHAT IS THE SMALLEST FILTER A VIRUS CAN PASS THROUGH?
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0.2 FILTER, They are filterable agents of disease.
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ARE VIRUSES EXTRACELLULAR OR INTRACELLULAR PARASITES?
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INTRACELLULAR
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DO VIRUSES CONTAIN DNA OR RNA ?
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Either DNA or RNA never both
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WHAT IS THE COAT OF A VIRUS MADE OF?
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PROTEIN
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DO ALL VIRUSES HAVE ENVELOPES?
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NO, only some
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WHAT DO VIRUSES SYNTHESIS?
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Specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells
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DO VIRUSES HAVE A PLASMA MEMBRANE?
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NO
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CAN VIRUSES REPLICATE THROUGH BINARY FISSION?
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NO
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CAN VIRUSES GENERATE ATP?
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NO
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DO VIRUSES HAVE RIBOSOMES?
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NO
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ARE VIRUSES SENSITIVE TO ANTIBIOTICS?
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NO
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ARE VIRUSES SENSITIVE TO INTERFERONS?
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YES
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DO VIRUSES HAVE BROAD HOST RANGES?
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ONLY FEW , MOSE ARE SPECIES SPECIFIC
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ARE VIRUSES SPECIES SPECIFIC?
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MOST ARE
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WHAT DO BACTERIOPHAGES INFECT?
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Bacteria
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WHAT IS PHAGE THERAPY?
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This cures diseases in the place of antibiotics
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WHERE CAN PHAGE CANTERS BE LOCATED?
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The Republic of Georgia
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WHAT TWO COMPANIES MERGED IN THE US TO BECOME PHAGE INTERNATIONAL INC. ?
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Phage Therapy Center ltd. and Phage International
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THE PHAGE THERAPY CANTER PROVIDE TREATMENT TO THOSE WHO?
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To those who have bacterial infections that do not respond to conventional antibiotic therapies
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WHAT ARE SOME VIRAL ATTACHMENT SITES?
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PART OF THE CELL WALL, FIMBRAIE OR FLAGELLA
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WHAT ARE THE VIRAL RECEPTOR SITES FOR ANIMAL VIRUSES?
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CELL MEMBRANE
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WHAT IS A VIRION ?
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A COMPLETE FULLY DEVELOPED INFECTIOUS VIRAL PARTICLE COMPOSED OF NUCLEIC ACID AND A PROTEIN COAT
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WHAT ARE SOME SSDNA? (FEW)
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PAROVIRDAE
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WHAT ARE SOME DSDNA? (MANY)
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HERPESVIRIDAE; SIMPLEXVIRUS (hhv1 AND 2)
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF +SSRNA?
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PICORNAVIRIDAE, ENTEROVIRUS- POLIO AND RHINOVIRUS -COLD
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF DSRNA?
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REOVIRIDAE- ROTAVIRUS GASTROENTERTIS
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF -SSRNA?
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FILOVIRUS- EBOLA
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WHAT IS A CAPSID ?
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protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core
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WHAT IS A CAPSOMERE?
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Protein subunits that are part of the Capsid
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WHAT IS A ENVELOPE?
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present around the outside of the capsid
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WHAT DO NON ENVELOPED VIRUSES CONSIST OF?
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only of the nucleic acid and the capsid
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WHAT ARE SPIKES?
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Carbohydrate and protain cocmplexes that project from the envelope surface
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WHAT DO SPIKES ATTACH TO ?
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helps to attach to the virus to host cells
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WHY MAY SPIKES BE A VIRULENCE FACTOR?
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influenzavirus uses spikes to clump rbcs together and hemagglutination
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WHAT ARE THE RESULTS OF AN INFECTION OF A VIRUS?
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The production of antibodies to the viral surface proteins and inactivation of the virus
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CAN VIRUSES CHANGE THEIR SURFACE PROTEINS?
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some can change them so that the antibodies from ones body is no longer effective. reasons as to why influenza can occur more than once in some people.
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WHAT IS A ICOSAHEDRON?
