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76 Cards in this Set
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Viruses |
Non-living antagonists Icosahedral Helical |
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Icosahedral |
20 sides; triangular |
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Helical |
Spiral |
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Components of viruses |
All have: Genome Capsid Only some: Envelope Spikes |
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Genome |
Central core Holds genetic info (DNA or RNA) Same as bacteria nucleoid |
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Capsid |
Surrounds the genome Gives shape & structure Same as bacteria cell membrane |
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Envelope |
Outside the Capsid Protects virus from antibodies Same as bacteria capsule |
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Spikes |
Allow virus to stick to and penetrate the host cell Must have envelope to have spikes No bacterial equivalent |
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Virus vs Retrovirus |
Virus = DNA Retrovirus = RNA |
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Pathogenicity of Viruses |
Highly contagious Not easy to treat Serious S/S Teratogenic Carcinogenic |
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Teratogenic |
Capable of causing birth defects in pregnant women |
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Carcinogenic |
Capable of causing cancer |
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Lysis |
Replication of virus |
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Stages of Lysis |
Attachment Penetration Transcription Synthesis Assembly Release |
6 stages |
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Attachment (lysis) |
Attaching to the cell |
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Penetration (lysis) |
Entering host cell |
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Transcription (lysis) |
Taking information from DNA of virus and transcribing it to RNA of host cell |
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Synthesis (lysis) |
Host cell produces proteins to make the replicated virus |
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Assembly (lysis) |
Viral cells put together to form replicated virus |
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Release (lysis) |
Host cell breaks apart & releases new viruses |
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Inactivation |
Changes virus so it can't replicate -Formaldehyde -Phenol -Heat -UV light -Alcohols -Heavy Metals |
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Vaccines |
Inactivated - can't replicate Attenuated - weakened but can still replicate |
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Antiviral medication |
Lessens symptoms Chain Terminators Interferon |
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Chain Terminators |
Alter DNA or RNA virus Usually end in -vir |
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Interferon |
Produced by cell infiltrated by virus Very successful Small quantities Species specific |
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Measles |
Virus: Paromyxovirus Causes: Measles CN: Rubeola Entry: respiratory Exit: respiratory secretions Lifetime immunity Vacc: MMR DS: Koplik's spots in throat |
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Rubella |
Virus: Paromyxovirus Causes: German Measles CN: rubella Entry: inhalation Exit: respiratory secretions Highly teratogenic |
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Variola |
Virus: pox Causes: small pox CN: variola No entry/exit Totally eradicated |
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Vaccinia |
Virus: pox Causes: cow pox CN: vaccinia Entry: break in skin Non-communicable Zoonosis: cows |
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Molluscum contagiosum |
Virus: pox Causes: molluscum contagiosum CN: molluscum contagiosum Entry: break in skin Exit: discharge from lesions |
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Varicella |
Virus: herpes Causes: chickenpox; shingles (after dormant) CN: herpes zoster Entry: respiratory Exit: respiratory and drainage from lesions Chickenpox Vaccine: 60% effective Shingles vaccine highly effective |
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Herpes simplex 1 |
Cold sores and fever blisters Keratitis (eye) Majority of adults are exposed Entry: respiratory or contact |
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Herpes Simplex 2 |
Genital herpes Infant can contract through birth canal (very serious in newborns |
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Similarities of herpes simplex 1 & 2 |
Getting one lessens your chances of getting the other Can be cross spread Triggered by: stress, sunlight, cold, menstruation & fatigue |
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Influenza |
Virus: myxovirus Causes: flu CN: influenza Entry: inhalation Exit: respiratory secretions Always respiratory May cause death in young/elderly Can cause pneumonia |
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Types of Flu |
A: most common cause of epidemics B: milder, less virulent C: least common, mildest Most are retroviruses (have RNA) |
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Common cold |
Virus: rhinovirus Causes: common cold (coronavirus) CN: acute coryza Entry: inhalation Exit: respiratory secretions & contact |
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Rabies |
Virus: rhabdovirus Causes: rabies CN: rabies Entry: bite/saliva from rabid animal Exit: saliva Zoonosis: usually raccoon or bat Almost 100% fatal |
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Stages of Rabies |
Prodromal: just don't feel well Excitation: symptoms start Terminal: systems start shutting down DS: negribodies (dark spots on brain) If you reach the Prodromal stage, you will die |
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Polio |
Virus: picornavirus (smallest) Causes: polio CN: poliomyelitis Entry: ingestion Exit: GI discharge Vaccine Wide range of effects Only found in few areas of the world |
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Silent polio |
No signs or symptoms |
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Post-polio |
20-30 yrs after contracting |
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Encephalitis |
Virus: togavirus (arbovirus) Causes: Encephalitis CN: Encephalitis Vector: mosquitos & ticks No exit Non-communicable Inflammation of the brain; leaves permanent damage |
