Victimology Midterm

Front 1

Original Concept

Back 1

of sacrifice..
an act that injured a private party was wrong and injured party can retaliate with same kind of wrongdoing

ex: cain killed abel

Front 2

Vigilantism - Vigilante

Back 2

- taking the law into your own hands.

- ex: Bernard Getz killed 4 kids who tried to rob him. he is a vigilante

Front 3

Code of Hammurabi

Back 3

- written code of conduct (1750 BC)
- attempt to replace blood feuds with system from state
- based on revenge and cruelty
- thieves had their hands cut off
- family of victim had responsibilty to take care of victim of criminal escaped

Front 4

Indian Law

Back 4

1700
- tribes responded as groups
- an offense against a individual was considered offense on entire tribe
- could result in blood feud
- blood feud was not for moral restoration, it was for power restoration

Front 5

Where and when did Victimolgy start?

Back 5

Jerusalem, 1973

- published 5 volumes from meeting

Front 6

Criminology defined
Victimology defined

Back 6

Cri - study of causes of crime and perpretator

Vic - study of the victim within social structure of crime

Front 7

tort law

Back 7

- body of law
- provides remedies for wrongdoings
- that does not arise from contracts

*need to determine negligent of intentional

Front 8

Problems with remedies to victim that do not make the victim whole

Back 8

- victim might not know offendor
- can't afford to sue
- offender is poor so cant collect so much money from him
- civil action is long

Front 9

Cesare Beccaria Essay on Crimes and Punishments

Back 9

- 1764

- people are rational, intelligent, hedonistic (motivated by pleasure/pain), self-determining

- behavior is chosen based on pain/pleasure and cost/benefit.. crime is a choice

- to deter crime, increase pan/cost to where it overwhelms pleasure/benefit

Front 10

Robert Merton Strain Theory

Back 10

1938

- must be a balance between aspirations (goals) and the accepted means by which to fulfill them (education, etc).

- there must be internal satisfaction that one is playing by the rules, as well as external satisfaction (achieving goals)

- Criminal skills transmitted from one delinquent child to another

Front 11

Hirschi Control Thoery

Back 11

- 1969

- contrasts Strain theory

- bonds people form with eachother gives control and keeps us in line
- delinquent childs can form bonds

Front 12

Labeling theory

Back 12

understanding crime is understanding the social audience that evaluates (labels) some behavior as criminal

Front 13

Critical Criminology

Back 13

- derived from labeling theory
- what causes behavior to be labeled as crime?

- excuses for war or self defense

Front 14

Sellin Conflict theory

Back 14

crime is the product of whoever wins the battle of labeling apparatus

Front 15

Marxist theory

Back 15

Crime is the product of capitalism.
- makes everyone greedy

Front 16

Mendelsohns Six victim types:

Back 16

1. Completely Innocent
- child
2. Victim with minor guilt
- woman who induces misscarriage and dies
3. Victim who is as guilty as offender
- assist others in crime
4. more guilty than offender
- provoker
5. most guilty victim
- victim is killed by other in self defense
6. imaginary victim
- mental disorder ex: paranoia

Front 17

von Hentigs 13 typology of victim

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1. young
- most dangerous period of life
2. female
- weak
3. old
- wealthy, weak
4. mentally defective
- insane, drug addict, alcochol
5. Immigrants
- feeling of helplessness
6. Minorities
7. Dull normals
8. Depressed
- lack of self preservation
9. Acquisitive
10. Wanton
11. Lonesome
12. Tormentor
- crazy father who torments kid and then kid grows up and kills him
13. Blocked
- self imposed helplessness

Front 18

Steven Shafer Functional Responsibility

Back 18

1968
- Victims have responsibility
- typology:
- biologically weak (age)
- socially weak (minority)
- self-victimizing (involved in gambling, drugs, etc)
- political (opposed power)

Front 19

Wolfgangs Study of Homicide

Back 19

- studied victims and criminals seperately
- evaluated 588 victims and found 26% to have precipated the crime

Front 20

Menachem Amir

Back 20

- analyzed rape in philadelphia
- 19% were victim precipated
- alcochol was involved