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20 equilateral triangles
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WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF ICOSAHEDRONS?
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poliovirus ( + ssRNA) and adenovirus (dsDNA, spikes)
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF HELICAL VIRUSES?
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Filoviridae (EBOLA) -ssRNA
and Rhabdoviridae (Rabies) -ssRNA |
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF ENVELOPED HELICAL VIRUSES?
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ORTHOMYXOVIRDAE- INFLUENZAVIRUS- -SSRNA, MULTIPLE SEGMENTS (8)
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WHAT FAMILY DOES INFLUENZA BELONG TO?
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ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
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WHAT IS THE ENVELOPE OF THE INFLUENZA VIRSUS MADE OF?
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LIPID BILAYER
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THE GENOME OF THE INFLUENZA VIRUS CONSIST OF HOW MANY RNA SEGMENTS?
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8
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WHAT ARE THE SPIKE OF THE INFLUENZA VIRUS MADE OF ?
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NEURAMINIDASE WHICH HELPS TO RELEASE THE VIRUS. HEMAGGLUTINING SPIKES
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WHAT ARE THE PURPOSE OF THE H INFLUENZA SPIKES?
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Allows the virus to attach to specific host cell receptors 500/virus . Host antibodies are directed against these spikes.
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE N INFLUENZA SPIKES?
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100/virus it helps to separate from infected cells after replication via enzyme neuraminidase.
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WHAT ARE SOME SIGNS/SYPTOMS OF INFLUENZA?
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chills, fever, headache, general muscular aches.
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WHAT ARE THE PURPOSE OF THE H INFLUENZA SPIKES?
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Allows the virus to attach to specific host cell receptors 500/virus . Host antibodies are directed against these spikes.
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HOW DOES INFLUENZA AFFECT THE ELDERLY?
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cause of disability and death due to secondary lung infections
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE N INFLUENZA SPIKES?
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100/virus it helps to separate from infected cells after replication via enzyme neuraminidase.
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HOW MANY AMERICANS DIE EACH YEAR BECAUSE OF THE FLU?
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50,000 to 70,000
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WHAT ARE SOME SIGNS/SYPTOMS OF INFLUENZA?
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chills, fever, headache, general muscular aches.
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HOW IS INFLUENZA TRANSMITTED?
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aerosol transmission
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HOW DOES INFLUENZA AFFECT THE ELDERLY?
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cause of disability and death due to secondary lung infections
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WHAT ARE VIRAL STRAINS INFECTED BY?
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H AND N ANTIGENS
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HOW MANY AMERICANS DIE EACH YEAR BECAUSE OF THE FLU?
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50,000 to 70,000
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WHAT ARE HUMAN INFECTING STRAINS?
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H1, H2, AND H3
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HOW IS INFLUENZA TRANSMITTED?
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aerosol transmission
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WHICH STRAINS AFFECT BIRDS AND SWINE?
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H4 AND H6
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WHAT ARE VIRAL STRAINS INFECTED BY?
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H AND N ANTIGENS
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WHAT ARE HUMAN INFECTING STRAINS?
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H1, H2, AND H3
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WHICH STRAIN DENOTES AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES THAT ARE NOT INFECTIVE HUMAN TO HUMAN?
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H5
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WHICH STRAINS AFFECT BIRDS AND SWINE?
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H4 AND H6
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WHICH STRAIN DENOTES AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES THAT ARE NOT INFECTIVE HUMAN TO HUMAN?
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H5
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HOW DOES SWINE OCCUR?
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MIXING VESSELS
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WHAT TYPE OF GENOME IS INFLUENZA?
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SEGMENTED; 8 PIECES OF RNA
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF SPIKES THAT INFLUENZA INCLUDE?
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HEMAGGLUTININ- ATTACHMENT
NEURAMINIDASE- RELEASE |
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WHAT IS A ANTIGENIC SHIFT?
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CAUSE BY MAJOR GENETIC RECOMBINATION
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WHAT HAPPENS IF SWINE IS AFFECTED WITH BOTH AVIAN AND HUMAN INFLUENZA ?
