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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which 4 viruses have arthropod vectors:
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EEE
West Nile Yellow Fever Dengue Fever |
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Total Dengue cases have done what over time?
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Increased
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What causes breakbone fever?
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First time infection with Dengue fever (one strain).
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What causes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever?
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Infection with a second strain of Dengue fever, after having a first infection previously (second infection must be different strain than first infection).
Hyperimmune response because you have been sensitized from the first infection. |
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Gold Standard for diagnosing Dengue?
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Serology
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Of the flaviviruses, which have a vaccine?
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Yellow Fever
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Where does Rubella replicate in the body?
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Respiratory tract
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Symptoms of Rubella:
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?
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Symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome:
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Eye abnormalities
Heart disease Enlarged brain Rash |
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What virus causes measles?
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Rubeola
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In adults, is measles or rubella more severe?
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Measles
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Which Ig should be tested for in congenital rubella syndrome?
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IgM, quantitative
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How is quantitative immunoglobulin testing done? Why is it done?
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Two serum samples (paired sera), taken 2 weeks apart, must see 4x increase in IgG.
Testing for congenital virus in newborns. |
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Why is qualitative Ig testing done?
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Testing for immune status.
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Diseases that can be transmitted mother to child (4):
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Toxoplasma
Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes |
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Gold standard for diagnosing herpes:
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Cell culture (usually just symptoms)
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What is unique about a Herpesviridae infection?
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All remain latent in body
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What is in the herpesviridae family?
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Epstein-Barr
Varicella Cytomegalovirus |
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Oncogenesis viruses:
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Epstein-Barr
HPV |
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Which body fluids harbor CMV (4)?
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Breast milk
Blood Urine Saliva |
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Immediate signs of CMV in newborn (5)?
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Jaundice
Enlarged spleen Loss of hearing Microcephaly Mental Retardation |
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Gold Standard for CMV?
How in amniotic fluid? |
Cell Culture
Serology |
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What is a characteristic sign of CMV in histology?
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Owls-eye inclusion
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Who is CMV a problem for?
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Infants
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Primary infection with VZV is:
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Varicella Zoster Virus
Chicken Pox |
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Where does VZV lie dormant?
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Sensory ganglia
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Chicken pox rash vs. Smallpox rash
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?
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Arthropod vector:
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EEE
West Nile Dengue Fever |
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Civet cat harbors:
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SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
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New and emerging (6):
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SARS
EEE West Nile Ebola Bird Flu H1N1 |
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What does rapid antigen testing look for?
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The antigen (virus) itself, present in the patient sample.
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What does serology testing look for?
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Patient-produced antibodies to a certain pathogen.
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How are new/emerging viruses diagnosed?
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Molecular and Serology
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How is hantavirus transmitted to humans?
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Breathing aerosolized deer mouse feces
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What is the reservoir for Marburg virus?
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Bats
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For which hemorrhagic virus is the reservoir unknown?
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Ebola
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Gold standard for identifying rabies in animals?
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Postmortem histological exam for negri bodies in brain tissue.
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Gold standard for identifying rabies in humans?
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Skin punch biopsy from back of neck (nuchal region)
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Which virus has resistance to Cl?
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Norovirus
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What types of Hepatitis are DNA viruses?
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Hep B
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What type of Hepatitis is transmitted by fecal-oral route?
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Hep A
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What type of polio leads to requiring a ventilator to breathe?
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Bulbar and Bulbospinal polio
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Are there vaccines for chicken pox and shingles?
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Yes
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What is EBV? What does it cause? Symptoms?
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Epstein Barr Virus.
Causes infectious mono. Fatigue, enlarged spleen, elevated WBCs. |
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How is EBV diagnosed?
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Serology: mono-spot test (heterophile antibody)
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Which virus is indirectly linked to Burkitt's Lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and B-cell lymphoma?
What do all these cancers have in common? |
EBV.
All attack B cells. |
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What are the four types of illness that Adenovirus can cause?
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Gastrointestinal
Respiratory Conjuntivitis Pharyngoconjunctival Fever |
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How is adenovirus transmitted?
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Fecal oral
Aerosolized droplets Fomites |
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Why is it difficult to make antiviral drugs (2)?
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Very little complexity/complex processes to target.
Don't have anything to target to stop it replicating. |
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What are the types of RNA viruses (4)
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Pos. strand single stranded
Neg. strand single stranded Circular double stranded Segmented double stranded |
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What types of Hepatitis are RNA viruses?
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Hep C and A
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Which main type of virus is helical in shape?
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Influenza
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Which viruses (4) are transmitted congenitally?
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HIV, Rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex
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What form of Hepatitis does not produce any apparent disease?
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Hep G
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In a latent infection, does the viral genome become integrated into the host cell genome? What does latent mean?
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It may or may not.
Non-replicating. |
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What is the virus to make an influenza vaccine grown in?
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Eggs
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Diploid cell lines can:
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Be replicated a certain number of generations; are semi-continuous.
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What are the 4 steps of cell culture?
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1) Specimen collection and processing
2) Add virus to cell monolayer 3) Incubate at 37 for 2 weeks, regularly changing growth medium 4) Look for CPE |
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What media is commonly used for cell culture?
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BSS (Balanced Salt Solution)
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Name 5 forms of CPE:
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1) Morphological changes (rounded, swelling, shrinking, clustering).
2) Vacuoles. 3) Syncytia (huge cell mass with hundreds of nuclei). 4) Loss of adherence. 5) Cellular granulation |
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What are the steps of the hemeadsorption test? What viruses is it used for?
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Viruses that have affinity for RBCs (Influenza, Parainfluenza, Mumps, Measles).
