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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Viruses are defined as what type of parasites?
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obligate intracellular (CANNOT reproduce without exploiting a host)
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There are some scientists tha consider viruses living organisms. T or F?
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True
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A virus particle is known as what?
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A virion (an infectious agent)
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When a virus attacks a cell to reproduce, we call this a what?
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Infection
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Viruses have a genome. What is this?
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Either a single or double strand of DNA OR RNA
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The genome is surrounded by a protien coat. What is the coat called?
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Capsid
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The capsid is made up of protein subunits. What are these called?
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Protomers
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The genome PLUS the capsid is called what?
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Nucleocapsid
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The nucleocapsid may OR may not be surrounded by what?
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An envelope
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Bacteriophages undergo different types of cylces. Name these cycles
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Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
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The envelope is usually made up of what?
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Lipid bilayer and virus-specific proteins
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Phage takes over their host cell by taking over synthesis. What do they inject into the host cell?
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Their DNA
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How is the envelope actually aquired?
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When the virion passes through (or out) of the host cell
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What does the word "lyse" mean?
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Burst (explode): This is what happens to the host cell in the lytic cycle
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Without an envelope, the virus is ______.
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naked
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The envelope will sometimes have ______ composed of glycoproteins
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spikes
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What sizes are viruses?
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Between 10 to 40 nm
very small !!!! |
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Name 4 shapes of viruses
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1. helical
2. polyhedral 3. complex 4. icosahedral |
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How long does the lytic cycle take (in minutes) from beginning to end?
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30 minutes
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What is the most common virus shape?
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icosahedral (with 20 sides)
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Why is the icosahedral shape the most "efficient"?
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Because it uses the least number of capsomeres in order to build a capsid
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What are 5 types of organisms that viruses will infect?
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1. Animal
2. Plant 3. Insect 4. Bacterial 5. Fungi |
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How do we describe the capsid (the head)
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1. By its diameter
2. By its number of capsomeres 3. Whether or not it has spikes or an envelope 4. By its symetry |
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How do we describe a viruses nucleic acid chemistry?
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1. DNA or DNA and strand #
2. Weight 3. How info is translated to proteins |
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What is a bacteriophage?
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A virus that specifically infects bacteria
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Can bacteriophages be useful?
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Yes: bacterial diseases
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What are viroids?
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Nonencapsulated subviral particles made of single stranded circular RNA
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Viroids generally only infect ______.
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plants
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Viroids have both a protein coat and capsid. T or F?
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False
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How many known viroid disease are there?
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20
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What is a virusoid?
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Similar to viroids, but require a "helper" in order to infect cells
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Give an example of a virusoid.
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Hepatitis D. It's "helper" is Hepatitis B
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What is a prion?
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An infectious protein particle
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How does prion get its name?
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Proteinaceous Infectious
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What size are they?
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1/100 the size of the smallest virus
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Prions are known for causing neurological deterioration. T or F?
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True
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What are plaques?
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"Clear" areas in bacterial growth where viruses killed off the bacteria
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What are plaque forming units?
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How we calculate the number of viral units
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What is phage typing?
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The use of bacteriophages to identify certain bacteria
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What is coliphage?
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Viruses that specifically target E. coli
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How do we grow viruses in the laboratory?
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Through embryonated eggs or tissue cultures
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List several examples of diseases caused by viruses
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Small Pox, Rabies, Polio, Measles, Mumps, HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Hepatitis A B and C
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What is a Rotavirus?
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The most common cause of diarrhea in children. 600,000 cases each year obtained through fecal/oral route. They look like wheels (rota). Causes gastroenteritis
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What are herspesviruses?
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DNA viruses known for causing herpes 1 and 2 and Rosea (skin rash) in humans
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What is influenza
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An RNA virus that causes the flu. Usually transmitted through the air.
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What is Bovine Spongioform Encephalopahty
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Mad Cow Disease. Cows can become infected by being fed infected dead cattle which in turn can infect humans
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What are rabies?
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Viral disease causing inflamation of the brain. Noramly found in animals, but can be transmitted to humans from bites. Once symptoms begins, usually untreatable and fatal
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