Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What type of genome do picornaviruses contain?
|
+ssRNA
|
|
|
What is the prototypical picornavirus?
|
Poliovirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of adenovirus?
|
dsDNA
|
|
|
What receptor does adenovirus bind to?
|
CAR
|
|
|
What family does rotavirus belong to?
|
Reoviridae
|
|
|
What is the genome of rotavirus? What is its structure?
|
dsRNA, 11 RNA segments
|
|
|
What antigenic subtype of rotavirus causes most human dz?
|
Group A
|
|
|
What virus is activated by trypsin in the GI tract?
|
Rotavirus
|
|
|
What virus undergoes final assembly in the ER before release?
|
Rotavirus
|
|
|
What is the effect of NSP4 from rotavirus?
|
Acts as enterotoxin, activates enteric nn and increases Ca2+
|
|
|
What type of immunity is key against rotavirus?
|
Humoral
|
|
|
What is the genome of norovirus?
|
+ssRNA
|
|
|
What virus causes a Crohn's-like dz?
|
Norovirus
|
|
|
What virus is associated with diarrhea outbreaks on cruise ships or nursing homes?
|
Norovirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of polyomaviruses?
|
dsDNA, circular
|
|
|
What residue do polyomaviruses bind to on cell surface?
|
Sialic acid
|
|
|
What virus encodes large and small T-antigen?
|
Polyomavirus
|
|
|
What are the early genes produced by Polyomavirus? Late genes?
|
Early: Large T-antigen, small T-antigen
Late: Structural proteins |
|
|
What genes are encoded by the large T-antigen?
|
J-domain for DNA replication
LXCXE to inhibit tumor suppressor genes DBD to bind DNA Helicase to disrupt p53 |
|
|
What is the primary dz associated with BK polyomavirus?
|
Post-transplant nephropathy
|
|
|
What receptor does JC polyomavirus bind to?
|
5HT2A receptors
|
|
|
What is the only polyomavirus with oncogenic potential?
|
Merkel cell polyomavirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of smallpox?
|
dsDNA
|
|
|
What DNA virus has a primarily cytoplasmic life cycle?
|
Smallpox
|
|
|
What virus undergoes processing in Golgi and acquires two new membranes before tracking to cell surface for release?
|
Smallpox
|
|
|
What type of infection does the intracellular smallpox cause? Extracellular?
|
Intracellular: Host to host
Extracelluar: Within host |
|
|
What type of virus causes hepatitis A? What is its genome? What was the other picornavirus studied?
|
Picornavirus, +ssRNA, poliovirus
|
|
|
What picornavirus is NOT cytolytic?
|
Hepatitis A virus
|
|
|
What is the structure of the hepatitis A vaccine?
|
Formalin-inactivated virus adsorbed to alum
|
|
|
What is the genome of hepatitis E virus? What family does it belong? What other virus is in same family?
|
+ssRNA, calicivirus, norovirus
|
|
|
What transporter does hepatitis B bind to?
|
Na/bile co-transporter
|
|
|
What is the genome of hepatitis B?
|
Circular, partially dsDNA
|
|
|
What are the two mechanisms by which hepatitis B contributes to HCC?
|
1) Integration of viral genome, leads to genomic instability
2) Production of HBx, inhibits p53 |
|
|
What is the function of HbX protein?
|
Inhibits p53
|
|
|
What virus uses RT to produce a partially dsDNA?
|
Hepatitis B
|
|
|
What family does hepatitis B belong to?
|
Hepadnavirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of hepatitis B? What family does it belong to?
|
+ssRNA, flavivirus
|
|
|
What receptors does hepatitis B bind to?
|
LDL, VLDL
|
|
|
How does HCV core protein lead to HCC? Envelope protein? NS3-4?
|
Core: Regulates tumor suppressors, induces steatosis, increases cell proliferation
Envelope: Inhibits NK cells NS3-4: Enhance cell growth, inhibit apoptosis |
|
|
What is the structure of the HPV genome? What famly does it belong to?
|
Circular, dsDNA, papovaviridae
|
|
|
What is the function of the HPV early genes E1-2, E4, E5 and E6-7?
|
E1-2: Mediates replication, DNA transcription
E4: Disrupts cytokeratin to allow for egress E5: Stimulates constitutive growth factor signaling E6-7: Inhibit p53, Rb |
|
|
What changes in layers of skin seen w/ HPV?
|
Stratum corneum contains nuclei, stratum spinosum starts to replicate
|
|
|
What layer of skin does HPV early gene expression occur in?
|
Stratum basale
|
|
|
What layer of skin does HPV late gene express and viral gene expression occur in?
|
Stratum spinosum
|
|
|
What layer of skin does HPV virion assembly occur in?