Remove CC media and replace with erythrocytes. Incubate at 4 degrees for 30 min Observe for RBC clumping |
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What are the 4 steps of immunofluorescence and how long does the procedure take?
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1) Scrape monolayer onto slide
2) Fix cells with acetone 3) Add FITC labeled Ab (to virus or to patient Ab) 4) Visualize |
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What are the two primary methods of molecular testing for viruses?
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Immunofluorescence
Enzyme Immunoassay |
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What is the incubation time for the Shell Vial method?
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24-96 hours
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What is a drawback to the shell vial method?
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Not as sensitive, can't re-incubate if negative, only 1 virus detected at a time.
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What are the steps of an enzyme immunoassay (3)?
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1) Extract DNA/RNA
2) Amplify via PCR 3) Detect product with RT-PCR (probes), Hybrid capture (DNA Ab), or Sequencing |
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Enzyme immunoassay is what type of test, that detects what?
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Rapid screening test that detects Antibodies
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What method is used for viral load testing?
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Reverse Transcriptase Real Time PCR
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Genotyping is used to:
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Monitor drug resistance
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What are 6 organisms commonly tested for with rapid immunodiagnostics?
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Influenza
HIV Rotavirus RSV CMV Hep B |
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Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
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IgG
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Which immunoglobulin appears 7-10 days after onset (acute)?
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IgM
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Which immunoglobulin is detectable in paired sera?
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IgG
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When is serology used to detect a virus?
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Virus difficult to isolate with CC.
Clinical specimen difficult to obtain. To determine immune status. Role of virus in disease is uncertain. |
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What is seroconversion?
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When a 4x rise in IgG is found in paired serum samples taken 12-14 days apart.
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Serology is the primary diagnostic method for:
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Hep B
SARS West Nile Hep A |
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True or false: All Hepatitis diseases (A, B, C, D, etc) are in the same viral family.
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False.
A = picornaviridae B = Hepadnaviridae C = Flaviviridae |
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When detecting Hepatitis B, what is tested for? By what method and why?
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Surface and Core antigens.
By serology. Cannot be grown in CC. |
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Who do the three types of Influenza infect (A, B, and C)?
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A = humans, birds, mammals
B = humans only C = humans, pigs |
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What do "H" and "N" stand for in influenza typing?
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Hemagluttinin and Neuraminidase
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True or false, the influenza vaccine contains 1 subtype, that year's most likely strain.
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False, it contains 3, and one or two of those is changed year to year.
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What are the three broad categories of influenza?
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Seasonal (person to person), Avian (bird to person), and Pandemic (person to person)
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Antigenic Drift is:
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A minor change in viral genome that keeps the same subtype. Is the cause of yearly epidemics. Occurs with A and B subtypes.
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Antigenic Shift is:
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A major change in viral genome that creates a new subtype. Is the cause of pandemics. Only occurs in subtype A.
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What are the characteristic symptoms of measles? (4)
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high fever
Koplik's spots maculopapular rash photosensitivity |
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How is measles diagnosed?
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Serology
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What are the characteristic symptoms of mumps? (2)
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Enlarged parotid glands
Orchitis |
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How is mumps diagnosed?
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Serology
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How is RSV diagnosed? When is a different method used and what is that method?
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Clinical exam and Rapid Antigen Test.
Molecular used in very young children/infants |
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Does RSV have a vaccine?
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No
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What are the symptoms of abortive polio?
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Flu/cold-like respiratory and GI symptoms
Neck and back stiffness Limb pain |
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What are the symptoms of non-paralytic polio?
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Aseptic menigitis
Neurological symptoms (photosensitivity, neck stiffness) |
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How does paralytic polio occur? How often?
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Virus enters bloodstream and CSF. About 1% of cases.
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Describe the Sabin vaccine.
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Polio.
Oral, live attenuated. |
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Describe the Salk vaccine.
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Polio.
Intramuscular, inactivated. |
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How is polio diagnosed?
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Viral isolation (CC) from stool or pharyngeal specimen, or by serology for patient Ab against poliovirus in blood.
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How is rotavirus diagnosed?
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Rapid Antigen Detection in stool sample.
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What is Calicinet?
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The CDC database for fingerprinting (molecular testing) of norovirus.
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What are the initial symptoms of rabies?
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Flu-like, then itching at bite site
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What are the symptoms of new world hantavirus?
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pulmonary, flu-like, fluid+WBC accumulation in lungs (hypoxia)
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What are the symptoms of old world hantavirus?
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hemorrhagic fever, renal problems
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How is hantavirus diagnosed?
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Reverse Transcriptase RT-PCR, also serology (secondarily)
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What are three distinct characteristics of SARS?
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Remains infected on surfaces for up to 6 hrs.
Live virus found in stool of infected people. Viral load highest early in infection |
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What are the stages of Yellow Fever?
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Acute phase (fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting)
Toxic phase (hemorrhagic fever, jaundice) |
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What are the three transmission patterns of Yellow Fever?
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Syvatic/Jungle Phase (monkey-mosquito-human)
Intermediate Phase (small scale epidemics) Urban Phase (large scale epidemics) |
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What is the main risk factor for West Nile virus?
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Age
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What carries West Nile Virus?
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migratory birds
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How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
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Only via blood (mosquitos)
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What does the serious form of West Nile Virus cause?
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Permanent neurological symptoms
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Who gets Molluscum Contagiosum Virus? What is the symptom?
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Day care/school children.
Dome-like pearly lesions. |
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How is parovirus transmitted and who gets it?
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Resp. droplets.
School children. |
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What is the characteristic symptom of parovirus?
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"slapped cheek" rash that spreads to arms and legs; lacy appearance.
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