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a recombination of the rna segments and a mixing of avian rna with human rna
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a RECOMBINATION OF THE rNA SEGMENTS AND MIXING OF THE AVIAN RNA WITH HUMAN RNA RESULTS IN?
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a major change in the h or n portions
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WHAT HAPPENS IN AN ANTIGENIC SHIFT WHEN A VIRUS ACQUIRES A NEW HEMAGGLUTININ AND NEURAMINIDASE SPIKE?
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pandemics occur
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WHAT IS A ANTIGENIC DRIFT?
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MINOR ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN THE ANTIGENIC MAKEUP OF THE INFLUENZA VIRUS
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WHAT IS ONE ALTERATION CAUSED BY AN ANTIGENIC DRIFT?
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alteration in an amino acid of the H or N spike (missense mutations)
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what type of pressuse do the antigenic drifts respon to ?
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selective pressures
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WHAT IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC OF A RNA VIRUS THAT HAS TO DO WITH A ANTIGENIC DRIFT?
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HIGH MUTATION RATES
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HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO DEVELOPE A VACCINE?
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MONTHS
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HOW AFFECTIVE ARE VACCINES?
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70-90% FOR A MAXIMUM OF THREE YEARS
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WHAT IS INCORPORATED IN A VACCINE?
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STRAIN OF H1N1 SUBTYPE AN A STRAIN OF H3N2 SUBTYPE AND A B STRAIN
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WHAT ARE THE 3 CATERGOYS OD INFLUENZA BASED ON?
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ANTIGENS OF THEIR PROTEIN COATS (CAPSIDS)
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WHAT IS INFLUENZA A?
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BIG OUT BREAKS regular outbreaks. infects domestic animals and some wild birds
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WHAT IS INFLUENZA B?
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causes sporadic outbreaks of illness in limited areas eg. nursing homes
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WHAT IS INFLUENZA C?
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is commmon, but seldom causes disease ( common cold)
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HOW CAN WE PREVENT INFLUENZA?
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ANNUAL VACCINATION
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WHAT IS THE INJECTABLE VACCINE FOR THE INFLUENZA VIRUS?
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IT IS GROWN IN EMBROYONATED EGGS
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WHAT IS AVALIABLE FOR INDIVIDUALS 5-50 YEARS OLD TO PREVENT THE FLU?
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ATTENUATED NASAL VACCINE WHICH STIMULATES IGA PRODUCTION
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WHY IS THE VACCINE DIFFERENT EACH YEAR?
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TO ACCOMMODATE THE ANTIGENIC DRIFT/SHIFT
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WHAT IS THE INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OD 1918?
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THE SPANISH FLU
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WHO HAD THE HIGHEST MORTALITY RATE WITH THE SPANISH FLU?
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YOUNG ADULTS 18-25
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WHAT DID THE SPANISH FLU DO TO THE LUNGS?
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PRODUCED HEMORHAGIS VIRAL PNEUMONIA
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WHAT ARE SOME TREATMENTS FOR THE FLU?
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NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS ARE THE TMT OF CHOICE RELENZA AND TAMIFLU
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WHAT IS NEURAMINIDASE?
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DERESES THE LENTH OF THE DISEASE BY 3 DAYS
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WHAT IS RELENZA?
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A ZANAMIVIR SPRAY
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WHAT IS TAMIFLU?
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OSELAMIVIRPHOSPHATE TABLETS
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WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF HERPESVIRIDAE DSDNA WITH ENVELOPE?
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COLD SORES, GENITAL HERPES, MONONUCLEOSIS, CHICKEN POX. SHINGLES
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WHAT IS A T EVEN BACTERIA
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ENVELOPED AND VERY LARGE BRICKSHAPED VIRUS THAT CAUSES SMALL POX AND COW POX
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WHAT IS LAWN?
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THE AREA OF CONFLUENT BACTERIAL GROWTH
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WHAT IS PLAQUE?
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CLEAR AREA WHERE BACTERIAL CELLS HAVE BEEN LYSED DUE TO VIRAL INFECTION OF THE HOST
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