|
Stratum corneum
|
|
|
What is the structure of the HPV vaccine?
|
Capsid protein L1, forms VLPs
|
|
|
What is the retrovirus genome?
|
Diploid, ssRNA
|
|
|
What proteins are encoded by the retroviral Gag gene?
|
Matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid and protease
|
|
|
What proteins are encoded by the retroviral Pol gene?
|
Reverse transcriptase, integrase
|
|
|
What proteins are encoded by the retroviral Env gene?
|
Env protein, cleaved into transmembrane and extracellular components
|
|
|
What accounts for the rapid evolution and drug resistance of retroviruses?
|
Error prone reverse transcriptase
|
|
|
What is the structure of the LTRs in the retrovirus genome? What are the recognized by?
|
U3, R, U5, integrase
|
|
|
What are the three fates of viral mRNA after production from ssRNA?
|
Cleaved to env protein
Stays whole to gag-pol protein Stays whole to genome |
|
|
Which HIV protein is translated on ER-bound ribosomes? Which HIV protein is translated on cytosolic ribosomes?
|
env protein translated on ER-bound ribosomes (traffics through Golgi to cell surface)
Gag and gag-pol proteins synthesized in cytoplasm |
|
|
What is the function of the psi signal in retrovirus life cycle?
|
Present on unspliced RNA, indicates RNA that can be used as genome in progeny
|
|
|
When do gag and gag-pol undergo proteolysis?
|
AFTER budding has occur, required for infectivity
|
|
|
What are the two regulatory proteins specific to HIV?
|
Tat: Required for transcription
Rev: Transports unspliced RNA into cytoplasm |
|
|
What is the function of Vif and Vpu in HIV?
|
Vif: Degrades antiviral protein deoxycytidine deaminase (packaged by host cells w/ HIV)
Vpu: Inhibits tetherin, allowing for release from cell |
|
|
What receptor do M-tropic HIV viruses bind to? Which part of infection do they create?
|
CCR5, cause initial infection and transmission
|
|
|
What receptor to T-tropic HIV viruses bind to? Which part of infection do they create?
|
CXCR4, arise at AIDS stage
|
|
|
What are the endogenous ligands that can be used to block M-tropic HIV viruses? T-tropic HIV viruses
|
M-tropic: RANTES, MIF-1a (bind CCR5)
T-tropic: SDF-1 (binds CXCR4) |
|
|
What are the three ways in which HIV causes disease?
|
1) Direct killing of T-cells
2) Indirect activation of immune response against infected T-cells 3) Severe immunosuppression from T-cell depletion |
|
|
What is the MOA of enfuvirtide?
|
Fusion inhibitor, blocks fusion of HIV and CD4+ membranes
|
|
|
What is the MoA of maraviroc?
|
CCR5 antagonist, blocks HIV entry
|
|
|
What is the MoA of raltegravir?
|
Integrase inhibitor, blocks integration of HIV genome into viral genome
|
|
|
What is the genome of rabies virus?
|
-ssRNA
|
|
|
What receptors does rabiesvirus bind to? Where?
|
Ganglioside, CD56 in neurons, nAChR in muslce
|
|
|
What is the pattern of spread of rabies within body?
|
Infects m. or n, travels back from n to CNS and replicates in brain, thenc an spread to cornea, skin, salivary glands
|
|
|
What is the only gross manifestation of rabies visible on brian?
|
Negri bodies
|
|
|
What does post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies include?
|
Washing out wound, passive immunization with rabies Ig into area, and then active immunization
|
|
|
What is the genome of influenzavirus? What family does it belong to?
|
-ssRNA, orthomyxovirus
|
|
|
What influenza proteins are synthesized in ER? In cytosol?
|
ER: HA, NA, trafficked to Golgi and then to cell surface
Cytosol: Structural proteins, trafficked back to nucleus to assoc w/ genome for assembly into virions |
|
|
How does influenza cause damage?
|
Destroys respiratory epithelium
Activates immune response, including CTLs and interferon |
|
|
How does flu in children differ from that in adults?
|
More fever, GI symptoms
|
|
|
What is antigenic driftr? Shift?
|
Drift: Small changes in HA or NA that cause pandemic, result from mutations d/t error-prone RNA polymerase
Shift: Major change in HA or NHA d/t reassortment between human and animal gnes, produces pandemics |
|
|
What vaccines are used for flu? Drugs?
|
Formalin-inactivated and live attenuated
Amantidine (blocks uncoating) and oseltamivir (blocks neuraminidase to prevent release) |
|
|
What is the genome and family of rhinovirus?
|
+ssRNA, picornavirus
|
|
|
What is the most important component of immunity against rhinovirus?