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Mumps |
Virus: Paromyxovirus Causes: mumps CN: parotitis Entry: inhalation Exit: respiratory secretions Inflammation of parotid glands Unilateral: permanent immunity Vaccine: MMR Can stay dormant in body |
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Cytolomegalovirus |
Virus: Herpes Causes: cytolomegalic inclusion disease CN: cytolomegalic inclusion disease Entry: various Exit: various Can affect any part of the body |
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Epstein-barr virus |
Virus: herpes virus Causes: mononucleosis CN: mononucleosis Entry: close salivary contact Exit: saliva Aka kissing disease Long recovery period Carcinogenic - lymphoma |
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Human Papilloma Virus |
Virus: papovavirus Causes: Genital warts CN: Condyloma STI Highly communicable Carcinogenic - cervical/testicular cancer Vaccine |
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Verruca |
Virus: papovavirus Causes: warts CN: verruca Entry: unknown Unknown communicability |
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Yellow Fever |
Virus: togavirus Causes: yellow fever CN: yellow fever Entry: break in skin Vector: mosquitos (biological) Exit: secretions High fever & jaundice |
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Denge fever |
Virus: togavirus Causes: Denge fever CN: Denge fever Entry: break in skin Vector: mosquito Exit: secretions Usually only in tropical environments |
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Ebola |
Virus: filovirus Causes: hemorrhagic fever CN: hemorrhagic fever Entry: break in skin Exit: secretions Extremely deadly |
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Lassa Fever |
Virus: filovirus Causes: Lassa Fever CN: Lassa Fever Entry: skin/respiratory Exit: secretions Not seen often |
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Hanta virus |
Virus: filovirus Causes: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome CN: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Entry: inhalation Exit: respiratory secretions Can be fatal w/ underlying pulmonary diseases Usually carried by rodents |
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Echovirus, Enterovirus, Coxsecki virus |
Virus: Enterovirus Causes: Gastroenteritis CN: Gastroenteritis Entry: ingestion Exit: GI secretions Very common |
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Norwalk |
Virus: Enterovirus Causes: Gastroenteritis CN: Gastroenteritis Entry: ingestion Exit: GI secretions Spreads quickly and easily Usually seen on ships & in schools |
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Hepatitis |
Inflammation of the liver Causes anorexia, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, photophobia and light colored feces |
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HAV |
RNA, no envelope Spread by Fecal-oral route Incubation: 2-6 weeks --virus replicating, no s/s Symptoms last 10-22 days 1 dose vaccine (short term immunity) |
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HBV |
DNA, envelope Spread by blood, saliva, breast milk, semen Incubation: 4-20 weeks Usually asymptomatic Can have active carriers 3 shot vaccine (permanent immunity) |
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HCV |
RNA, envelope Blood borne Rapid mutation No vaccine but meds can cure some people Can become chronic Can result in cirrhosis or cancer |
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HDV |
RNA Blood borne No vaccine Must have had Hep B first to get it |
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HEV |
RNA, no envelope Spread by Fecal-oral From poor sanitation Milder form of Hep except in young/elderly |
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Non-viral Hepatitis |
Chemicals/Drugs --Phenol, alcohol, acetaminophen, tetracycline |
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Autoimmune Hepatitis |
Own body attacks liver Always chronic |
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HIV |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virus: Lentivirus (retrovirus) RNA only, mutates quickly Has all 4 virus components Receptor sites on Helper T-cells, macrophages & dendrites |
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AIDS |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --prognosis: death |
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Time frame from HIV to AIDS |
7-10 yrs in adults 1-2 yrs in babies |
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Spread of HIV |
STD, Blood, Breast milk, Semen Cannot spread by: sweat, tears, vectors, casual contact |
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HIV inside the body |
Remains hidden in host cell as a provirus --not detected by immune system Latent virions remain in vacuoles of the cell & replicate Cells fuse and virus spreads to adjacent cells |
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Categories of HIV |
A: no symptoms or lymphadenopathy B: persistent infection of yeast infection mouth/throat --thrush C: yeast moves down esophagus & Causes other infections --disease is now AIDS |
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Groups of HIV |
1: Acute illness --night sweats, relapsing fever, Respiratory problems 2: No symptoms but can still spread it 3: Generalized lymphadenopathy 4: Superimposed infections throughout body --is now AIDS |
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# of helper t-cells |
Normal: 800-1,000/cc blood AIDS: Below 200 |
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Testing for HIV |
Detect antibodies --seroconversion: 1-2 months into disease --Maternal antibodies are false in fetus --used for transplants/transfusions Detect virus --within 48-72 hrs into disease --very expensive |
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Treatments for HIV |
Chemotherapy --reverse transcriptase Protease inhibitors --inhibits virus from producing proteins Cocktails --5 or more drugs being taken |
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Forms of infection |
Immunodeficiency: no antibodies, low phagocytes Autoimmunity Neurologic dysfunction |
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PCP |
Pneumocystitis carnii pneumonia Most common infectious cause of death in AIDS |
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Kaposi sarcoma |
Cancer of the capillaries Most common cancer cause of death in AIDS |
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