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137 Cards in this Set
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Herpesviruses |
dsDNA Enveloped
Typically self-limiting, but remain in host for life (usually latent) Host-specific, mostly |
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Bovine herpesvirus 1 causes what? |
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis Infectious Balanoposthitis Abortion (systemic disease, not venereal form) ocular lesions ("cancer eye"?) |
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What is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and what causes it? |
Bovine herpesvirus 1 Often a part of shipping fever Causes dyspnea, fever, hyperemic muzzle, necrotic lesions of mucosa May cause abortion |
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How is bovine herpesvirus 1 spread? How is it prevented? |
Aerosol or coitus (venereal diseases)
Vax available |
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What does equine herpesvirus 4 cause? |
Rhinopneumonitis (respiratory dz)
Can cause abortion if dam is sick enough |
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What does equine herpesvirus 1 cause? |
Late-term abortion Respiratory signs Myeloencephalitis (ataxia, paresis, quadriplegia)
death (poor prognosis when affects neuro) |
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What does equine herpesvirus 3 cause? |
Equine coital exanthema - vesicles on the skin of the vulva or penis -> erosions, scabs
2ndary bacterial infections common |
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How is equine herpesvirus 3 treated and controlled? Is there a vax available? |
Treated with sexual rest, topical antibiotics No vax Horses w/o active lesions not infective |
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What viruses are associated with feline URI? |
Herpesvirus & calicivirus |
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Which viruses cause bovine malignant catarrhal fever? |
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 & Ovine herpesvirus 2
both gammaherpesviruses, closely related |
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What is the difference between ovine herpesvirus and alcelaphine herpesvirus? |
Ovine - sheep are asymptomatic carriers, shed to cattle, bison, deer
Alcelaphine - wildebeest are asymptomatic carriers, shed to cattle and other ungulates |
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What are the signs of bovine malignant catarrhal fever? |
All highly fatal, cause bilateral corneal opacities
Acute: lymphoproliferative dz with inflammation of UR and GI mucosa
Peracute: gastroenteritis
"Head and eye": high fever, listlessness, rapid pulse, nasal discharge, CNS signs, corneal opacity |
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Adenoviruses |
linear dsDNA Non-enveloped icosahedral capsid
Generally host-specific
basophilic intranuclear inclusions
EM does not speciate, but PCR does |
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What does canine adenovirus 1 cause? |
infectious canine hepatitis
pale mucous membranes, abdominal pain, anorexia; bleeding gums and stool in more severe cases
permanent corneal opacities (immune rxn) |
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How is canine adenovirus 1 spread? |
ingestion/inhalation of infectious body fluids |
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What is the prognosis for canine adenovirus 1? Is there a vax? |
p recovers well if dz only moderate
Vax for adenovirus 2 for cross-protection (protection for 1 may cause corneal opacities) |
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What does canine adenovirus 2 cause? |
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (part of kennel cough complex)
dry, hacking cough; no fever |
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How is canine adenovirus 2 transmitted? |
Contact with infectious secretions or contaminated fomites |
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How is canine adenovirus 2 treated? Is there a vax? |
Rest for 1 wk, give cough suppressants if cough unproductive
CAV-2 vax available, gives cross-protection against CAV-1 |
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What are the 2 types of equine adenovirus and what do they cause? |
EqAdV-1 = respiratory dz
EqAdV-2 = gastrointestional dz |
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What breed of horse is predisposed to getting equine adenovirus 1? |
Arabians - genetic defect preventing adequate B & T cell production |
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Papillomaviruses |
circular dsDNA Non-enveloped spherical capsid
typically no inclusions
diagnose with EM or PCR (speciate) |
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What does canine oral papillomatosis cause? How is it treated? Is there a vax? |
Florid, wart-like lesions in mouth Bad breath
Resolve spontaneously, cryotherapy, surgery
No vax |
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What are the types of feline papillomaviruses and what do they cause? |
4 types: FePV-1 = oral papillomas FePV-3 & 4 = sarcoids |
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What does bovine papillomavirus cause? |
Papillomas on bovines (esp. venereal) Equine sarcoids |
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How are equine sarcoids treated? |
Verrucous and occult are usually not treated, but fibroblastic sarcoids require surgical resection + other therapies (cryotherapy, lasers, irradiation, chemo, etc.) |
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What does equine papillomavirus cause? |
2 types
Cause equine warts - small, fleshy lesions that become hyperkeratotic and resolve spontaneously
EcPV2 associated with genital squamous cell carcinoma |
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Parvoviruses |
ssDNA not enveloped - very hardy |
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What does porcine parvovirus cause? |
SMEDI S = stillborn M = mummification ED = embryonic death I = infertility
No dz in no pregnant gilts/sows |
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How is porcine parvovirus spread? How is it prevented? |
Transmitted usually from new boar to gilts
