Virology - Sheep And Goat Retroviruses

Front 1

Retrovirus
-defining feature

Back 1

-reverse transcriptase/RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

Front 2

Retrovirus
-features

Back 2

-RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase
-single stranded, RNA
-Diploid
-dsDNA incorporated into cell DNA as provirus

Front 3

Retroviridae family
-morphology

Back 3

-enveloped
-positive sense ssRNA

Front 4

Retroviridae family
-susceptibility characteristics

Back 4

inactivated by:
-lipid solvents
-detergents
-disinfectants
-alcohols
-heating
-drying
Resistance to UV light and Radiation (diploid)

Front 5

Retroviridae family
-infection length

Back 5

-lifetime

Front 6

Small Ruminant Retroviruses
-genuses

Back 6

-Lentivirus
-Betaretrovirus

Front 7

Lentivirus
-define
-associated disorders

Back 7

-Slow virus
-Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
-Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis (CAE)

Front 8

Betaretrovirus
-define
-associated disorders

Back 8

-oncogenic retrovirus
-Ovine Pulmonary carcinomatosis
-Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma

Front 9

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-genus

Back 9

-lentivirus (highest rate of mutation)

Front 10

"Other" Lentiviruses

Back 10

-Immunodeficiency viruses
-equine infectious anemia virus
-caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis

Front 11

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-host

Back 11

-sheep
-transmission to/from goats uncommon

Front 12

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-distribution

Back 12

-not in Australia, New Zealand, Iceland
-40% US flocks seropositive

Front 13

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-modes of transmission

Back 13

-aerosol*
-colostrum
-milk

Front 14

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-2 major syndromes

Back 14

-interstitial pneumonia
-encephallomyelitis
*most cases subclinical however

Front 15

Ovine Progressive pneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia a.k.a.

Back 15

-Maedi

Front 16

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia clinical signs

Back 16

-seldom before 3 yrs old (long incubation pd.)
-afebrile, bright, alert
-progressive weight loss --> emaciation
-dyspnea
-recumbent
-cough and nasal discharge

Front 17

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Interstitial Pneumonia time frame for clinical course of action

Back 17

3 months to a yr

Front 18

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia Gross Lesions

Back 18

-lungs dont collapse
-rib outline seen on visceral pleura
-lungs mottled grey/tan, firm, heavy

Front 19

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia microscopic lesions

Back 19

-extensive filtration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages with lymphoid follicles
-cuffs around vessels and airways
-smooth muscle and fibrous tissue hyperplasia in alveolar septa

Front 20

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia lesions from secondary bacteria

Back 20

-mastitis
-arthritis with the carpal joints

Front 21

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-encephalomyelitis aka

Back 21

-visna

Front 22

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-encephalomyelitis clinical signs

Back 22

-not common before 2 yrs
-rear limb ataxia --> stumbling --> paralysis --> quadriplegia

Front 23

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-encephalomyelitis microscopic lesions

Back 23

-lymphocytic encephalomyelitis involving meninges and white matter

Front 24

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-pathogenesis

Back 24

-replicates in mature macrophages
-RNA genome translated via reverse transcriptase to DNA intermediate provirus
-humoral and cell mediated responses stimulated (can't eliminate virus
-high rate of mutation causes antigenic proteins to change in infected animals (antigenic drift)

Front 25

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-why is it so persistent

Back 25

-high rate of mutation of envelope proteins (antigenic drift)
-able to become sequestered as a provirus in a cell

Front 26

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-principle modes of thransmission

Back 26

-macrophages in pulmonary secretion, milk, colostrum

Front 27

Ovine Progressive pneumonia
-stimulation of lymphocytic response

Back 27

-immunosuppression and production of cytokines

Front 28

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-time of antibody response

Back 28

-2-8 weeks

Front 29

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-outcome for animals that develop clinical sign

Back 29

-disease progression --> death

Front 30

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-diagnosis

Back 30

-clinical signs
-serology
-microscopic changes

Front 31

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-serological tests

Back 31

-AGID
-ELISA
-indirect
-negative sero test does not confirm negative due to long latent period

Front 32

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-virus detection tests

Back 32

-PCR w/ lung, mammary, glands, brain, synovial membranes

Front 33

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-prevention and control

Back 33

-no treatment or vaccine
-test and remove seropositive sheep in infected flocks
-semiyearly testing due to long latent periods
-only use colostrum or milk from seropositive animals after pasteurization

