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47 Cards in this Set

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Viruses are defined as what type of parasites?
obligate intracellular (CANNOT reproduce without exploiting a host)
There are some scientists tha consider viruses living organisms. T or F?
True
A virus particle is known as what?
A virion (an infectious agent)
When a virus attacks a cell to reproduce, we call this a what?
Infection
Viruses have a genome. What is this?
Either a single or double strand of DNA OR RNA
The genome is surrounded by a protien coat. What is the coat called?
Capsid
The capsid is made up of protein subunits. What are these called?
Protomers
The genome PLUS the capsid is called what?
Nucleocapsid
The nucleocapsid may OR may not be surrounded by what?
An envelope
Bacteriophages undergo different types of cylces. Name these cycles
Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
The envelope is usually made up of what?
Lipid bilayer and virus-specific proteins
Phage takes over their host cell by taking over synthesis. What do they inject into the host cell?
Their DNA
How is the envelope actually aquired?
When the virion passes through (or out) of the host cell
What does the word "lyse" mean?
Burst (explode): This is what happens to the host cell in the lytic cycle
Without an envelope, the virus is ______.
naked
The envelope will sometimes have ______ composed of glycoproteins
spikes
What sizes are viruses?
Between 10 to 40 nm
very small !!!!
Name 4 shapes of viruses
1. helical
2. polyhedral
3. complex
4. icosahedral
How long does the lytic cycle take (in minutes) from beginning to end?
30 minutes
What is the most common virus shape?
icosahedral (with 20 sides)
Why is the icosahedral shape the most "efficient"?
Because it uses the least number of capsomeres in order to build a capsid
What are 5 types of organisms that viruses will infect?
1. Animal
2. Plant
3. Insect
4. Bacterial
5. Fungi
How do we describe the capsid (the head)
1. By its diameter
2. By its number of capsomeres
3. Whether or not it has spikes or an envelope
4. By its symetry
How do we describe a viruses nucleic acid chemistry?
1. DNA or DNA and strand #
2. Weight
3. How info is translated to proteins
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that specifically infects bacteria
Can bacteriophages be useful?
Yes: bacterial diseases
What are viroids?
Nonencapsulated subviral particles made of single stranded circular RNA
Viroids generally only infect ______.
plants
Viroids have both a protein coat and capsid. T or F?
False
How many known viroid disease are there?
20
What is a virusoid?
Similar to viroids, but require a "helper" in order to infect cells
Give an example of a virusoid.
Hepatitis D. It's "helper" is Hepatitis B
What is a prion?
An infectious protein particle
How does prion get its name?
Proteinaceous Infectious
What size are they?
1/100 the size of the smallest virus
Prions are known for causing neurological deterioration. T or F?
True
What are plaques?
"Clear" areas in bacterial growth where viruses killed off the bacteria
What are plaque forming units?
How we calculate the number of viral units
What is phage typing?
The use of bacteriophages to identify certain bacteria
What is coliphage?
Viruses that specifically target E. coli
How do we grow viruses in the laboratory?
Through embryonated eggs or tissue cultures
List several examples of diseases caused by viruses
Small Pox, Rabies, Polio, Measles, Mumps, HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Hepatitis A B and C
What is a Rotavirus?
The most common cause of diarrhea in children. 600,000 cases each year obtained through fecal/oral route. They look like wheels (rota). Causes gastroenteritis
What are herspesviruses?
DNA viruses known for causing herpes 1 and 2 and Rosea (skin rash) in humans
What is influenza
An RNA virus that causes the flu. Usually transmitted through the air.
What is Bovine Spongioform Encephalopahty
Mad Cow Disease. Cows can become infected by being fed infected dead cattle which in turn can infect humans
What are rabies?
Viral disease causing inflamation of the brain. Noramly found in animals, but can be transmitted to humans from bites. Once symptoms begins, usually untreatable and fatal