Prevent w/ vax
Previously infected sows are immune |
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What type of virus is feline panleukopenia virus? |
parvovirus |
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What does feline panleukopenia virus cause? |
(feline distemper)
High fever & death If survives fever, becomes hypothermic with distended GIT and malabsorption
Causes cerebellar hypoplasia for kittens infected in utero |
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What does canine parvovirus cause? |
Enteritis, myocarditis, sepsis More severe in rapidly growing pups
Can be subclinical
*Can infect cats!* |
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Circoviruses |
circular ssDNA viruses not enveloped
botryoid (grape-like) cytoplasmic inclusion bodies |
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What does porcine circovirus 2 cause? |
Infects lymphocytes, so causes many effects
post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of piglets, some adults - multifactorial dz |
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What type of virus is psittacine beak and feather disease virus? |
Circovirus |
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What does psittacine beak and feather virus cause? |
Necrosis and malformation of feathers, beak and claws
Subclinical infections common |
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What type of virus is chicken anemia virus? |
Circovirus |
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What are the limitations for each diagnostic test: - Serology? - PCR |
- Antigen detection: varying sensitivity, $$$$
- Serology: detects exposure (vax, too), may need paired sera
- PCR: contamination risk - ensure matches dz |
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What are the hemagglutinating viruses? |
Orthomyxoviridae (influenza) Paramyxoviridae (bovine parainfluenza) Coronaviridae Parvoviridae (feline panleuk/distemper, parvo) Adenoviridae |
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What type of virus is Feline Leukemia Virus? |
retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> gammaretrovirus |
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What does FeLV cause? |
Lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases (leukemia), anemia, immunodeficiency, fibrosarcoma
Uneven pupils, anisocoria, protein deposits in uvea |
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What type of virus is avian leukosis and sarcoma virus? |
retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> alpharetrovirus |
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What does avian leukosis virus cause? |
Various tumors |
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What type of virus is ovine pulmonary adenomatosis? |
retrovirus >betaretrovirus |
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What does ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus cause? |
dyspnea, anorexia, caquexia, respiratory failure in adult sheep |
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How is ovine pulmonary adenomatosis spread and controlled? |
Spread by aerosolized lung fluid, saliva, milk
No vax available
Removal of sick sheep |
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What type of virus is bovine leukemia virus? |
retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> deltaretrovirus |
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What does bovine leukemia virus cause? |
Lymphoma (& lymphosarcoma), lymphocytosis |
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How is bovine leukemia virus spread and controlled? |
Spread horizontally through WBC spread (milk, biting insects, blood contamination)
Control by elimination of infected animals |
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What type of virus is caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus? |
Retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> lentivirus |
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What does caprine arthritis-encephalitis cause? |
Chronic joint disease Mastitis Encephalomyelitis (mostly kids) |
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How is caprine arthritis-encephalitis spread and controlled? |
Major spread through milk, but also in utero and at birth
Remove kid from dam right after birth
No vax avail
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What type of virus is equine infectious anemia? |
retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> lentivirus |
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What does equine infectious anemia cause? |
acute: fever, anemia, jaundice, hemorrhage subacute: fever life-long: cachexia, anemia, edema
infects macrophages |
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How is equine infectious anemia spread and controlled? |
Spread by flies
Also transplacentally, milk, saliva, body fluids
Isolation |
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How is equine infectious anemia diagnosed? |
Coggins test |
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What type of virus is feline immunodeficiency virus? |
retrovirus |
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What does feline immunodeficiency virus cause? |
immune suppression anergy and apoptosis of lymphocytes |
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How is feline immunodeficiency virus spread and controlled? |
Mostly through biting
Vax available, not very protective |
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What type of virus is bovine immunodeficiency virus? |
retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> lentivirus |
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What does bovine immunodefiency virus cause? |
persistent leukocytosis lymphadenopathy immunodeficiency |
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What type of virus is Maedi-Visna? |
Retrovirus > orthoretrovirus >> lentivirus |
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What is another name for Maedi-Visna? |
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus |
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What does Maedi-Visna virus cause? |
dyspnea and/or wasting (resp and neuro signs) in sheep and goats