Front 34

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-cause

Back 34

-Lentivirus

Front 35

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-hosts

Back 35

-Goats
no known natural tans. in sheep

Front 36

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-distribution

Back 36

-world wide

Front 37

Caprine arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-modes of transmission

Back 37

-colostrum & milk**
-horizontal transmission by lactating goats

Front 38

Caprin arthritis encephalomyelitis
-infection rate

Back 38

-high
-most are subclinical

Front 39

Most important viral disease of goats in the US

Back 39

-Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis

Front 40

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-2 forms

Back 40

-encephalomyelitis (kids)
-Arthritis (adults over 1 yr old

Front 41

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-clinical findings of encephalomyelitis

Back 41

-rear limb lameness
-ataxia --> paresis --> paralysis
-signs develop over several weeks
-seizures
-death

Front 42

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-microscopic lesions of encephalomyelitis

Back 42

-perivascular cuffing w/ lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
-patchy demyelination (severe in posterior spinal cord)

Front 43

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-clinical signs of arthritic form

Back 43

-joint distension
-lameness
-unilateral and bilateral carpal hygroma
-joints and bursae distended by yellow or bloody fluid
-thickened synovial membranes
-chronic mastitis
-lose weight
-dec. milk production

Front 44

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-microscopic lesions of arthritic form

Back 44

-hyperplasia of synovium
-infiltration of mononuclear cells

Front 45

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-diagnosis

Back 45

-clinical signs
-serology (ELISA, AGID)
-virus detection (PCR)
-microscopic lesions

Front 46

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-immune response

Back 46

-same as Ovine Persistant Pneumonia
-persistant infection of macrophages causes cytokine production and lymphocytic inflammation

Front 47

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
-control and prevention

Back 47

-no vaccine
-take kids by C-section and give colostrum of uninfected goats/cows, heat treated colostrum/milk, milk replacer
-test and remove all seropositive animals esp. lactating females
-test animals before herd entry

Front 48

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-genus

Back 48

-Betraretrovirus

Front 49

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-aka

Back 49

-Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Front 50

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-virus description

Back 50

-progressive, low-grade carcinoma of alveolar epithelium of the lung

Front 51

Jaagsiekte
-definition

Back 51

-driving sickness

Front 52

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-distribution

Back 52

-worldwide except iceland, australia, new zealand
-not common in US

Front 53

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-secretions containing virus

Back 53

-respiratory secretions
-saliva
-milk
-colostrum

Front 54

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-modes of transmission

Back 54

-aerosol
-close contact

Front 55

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-hosts

Back 55

-sheep
-rare goats

Front 56

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-Clinical signs

Back 56

-2-4 yr old (prolonged incubation)
-neoplastic transformation of bronchoalveolar epithelial cells and neoplastic transformation
-coughing
-exercise intolerance
-cackles, wheezes
-fluid runs from nose (when legs raised and head lowered)

Front 57

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-important diagnostic feature

Back 57

-fluid from nose when rear-end raised
-differentiate from OPP

Front 58

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-gross lesions

Back 58

-lungs enlarged and heavy with frothy white fluid filling trachea
-large, uniform tumors in lungs with poorly demarcated borders

Front 59

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-microscopic lesions

Back 59

-multiple, coalescing pulmonary neoplasms of the bronchoalveolar epithelium
-may metastisize to LNs

Front 60

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-diagnosis

Back 60

-clinical signs
-gross lesions
-microscopic lesions
-no antibody response
-virus ID w/ PCR

Front 61

Ovine Pulmonary Carcinomatosis
-control

Back 61

-eliminate clinically infected sheep
-no vaccine

Front 62

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-genus

Back 62

-Betaretrovirus

Front 63

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-host

Back 63

-sheep
-goats

Front 64

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-distribution

Back 64

-not in UK, Australia, New Zealand

Front 65

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-mode of transmission

Back 65

-unknown
-possible animal-to-animal

Front 66

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-clinical Signs

Back 66

-dyspnea
-stertorous breathing
profuse seromucoid nasal exudate
-epistaxis
-skull deformity
-Related to Space Occupying Tumor

Front 67

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-tumor location

Back 67

-posterior nasal cavity

Front 68

Enzootic nasal tumor
-histo appearance

Back 68

-neoplastic proliferations of nasal gland epithelium

Front 69

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-diagnosis

Back 69

-clinical signs
-pathology
-no immune response