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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Many biologists do not consider viruses to be a
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living organism
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It is only when the virus invades a _____ ______ that it shows signs of _____.
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Living cell; life
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Once viruses invade living cells they can cause _________-
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diseases
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the word "virus" is the latin word for
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poison
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List 9 diseases that are caused by viruses
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influenza, AIDS, colds, West Nile, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, rabies, measles
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The viruses which cause diseases are called ______ viruses
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pathogenic
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A virus does not have a ___, but it described as being a _____.
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cell; particle
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A virus has no ______, no _____, and is not surrounded by a _____---
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nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane
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Most viruses require and ____ _____ to be seen.
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electron microscope
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Viruses are measured in
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millimicrons
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A virus is one ______ of a ______
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millionth, millimeter
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The simplest viruses are a core of _____ _________ wrapped in a ____ ____
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nucleic acid; protein coat
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Sometimes nucleic acid is _ _ _ and sometimes it is _ _ _
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RNA, DNA
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The living cell which is invaded by a virus is called the ____ ___
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host cell
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A virus cannot _____ on its own
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reproduce
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In the living cell, the virus injects its ____ or ________ into the host cells _____. This causes the host cell to become a ___ ____.
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nucelus; viral factory
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Viruses generally invade only ____ kinds of cells
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specific
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The polio virus would attack only ___ ___ in the ____ ____ and ______
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nerve cells; spinal cord; brain
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The mumps virus infects only __ __ of ___ ___.
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one pair; salivary glands
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Viruses may be the primary cause of
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cancer
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Since viruses do not have a ____ ____ the best that can be done is to create drugs such as __ __ __ that will slow the ____ of the virus
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cell membrane; AZT; reproduction
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Viral diseases can be ____ with ____
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prevented; vaccines
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List 7 viral diseases for which there are vaccines
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rabies, mumps, polio, measles, chicken pox, small pox, flu
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The virus which causes the commom cold _____ so quickly and so often that there is no eddective ___ for the common cold
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mutates; vaccine
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When a virus enters the human body and gets into the ___ ___, the ____ ___ goes into action.
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blood stream; immune system
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Armed w/a _____ of the invader, these WBC go to the ____ ____ and tell it to make ___ ___ ___ which will ____ the invader. In about _ days, the ____ releases the new ___ ___ ___ which ears the birus through the process called _______
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description; thymus gland; WBC; kill; 2; thymus; WBC; phagocytosis
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IF you have already had the disease caused by a virus, or if you have been ____ against that disease, you already have the ___ ___ ___ which ____ the virus
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vaccinated; WBC; kill
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You cannot have most viral illnesses ____
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twice
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There are an estimated _________ mutant forms of the virus that creates the ____ ____. IF you had had a cold fromm all of these, you would be ____ to it.
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common cold; immune
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____ maybe had been the first form of life to exist on earth
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bacteria
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Early bacteria may have taken their energy from ____, ___-, and ___ rather than the ____
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iron, sulfur, N2, sun
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Bacteria are ____- a word which means they are everywhere
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ubiquiton
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Bacteria are measured by the ________
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millimicron
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Bacterua rabge in size from __ to____ millimicrons in length
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500; 10,000
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___________ are sphere shaped bacterial cells
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coceus
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____ are sperical bacterial cells joined in pairs
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dipplocus
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_________ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies in clusters like a cluster of _____
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staphylocorrus
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______ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies of filaments or a ____ of cells
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Streptococcus; string
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______ are rod shaped bacteria
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bacillus
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____ are rod shaped bacteria in colonies of pairs
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diplobaccilus
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_____ are rod shaped bacteria joined end to end to forma a colony which resembles a string or a _____
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streptobacillus; fillament
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______ are cells shaped like bent rods or corkscrews
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spirillum
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bacteria have a ___ ___ which gives it shape
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cell wall
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Within the bacterial cell wall there is a thin ____ ____ which surrounds the ____
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plasma membrane; cytoplasm
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Bacteria have no ____ ___ but a nuclear area near the______ of the cell
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nuclear membrance
center |
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surrounding the bacterial cell wall is a ____ ____ which _____ the bacteria and helps the cell ____ on to things
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slime layer; protects; stick
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The slime layer is sometimes called a ______
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capsule
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Some bacteria can ____. Movement is referred to scientifically as _____.; Most of bacteria that are this move by way of _____. Those are ___ ___ structures that whips about allowing the bacterium to move in the ____.