Resp signs more common, neuro signs seen more so in goats |
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How is Maedi-Visna virus spread and controlled? |
Spread thru milk and direct contact
No vax, separate infected animals |
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Reoviruses |
dsRNA
family for all dsRNA viruses with complex genomes |
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Orbivirus |
type of reovirus (dsRNA)
transmitted by arthropods |
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What type of virus is bluetongue? |
Reovirus > orbivirus |
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What does bluetongue cause? |
Vascular endothelial damage Edema/congestion of face and tongue - sore muzzle Small hemorrhages and ulcers on nasal/oral mucosa Nasal discharge Coronary band inflammation |
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What species does bluetongue infect? |
Sheep, cattle, goats, deer, antelope |
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How is bluetongue spread and controlled? |
Spread by insect vector
Vax available |
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What type of virus is epizootic hemorrhagic disease? |
Reovirus > orbivirus |
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What does epizootic hemorrhagic disease cause? |
Excessive salivation and foaming Fever, extreme thirst - find dead in or near H2O Mouth ulcers Swelling of head, neck, tongue |
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How is epizootic hemorrhagic disease spread? |
Insect vector |
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What type of virus is African Horse Sickness? |
Reovirus > orbivirus |
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What does African horse sickness cause? |
Pulmonary form Severe resp. dz and death with sweating, highly frothy nasal discharge
Cardiac form Long fever, edema (esp. supraorbital fossae), congestion & hemorrhage of conjunctiva
Horse sickness fever Seen in previously vax horses, donkeys, zebras - less severe (fever, high RR, lack of appetite) |
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How is African horse sickness spread and controlled? |
Spread by insects
Vax avail
Recovered horses are immune for life |
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Rotavirus |
type of Reovirus (dsRNA) |
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What do rotaviruses cause? |
Diarrhea in mammals and birds - reduced colostrum intake increases the severity of dz
Co-infections common |
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How are rotaviruses transmitted and controlled? |
Excreted in feces of infected animals
Treat symptomatically
Vax available |
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What type of virus is bovine viral diarrhea virus? |
pestivirus |
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What does bovine viral diarrhea virus cause? |
Diarrhea (acute dz) and mucosal disease (sporadic lethal dz of persistently-infected bovines)
malformation, abortion, and stillbirth when infected prenatally
also part of shipping fever complex |
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How is bovine viral diarrhea virus spread and controlled? |
Respiratory
Vax avail |
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What type of virus is infectious bursal disease virus? |
Birnavirus |
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What does infectious bursal disease virus cause? |
Liquid diarrhea, ruffled feathers, hemorrhages, dehydration, destruction of bursa of Fabricius
Infects chickens |
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How is infectious bursal disease virus spread and controlled? |
Highly contagious - contaminated droppings
Vax available |
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What type of virus is peste des petits ruminants? |
Paramyxovirus > Morbillivirus |
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What does peste des petits ruminants cause? |
Fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, erosions in abomasum
esp. in goats, also in sheep and wild ruminants |
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How is peste des petits rumanints spread and controlled? |
Direct contact
Vax available |
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What type of virus is Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3? |
Paramyxovirus > Respirovirus |
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What does Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 cause? |
Part of shipping fever complex |
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How is bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 spread and controlled? |
Aerosol
Vax avail, maybe not efficacious for beef cattle |
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What type of virus is bovine respiratory syncytial virus? |
Paramyxovirus > pneumovirus |
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What does bovine respiratory syncytial virus cause? |
part of shipping fever complex
pulmonary edema, emphysema, pneumonia |
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How is bovine respiratory syncytial virus spread and controlled? |
Respiratory
Vax avail |
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What type of virus is avian metapneumovirus? |
Paramyxovirus > metapneumovirus |
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What does avian metapneumovirus cause? |
Exudate in nasal turbinates and trachea, peritonitis, pneumonia, "swollen head syndrome", poor weight gain |
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What type of virus is Type A Influenza? |
Orthomyxovirus |
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How is avian influenza transmitted? |
Infectious feces or through fomites
Aquatic birds spread it most frequently |
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What does avian influenza cause? |
DEATH
Depression, neurological signs, anorexia, swollen combs and feet, conjunctivitis |
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What does swine influenza cause? |
Sudden onset of respiratory dz High fever Conjunctivitis Anorexia
Low mortality |