|
Secretory IgA
|
|
|
What virus is responsible for SARS?
|
Coronavirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of parainfluenza virus? What family does it belong to?
|
-ssRNA, paramyxovirus
|
|
|
What virus causes croup?
|
Parainfluenza
|
|
|
What is key in immunity against parainfluenza?
|
IgA against HN (HA, NA in same protein)
|
|
|
What is the genome of RSV? What family does it belong to?
|
-ssRNA, paramyxovirus
|
|
|
What type of helper T-cell repsonse is triggered by RSV in adults? Children?
|
Adults: TH1
Children :TH2 |
|
|
What genome/family are mumps and measles?
|
-ssRNA, paramyxoviruses
|
|
|
What geome/family is rubella?
|
+ssRNA, togavirus
|
|
|
What is the shared pathogenesis of MMR?
|
Acquired by respiratory transmission, then cause viremia
|
|
|
What produces characteristic rash of measles?
|
Virus-infected endothelial cells and T-cells
|
|
|
Koplik spots are characteristic of what virus?
|
Measles
|
|
|
What are some characteristic symptoms of rubella?
|
Arthritis, arthralgia in adults, cataracts, heart defects, deafness, intrauterine growth retardation in neonates
|
|
|
What virus causes parotitis?
|
Mumps
|
|
|
What cell type does parvovirus infect?
|
Erythroid precursor cells in BM
|
|
|
What receptor does parvovirus bind to?
|
Group P antigen
|
|
|
What virus causes fifth dz? how does it develop?
|
Parvovirus, virus locally replicates and eventually cause viremia
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of fifth dz?
|
Bright red cheeks, maculopapular rash, circulating immune complexes
|
|
|
What is the effect of parvovirus on patients with chronic hemolytic anemia?
|
Aplastic crisis
|
|
|
What virus causes herpangina?
|
Coxsackie virus, type of enterovirus
|
|
|
What is the genome of herpesvirus?
|
dsDNA
|
|
|
What ganglia do HSV-1, 2 infect?
|
Trigeminal, sacral
|
|
|
What RNAis produced during latency in herpesvirus infection?
|
LATs, never translated, fx to maintain latency
|
|
|
What does reactivation of herpesvirus lead to?
|
Anterograde transport to site of initial inoculation and reinfection
|
|
|
HSV-1 preferentially infects what region? HSV-2?
|
Oral; genital
|
|
|
What is the only herpesvirus that can be aerosolized?
|
VZV
|
|
|
What cell types does herpesvirus infect?
|
Epithelial, endothelial, T-cells
|
|
|
Which sensory ganglia does VZV establish latency in?
|
ALL ganglia
|
|
|
What cell type does CMV establish latency in?
|
CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells
|
|
|
What is the most important part of the immune response to CMV?
|
Cell-mediated
|
|
|
What is characterisic finding in CMV assoc mononucleosis?
|
Negative heterohpile antibody test
|
|
|
What are most sever sequelae of congenital CMV?
|
Permanent hearing and vision loss
|
|
|
What virus produces owl eye cells?
|
CMV
|
|
|
What drugs are used to tx CMV?
|
Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
|
|
|
What cell types does EBV infecT?
|
Epithelial cells in pharynx or B-cells
|
|
|
What produces symptoms of mono?
|
T-cell response to B-cells
|
|
|
What is type I/II latency? What virus is it assoc w/
|
EBV, occurs in memory B-cells, leas to BL, naspharyngeal carcinoma
|
|
|
What is type III latency? What virus it assoc w/?
|
EBV, in proliferating B-cells, leads to mono, PTLD
|
|
|
What is EBV dz?
|
Caused by overactive immune response to EBV
|
|
|
What herpesvirus replicates in CD4+ T-cells?
|
HHV-6b
|
|
|
What virus causes exanthem subitum/roseola infantum? What is the characteristic presentation?
|
HHV-6b, high fever, followed by sudden rash
|
|
|
What dz does HHV8 cause?
|
Kaposi sarcoma
|
|
|
What cell types does HHV-8 infect?
|
CD19+ B-cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, keratinocytes
|
|
|
What is the genome of hantavirus?
|
-ssRNA
|
|
|
What vector spreads hantavirus?
|
Deer mice
|
|
|
What dz does hantavirus cause?
|
Pulmonary syndrome
|
|
|
What vectors spread arboviruses, e.g. dengue, West Nile?
|
Mosquitoes, birds
|
|
|
What virus can be dx using the tourniquet test?
|
Dengue virus
|
|
|
What causes dengue shock syndrome?
|
When individual w/ antiboides against one strain is infected w/ another strain
|
