Virology - Intro And Parvo

Front 1

Things needed to determine specific diagnostic approaches

Back 1

-clinical observations
-history
-develop a differential list

Front 2

How to rule in/out differentials

Back 2

-know what tests to request/complete
-know what samples to take for the tests
-interpret the results

Front 3

Sturgeon's Law

Back 3

90% of everything is crap

Front 4

Parvovirus
-family

Back 4

-parvoviridae

Front 5

Parvovirus
-virus morphology

Back 5

-non-enveloped
-ssDNA

Front 6

Parvovirus
-animals affected

Back 6

Mammals
-carnivores
-pigs
-rodents

Front 7

Canine Parvovirus
-types

Back 7

-CPV-2a
-CPV-2b
-CPV-2c

Front 8

Feline Parvovirus
-type

Back 8

-Panleukopenia virus

Front 9

Part of the parvovirus that is the most susceptible to mutation

Back 9

-capsid

Front 10

Parvovirus mutation rate is dependent on?
-describe

Back 10

-the substitution rate for the capsid protein gene
-about 10x slower than RNA virus mutation
-faster than other DNA viruses (ssDNA)

Front 11

Possible ancestors of Canine Parvovirus

Back 11

-Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-Mink Enteritis Virus

Front 12

Parvovirus
-replication sites
-why

Back 12

-cells with high mitotic rates (tissues undergoing organogenesis in fetal or neonatal development, enteric epithelium, hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue in older animals)
-requires cellular nucleoprotein synthesis to replicate

Front 13

What is Oberst's "Hidden Gem"?

Back 13

-the other 10% to Sturgeon's Law
-need to understand the viremic stage of infection and its effect in pathogenesis and prevention

Front 14

Canine Parvovirus
-pathogenesis

Back 14

-oronasal exposure infecting tonsils, peyer's patches, adn GI lymphatics (1-2 days)
-disseminates systemically via viremia to Enterocytes (crypt cells), primary & secondary lymphatics, bone marrow (5-9 days)

Front 15

Enterocyte
-function

Back 15

-digestive and absorptive function with some secretory activity
-nonproliferative

Front 16

Crypt Cell
-function

Back 16

-secretory function
-progenitor of villus enterocytes

Front 17

Canine Parvovirus
-effects and clinical signs

Back 17

-causes necrosis of crypt cells and region lymphatics leading to blunting of intestinal villi
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-neutropenia
-lymphopenia
-pyrexia
-vomiting
-hemorrhagic diarrhea (anemia, anorexia, dehydration)
-hypoproteinemia
-death

Front 18

Canine Parvovirus
-how long after clinical signs appear can death occur

Back 18

-1-3 days after

Front 19

Canine Parvovirus
-how is the virus shed

Back 19

-feces

Front 20

Based on the pathogenesis of parvovirus, how could an infection be curtailed or eliminated, or the clinical problems be reduced?

Back 20

Vaccine
-get antibody in the blood to attack the virus while it is viremic

Front 21

When should vaccine be given for canine parvovirus infection?

Back 21

-in time for sufficient Serum Neutralizing Antibodies to be present from days 5-9
-viremia will terminate and the animal will recover

Front 22

What does antibody to parvovirus bind to?

Back 22

-capsid proteins
-interferes with virus attachment/ability to infect cells

Front 23

Animals most susceptible to parvovirus infection and the resulting disease

Back 23

-young animals that don't yet have a mature immune response
-immunosuppression
-stress
-high parasite load

Front 24

Predisposing factors for Canine Parvovirus in puppies

Back 24

-lack of protective immunity
-stressors (intestinal parasites, poor sanitation)

Front 25

Predisposing factors for Canine Parvovirus in adults

Back 25

-mostly subclinical
-breed predisposition (Rottweilers, Dobermans, Labs, Pits)

Front 26

How may Canine Parvovirus cause potential immunosuppression?

Back 26

-targeting primary and secondary lymphoid tissues
-young puppies infected in utero or as neonates

Front 27

Why is myocarditis from Canine Parvovirus infection in puppies less prevalent today?

Back 27

-maternal antibody from vaccination

Front 28

Ways to diagnose Canine Parvovirus

Back 28

-history
-clinical signs
-Viral antigen in feces (HA, ELISA, electron microscopy)
-Serology (HAI, ELISA)
-PCR of blood, feces, tissue

Front 29

Virus isolation for Canine Parvovirus

Back 29

-not a routine procedure

Front 30

Canine Parvovirus
-prevention

Back 30

Vaccination
-annually administered killed vaccine (also MLV)
-virus is constantly evolving (new, more virulent strains)

Front 31

What can interfere with Canine Parvovirus vaccination?

Back 31

-maternal antibody

Front 32

Feline Parvovirus
-aka

Back 32

-Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Front 33

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-Pathogenesis

Back 33

-oronasal exposure --> infection of tonsils, Peyer's Patches, GI lymphatics (1-2 days)
-disseminates systemically via viremia --> Crypt cells, primary & secondary lymphatics, bone marrow (5-9 days)

Front 34

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-viremia resolution

Back 34

-resolved in 5-9 days due to serum Neutralizing Antibodies (SNAb)

Front 35

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-clinical signs

Back 35

-generally mild
-transient diarrhea
-pyrexia
-short period of anorexia, depression
Mostly subclinical

Front 36

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-effect of near term/neonatal infection

Back 36

-cerebellar hypoplasia

Front 37

Cerebellum
-function

Back 37

-responsible for balance, posture, coordination of movement
-well developed in vertebrates requiring high levels of coordination

Front 38

What is the effect of a cat being infected with a Parvovirus other than Feline Panleukopenia Virus?

Back 38

-similar GI infection
-NO cerebellar hypoplasia
-possible cardiomyopathy

Front 39

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-diagnosis

Back 39

-history
-clinical signs
-Feces for viral antigen (HA, ELISA [use canine lateral flow in shelters], Electron microscopy)
-Serology for antibody (ELISA, HAI)
-PCR

Front 40

Most important event for most cats infected with feline panleukopenia virus
-why?

Back 40

-immunosuppression
-leaves the cats more susceptible to other infections

Front 41

Feline Panleukopenia Virus
-prevention

Back 41

-annual vaccination with killed vaccine or MLV
-good hygiene