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move; motility; flagella; whip-like; fluids
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Many bacteria have the ability to go ____ when temp, moisture, light conditions, and food supply do not allow them to ____ live. These bacteria transform themselves into ____ which are capable of remaining dormant for ___ of years. When conditions become right for living, they spring back to ___living.
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dormany; actively; endospores; thousands; active
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endospores have been found in deep layers of ____ in the antartic, trapped there for ____ of years. when placed in a better invironment, they became ___ cells.
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ice, thousands, viable
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Most bacteria grow best in the
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dark
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Many bacteria are killed by the ____ radiation of the ___
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ultraviolent, sun
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Some bacteria are ____ and use oxygen for respiration
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aerobic
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Most bacteria are ____ and are killed by oxygen
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anaerobic
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Still other bacteria can either ___ or ___ oxygen, but do best either ___ or ___ oxygen
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take, leave, with, without
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Those bacteria which must have oxygen are called ____ ___
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obligate aerobes
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Those bacteria which are killed by oxygen are called _____
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obligate anaerobes
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Those bacteria whih grow best w/o ocygen, but are not killed by it are called ____ ____
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faculative anaerobes
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Those bacteria that grow best w/oxygen, but are not killed by a lack of it are called ______ _____
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faculative aerobes
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The anaerobic respiration of bacteria can produce several different ___ _______ such as ___, ___ ___, and___
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by-products; ethanol, lactic acid, methanol
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Some bacteria are ____ and make their own food
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autotrophic
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Some bacteria have ____ for photosynthesis
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chlorophyll
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Some backteria use iron, nitrogen, or sulfur and make their food through ______
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chemosynthesis
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Most bacteria are _____ and feed on other organisms
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heterotrophic
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Some _____ bacteria are saprophytes
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heterotrophic
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____ feed on dead organic matter
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saprophytes
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When saprophytes feed on dead matter, they cause this dead organic matter to _____. These bacteria also feed on dead organic matter which is intended to be ___ ___
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decompose; human food
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Some heterotrophic bacteria are ____.
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parasites
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parasites invade the bodies of ___ and ___ and get food directly from the ____ ____ of these organisms. The organism invaded by these bacteria is called the ____.
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plants and animals; living tissue; host
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Most bacteria reproduce by ____ ____. In ____ ___ everything in the cell is ____ and then the cell ____ into ___ cells.
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binary fission; duplicated, splits, 2
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Bacteria fix ____ so that plants can use it. Although 70% of the earth's atmosphere is ____, it is not in a ____ form. Bacteria transform ____ into a _____ form.
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n2, n2, useable, n2, useable
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Bacteria are the main _______. If there were no bacteria, dead bodies would lie around for thousands of years _____.
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decomposers, unchanged
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In the late 1800's, _____ _____ formulated ____ theory, which changed the course of ____ ____. ___ theory is that bacteria can cause disease.
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Louis Pasteur, germ, modern medicine, germ
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List 9 diseases caused by bacteria
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plague, pnuemonia, whooping cough, strep throat, botulism, syphillis, salmonella, TB, leprosy
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____ drugs come directly from bacteria and molds
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antibiotic
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____ drugs are synthetic versions of the chemicals that kill bacteria
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abiotics
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The primary defense against bacterial invasion is the ____ ____
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immune system
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_____ is a process of heating certain liquid food , like ___, to kill most of the bacteria
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pasteurization, milk
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_____ prevents bacterial invasion, as does ____, ____, and _____.
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Canning, refrigeration, freezing, dehydration
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