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What does equine influenza cause? |
Most important equine resp. dz Harsh, dry, paroxysmal cough
Recovery in 2-3 weeks |
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What does canine influenza virus cause? |
Mostly mild infection
Some severe - vomiting, pneumonia |
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Coronaviruses |
(+) ssRNA enveloped with club-like spikes |
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What does bovine coronavirus cause? |
Winter dysentery (bloody diarrhea in adults) Calf diarrhea Respiratory infections
Diarrhea is very severe - invades LI as well as SI |
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How is bovine coronavirus controlled? |
vax avail, but may only help reduce severity of dz |
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What type of virus is transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine? |
Coronavirus |
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What does transmissible gastroenteritis virus cause? |
Vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, death (young piglets)
Older animals = less severe infections |
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What does porcine respiratory coronavirus cause? |
subclinical or mild respiratory disease
can lead to necrosis of terminal airways and bronchointerstitial pneumonia |
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How is porcine respiratory coronavirus spread and controlled? |
Highly transmissible via aerosol
NO VAX - mild dz that provides immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus |
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Why type of virus is canine distemper virus? |
Paramyxovirus > morbillivirus |
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What does canine distemper virus cause? |
Mild: fever, listlessness, URI (looks like kennel cough)
Severe: biphasic fever, leukopenia, depression, bronchopneumonia, encephalitis
Can have profound CNS signs |
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What type of virus is porcine epidemic diarrhea? |
Coronavirus |
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What does porcine epidemic diarrhea virus cause? |
Watery diarrhea, sometimes preceded by vomiting in young weaned piglets
similar to disease due to transmissible gastroenteritis virus |
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How is porcine epidemic diarrhea virus controlled? |
Emergency vaccines approved, but no good studies on immunogenicity
Immune sows pass on immunity |
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What virus causes feline infectious peritonitis? |
Feline enteric coronavirus |
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What is feline infectious peritonitis? |
Initial signs are vague - fever, anorexia, some ocular and neuro signs
"Wet form": accumulation of fluid in abdomen, rapid progression
"Dry form": scarce fluid in abdomen, slow progression |
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Which cells does FIP virus infect? |
macrophages and monocytes
mutates to persist in the face of antibody response |
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What does enteric canine coronavirus infection cause? |
Enteric dz - diarrhea, lethargy, dehydration, vomiting, etc. |
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Rhabdoviruses |
(-) ssRNA
Enveloped |
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What type of virus is rabies? |
Rhabdovirus |
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What does rabies cause? |
Furious rabies Restless/nervous/aggressive, cannot swallow H2O due to pharyngeal paralysis, excessive salivation; progresses to dumb rabies v
Dumb rabies Paralysis, seizures, coma, resp. arrest |
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Why is vaccination effective in post-exposure rabies patients? |
Delay between initial replication in muscle and entry into nervous system |
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Poxviruses |
dsDNA intracytoplasmic inclusions
enveloped |
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What type of poxvirus is cowpox? What is its host range? |
Orthopoxvirus
Broad host range. Can infect spp not in direct contact with cow |
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What does cowpox cause? |
Ulcerative lesions - esp. mammary on cows |
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What type of virus is pseudocowpox virus? |
Parapoxvirus |
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What does pseudocowpox virus cause? |
Proliferative horseshoe lesions on teats
Can spread to humans ("milker's nodule") |
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What type of virus causes Lumpy Skin Disease? |
Capripoxvirus (pox virus) |
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What do sheeppox and goatpox virus cause? |
Malignant Form - young animals Lambs may die before lesions develop - fever, depression, discharge
Benign Form - common in adults Only skin lesions occurs |
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Why are sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease significant? |
High economic loss - mortality in young, milk/meat loss in adults
However, seen mainly around middle east |
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What does lumpy skin disease cause? |
Respiratory and skin lesions General lymphadenopathy and edema
Low mortality |
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What does fowlpox cause? |
Lesions on comb, wattles and face |
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What type of virus is vesicular stomatitis virus? |
Rhabdovirus |
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What does vesicular stomatitis virus cause? |
Identical to foot-and-mouth dz: Excess salivation, fever, lameness Vesicles on tongue, oral mucosa, teats, coronary bands that rupture and ulcerate
Infects horses (unlike foot-and-mouth dz), cattle, pigs, humans |
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How is vesicular stomatitis virus spread and controlled? |
Spread by biting insects
Insect control, quarantine, movement
Vax avail, but not widely used |
